AY2011/12 Semester I MA9001 - Fossil Fuel Energy

Instructor: Dr. Lim Kok Hwa Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Room: N1.2-B1-13 E-mail: kokhwa@ntu.edu.sg Tel: 6514 1909
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Class Schedule and Assessments

Timing: Wed (1.30 3.30 pm) LT 1 Fri (2.30 pm 3.30 pm) LT 1 (For consultation, please make an appointment via e-mail)

Continual Assessment Date: Quiz (40 mins) on 2th Sep (Fri), 2.30 pm

Main Reference Living in the Environment, Concepts, Connections, and Solutions by G. T Miller Jr & S. E. Spoolman
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Schedule
24 Aug Evaluating Energy Resources Oil 26 Aug 31 Aug Natural Gas Coal Revision 2 Sep Quiz (Overview of energy scenario/ Electricity system in society & Fossil Fuel Energy)

Cost of Electricity

Evaluating Energy Resources

What types of energy do we use? What types of commercial energy does the world depend on? How can we evaluate which energy resources to use? What is Net Energy? What is the energy future of Singapore?

What type of energy do we use?

About 99% of the energy that heats the earth and our homes comes from the sun, and the remaining 1% comes mostly from fossil fuels (old solar energy) Without sun, -2400C

What type of energy do we use?

Suns Energy Nuclear Fusion 93 million miles away Average Star 99% Hydrogen

Evaluating Energy Resources

Non-renewable energy: 82% of world commercial energy (76% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear) Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear

Commercial Energy Use By Source 2002

Evaluating Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Sources: 18% of worlds commercial energy resources 11% biomass, 7% hydro, combo of geothermal, wind and solar

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Evaluating Energy Choices

Future Energy Availability: the U.S. is the worlds largest energy user In 2004, 4.6% of world population, yet 24% of worlds energy consumption

Evaluating Energy Choices

1. Costs 2. Environmental Impacts 3. Availability in near future and long term/ sustainability 4. Governmental Incentives 5. National and Global Security 6. Terrorism

What is Net Energy?

NET ENEGY: is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting out what is needed to make it usable Second law of thermodynamics: some energy will be wasted and degraded

Net Energy
Higher net energy ratio -> Greater net energy available Low ratio -> Subsidies & tax breaks to keep them competitive

What are the future energies for Singapore?

Future Energy in U.S.

U.S. debate: continue with dependence on oil and coal or shift to natural gas, hydrogen, solar cells, and wind. Political, Economic, Energy Companies, Societal Debate

Global Energy Consumption

Shifts in U.S. Commercial Energy Resources

Future Energy in Singapore

In 2010, 80% of Singapore electricity generated from gas, rest from oil fired plant

Source: E2 Singapore

Future Energy in Singapore

Evaluating Energy Choices

1. Costs 2. Environmental Impacts 3. Availability in near future and long term/ sustainability 4. Governmental Incentives 5. National and Global Security 6. Terrorism

Review

Oil: Key Ideas

What is crude oil? How does crude oil turn into usable products? Where does oil come from? Who has oil? How is oil used? What are problems associated with oil usage? How much longer will we have oil?

Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?

Petroleum, or crude oil is a thick, gooey liquid consisting of many combustible hydrocarbons Formed over millions of year from decaying organic materials buried under the seafloor and subjected to extreme temperatures and pressure

Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?

Crude oil and natural gas often found together in deep deposits in pores and cracks Found using sophisticated equipment Usually only 30-35% is extractable Higher prices mean more can be extracted

Oil Rules!!! Transportation

How crude oil is transported: Pipelines Trucks Oil Tankers

Refining crude oil. Based upon their boiling points, components are removed in giant distillation column

1 barrel is 42 gallons

Oil, Who Has It?

OPEC countries contain about 78% of worlds proven oil reserves

Oil: Consumption by region

Asia

Europe

North America

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Top oil consumption countries

Barrels/ day, as of 2008

1 World 2 United States 3 European Union 4 China 5 Japan 6 Russia 7 Germany 8 India 9 Canada 10 Korea, South 80,290,000 20,800,000 14,570,000 7,000,000 5,353,000 2,916,000 2,618,000 2,438,000 2,290,000 2,130,000
Rank 1 2 3 4 5

IMF 2008 List

Country World EU United States Japan China Germany France GDP (millions of USD) 60,917,477 18,387,785 14,441,425 4,910,692 4,327,448 3,673,105 2,866,951

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Today oil is trading about $100/barrel

Oil

US Oil Supply and Consumption

Global Oil Consumption: US, China Japan largest oil consumers

Oil, What Is Left?

Most energy expert believe there are about 1,050 billion barrels left Peak Production This Decade Rising Demand, Dwindling Supply = Higher Prices

Oil, What Is Left?

Ways of extending oil supplies: Find new reserves Taxing Conservation Increased use of other sources

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit of Energy

Oil Review

Natural Gas: Key Ideas

What is natural gas? Where is it found? How is natural gas used? Who has the world's natural gas supplies? What is the future for natural gas?

What is natural gas?

Mainly methane CH4 Also Ethane C2H6 Propane C3H8 Butane C4H10 Formed like oil from buried animals and plants millions of years ago

Where is it found?
Deposits usually found above oil deposits In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off

Who has Natural Gas?

Russia (31%) and Iran (15%) have almost of worlds reserves Reserves could last 62-125 years worldwide Geologist expect to find more

World Gas Reserves

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How is it used?

Generation of electricity and growing quickly Heat in homes & industry Can be used in vehicles

Advantages of Gas
Cleaner burning than coal or oil Emits far fewer CO2 per energy units More efficient energy producer and plants are cheaper to build

What is gases future?

Conventional and Unconventional sources may last up to 200 years Prices bound to rise Best transition fuel into solar etc.?

What is LNG?
At low temperatures natural gas can be shipped around the world as liquid natural gas Requires very low temperatures and building special infrastructure

Natural Gas

Natural Gas: Review

Coal: Key Ideas

History of coal use What is coal? How is it extracted from the ground? How is coal used? How long will it last? What are advantages and disadvantages of using coal?

History of Old King Coal

After firewood, coal was the major source of energy End of 1800s coal is the worlds dominant fuel Steam Engines Heating Cooking Industry
Video Break

History of Old King Coal

By 1920s, coal provided 80% of US energy Powered the industrial revolution Caused a great deal of air pollution

What is coal?
Coal is a solid fuel formed in several stages from remains of buried plants and animals Consists mostly of carbon and trace amounts of sulfur, mercury and radioactive materials

What is coal?
Anthracite is the most desirable form of coal (98% carbon) Takes longer to form More expensive

Coal Formation and Types

How is coal extracted?

Surface Mining: Area Strip Mining Contour Strip Mining Mountaintop Removal Underground Mining Large environmental impact from different mining techniques

How is coal used?

Coal provides 62% of worldwide electricity Used to make of worlds steel A typical 1,000 Megawatt power plant uses 8,000 tons of coal every day1 mile long train worth of coal every day

Not useful for transportation energy needs

Where in the world is coal found?

U.S. has 1/4th of the world proven reserves. (16% Russia, 12% China) U.S. and China are 2 largest users U.S. is able to export about 4% a year

Where is the coal?

How long will coal last?

U.S. reserves could last 300 years at current rate of consumptionor 64 years if consumption grows by 4% a year Worlds most abundant fossil fuel

U.S. Energy Projections

Coal Advantages

Most abundant fossil fuel High Net Energy Relatively inexpensive Power Plants relatively cheap to build

Coal Disadvantages
High environmental impact (air, water, land, acid rain) Global Warming, high CO2 emissions Toxic Mercury and radioactivity Dangerous to mine

Coal: Trade-offs
Clean Coal Technology??? Carbon Capture and Utilization

Coal Review