Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1

Beam and Frame

Beam and Frame
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 2
Glue-lam roof beams
Uniform beam load
w = 38psf x16 w = 608 plf
Partial roof framing plan
Bending moment
M = wL
2
/8 = 608x100
2
/8 M =760,000 k
Required section modulus
S = M/F
b
= 760,000x12/2,000 S = 4560 in
3
Try 10x51
S = bd
2
/6 = 10.75x51
2
/6 = S = 4660 in
3
Moment of Inertia
I = bd
3
/12 = 10.75x51
3
/12 = I = 118,833 in
4
Check deflection = (5/384) WL
3
/EI
=(5/384)60800x1200
3
/(1,500,000x118,833)
= 7.7

all
=L/240=1200/240=5 7.7>5, NOT ok
DL = 20 psf
LL = 18 psf (60% of 30psf for tributary area > 600 ft
2
)
= 38 psf
Total load
W = w L = 608x100 W = 60,800 #
Required moment of inertia
I = 118,833x7.7/5 I = 183,003in
4
I = bd
3
/12 d = (12 I/b)
1/3
d=(12x183003/10.75)
1/3
=58.9 use 40x1.5=60
Note: (d = 60/12 = 5)
Recommended L/d = 20 d=100/20 d = 5
L = 100
Beams
Joists
Assume:
Span L= 100 = 1,200
Glue-lam beams spaced at e = 16
Secondary framing: 2x12 joists @ 2 o.c
Allowable stress F
b
= 2000 psi
Elastic modulus E= 1,500,000 psi
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 3
Labor palace, Turin
Engineer: Nervi
The labor palace consists of 16 umbrellas of
125x125 enclosing 520x520x75 height
Concrete pillars supporting
the umbrellas pass freely
through mezzanine floors
to allow independent
movement
Lower mezzanine
(quarter)
Upper mezzanine
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 4
A Radial tapered steel plate girders
B Brackets connect girders to pillar
C Stiffener plates resist web buckling
D Tapered concrete pillars (18 base, 8 top)
E Concrete pile cap
F Pile footing
Assume:
Allowable steel bending stress F
b
= 22 ksi
Max. girder spacing e = 125+6)/5 e = 26.2
LL reduced 60% for A > 600 ft2 LL = 12 psf
(4 concrete slab + roof + girders) DL = 68 psf
= 80 psf
125
6
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 5
From last slide, max. load @ e =26.2 Load = 80 psf
Maximum triangular load
Max w = e 80psf = 26.2 x 80/1000 w = 2.1 klf
Reaction
R = w L = 2.1x93/2 R = 98 k
125
6
Radial girders
assume
triangular load
triangular load
Maximum (diagonal) span
L = 1.414 (125+6)/2 L = 93
w
=
2
.
1
k
l
f
L=93
R = 98k
Shear force
V = R V = 98 k
c
=
4
8

d
=
9
6

w
e
b
2x12 flange
Shear stress
f
v
=V/A
s
= 98/(1x96) f
v
= 1ksi <14.4, ok
Bending moment
M = V 2/3 L = 98 k (2/3) 93 M = 6,076 k
Moment of Inertia I = (Ioo + Ay
2
)
Flanges
I
oo
= 2 bd
3
/12 = 2x12x2
3
/12 I
oo
= 16 in
4
A
y
2
= 2x2x12x47
2
A
y
2
= 106,032 in
4
I = 170,939 in
4
Web (y = 0 A
y
2
= 0)
I
oo
= bd
3
/12 = 1x92
3
/12 I
oo
= 64,891in
4
Bending stress (f
b
= Mc/I)
f
b
= 6,076x12x48/170,939 f
b
= 20.5psi < 22, ok
2/3 L = 62
98k
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Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 6
48
28 10 10
Alternate beams
Assume
Load: 2 klf; steel beams, F
y
= 50 ksi, F
b
= 30 ksi, F
v
= 20 ksi
1. Simple beam
Span: L = 48
2. Beam with overhangs
Span L = 28, overhangs C = 10
Note:
Columns for beam with overhang may define circulation
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 7
48
w = 2 klf
a b
Simple beam
R = wL/2 = 2 x 48/2 R = 48 k
V
max
= R V
max
= 48 k
M = w L
2
/8 = 2 x 48
2
/8 M = 576 k
Required section modulus
S = M/F
a
= 576 k x12/ 30 ksi S = 230 in
3
Use W24x103
d = 24.53, t = 0.55, I = 3000 in
4
S = 245>230
Shear stress
v = V/dt = 48 k / (24.53x0.55) v = 3.6 ksi < 20
Deflection
W = wL = 2 x 48 W = 96 k
L = 48 x 12 L = 576

all
= L/240 = 48x12/240
all
= 2.4
= 5/384 WL
3
/ EI = 5/384x96x576
3
/(30,000x3000) = 2.65
2.65>2.4, not ok
Required I
req
= 3000x2.65/2.4 I
req
= 3312 in
4
Use W24x117 I = 3550>3312
V
M

Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 8
28 10 10
w = 2 klf
a b c d
Beam with overhangs
R = 2 klf x 48/2 R = 48 k
V
bl
= -2x10 V
bl
= -20 k
V
br
= -20+48 V
br
= +28 k
V
cl
= +28-2x28 V
cl
= -28 k
V
cr
= -28+48 V
cr
= +20 k
M
b
=-20x10/2 M
b
= -100 k
M
bc
= -100+28x14/2 M
bc
= +96 k
Required section modulus
S = M/F
a
= 100 kx12/30 ksi S = 40 in
3
Try W18x35
d = 17.7,t = 0.3, I = 510 in
4
S = 57.6 > 40
Shear stress
v = V/dt = 28 k / (17.7x0.3) v = 5.3 ksi < 20
Deflection (by computer) = 0.7 < 2.4
Note: overhangs reduce
Compare costs
Simple beam W24x117: 117 x 48 x $2/lb $11,232
Overhang beam W18x35: 35 x 48 x $2/lb $ 3,360
Savings for each beam: $ 7,872
V
M

Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 9
Mighty Duck Arena Anaheim, CA
Architect: Frank Gehry
Assume: Glue-lam ~ 10x 72
Assuming beam action
would result in:
L/d ratio ~ 40
Large bending stress
Large deflection
Small axial stress
Actual frame action effect:
Inflection points which reduce
effective length and bending
stress
Requires lateral restrains
Lateral restrains
increases compressive stress
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 10
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Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 11
Casa Terragni, Como, Italy
Architect: Terragni
Early example of
concrete moment frame with
shear wall for added stiffness
the mixed system provides
fail-save seismic performance
New ductile concrete frames use
Less steel
(to cause ductile steel failure)
More concrete
(to prevent brittle concrete failure)
Requires:
Column rebars through beam
Beam rebars through column
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 12
Site cast reinforced concrete
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 13
Office building, Beverly Hills
Architect / Engineer: SOM
Exposed steel moment frame
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 14
Steel moment joint
Steel plates between
column flanges resist
beam bending stress
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 15
e
n
d
Beam & frame Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 16
Exercise
Glue-lam roof beams
Uniform beam load w
w = w = plf
Partial roof framing plan
Bending moment
M = M = #
Required section modulus
S = S = in
3
Try S for 10x40
S = in
3
Moment of Inertia (I = S d/2)
I = I = in
4
Check deflection = (5/384) WL
3
/EI
=
= in

all
= L/240 = 4 4 < ?ok
DL = 18 psf
LL = 12 psf
= 30 psf
Total load W
W = W = #
Required moment of inertia
I = in
4
I = bd
3
/12 d = (12 I/b)
1/3
d =
use in
Assume:
Span L = 80 = 960
Glue-lam beams spaced at e = 18
Secondary framing: 2x12 joists @ 2 o.c
Allowable stress F
b
= 2,000 psi
Elastic modulus E = 1,200,000 psi
L = 80
Beams
Joists