Modern Electrical Power Production and Delivery

Ralph E. Fehr, III, P.E.

Consultant and Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering University of South Florida September 16, 2004

This Powerpoint slideshow is available on the USF Power website:

http://web.tampabay.rr.com/usfpower/fehr.htm

Nikola Tesla and the Induction Coil

Thomas Edison and the Incandescent Lamp

U.S Electricity Usage

as a Percentage of Total Energy Usage 25,000 kWh / person 10 x 1012 kWh 1500 2000 GW peak

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%

1100 kWh / person 180 x 109 kWh 40 GW peak
A/C HEATING REFRIGERATION APPLIANCES LIGHTING MOTORS TV / COMPUTERS

11,000 kWh / person

3 x 1012 kWh
750 GW peak
ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORTATION

1880

1940

YEAR

2000

2060

REVOLUTION

EVOLUTION

REVOLUTION

ELEC & MECH ENGR

R&D, MATLS, MFG, PWR ELECTRONICS

ELEC & CIVIL ENGR

R&D, PWR ELECTRONICS

ELEC & MECH ENGR

R&D, MATLS, PROCESSES, PWR ELECTRONICS

Technology Leads To Product Development

Transmission and Distribution Components

Polymer Insulators (Suspension and Post)

Transmission and Distribution Components

ACSR Conductor (Aluminum Conductor, Steel-Reinforced)

Transmission and Distribution Components

High-Strength Poles (Tubular Steel and Spun Concrete)

Transmission and Distribution Components

Zinc Oxide Varistor Surge Arresters

Transmission and Distribution Components

High-Phase-Order (6-phase and 12-phase) Transmission Lines

Transmission and Distribution Components

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Transmission and Distribution Components

Microprocessor-Based Protective Relays

Transmission and Distribution Components

IGC's 6 Megajoule, 750 kVA IPQ-750 AC Micro-SMES

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems

Power Generation Components

Static Excitation Systems

Power Generation Components

Distributed Control Systems

Power Generation Components

Soft Starters and Adjustable Frequency Drives for AC Motor Control

Power Generation Components

High-Temperature Superconducting Generators

High-Power Semiconductor Devices

Ratings up to 8500 volts and 12,000 amperes and increasing every year

Common Devices
Diodes Thyristors Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) Integrated-Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)

High-Power Semiconductor Applications

Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs) Static Compensators (STATCOMs) Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)

230kV SVC

Reliability
Availability Typically at least 99.99% (excluding major storm outages) 52.5 minutes/year of outage time May be ok for today, but must improve in the future.

Voltage Control Steady State = 5% normally (ANSI Range A)

= 10% during contingencies (ANSI Range B) Transient per ITIC Chart (next slide) Harmonic Mitigation Voltage THD = 5% (V 69 kV) = 2.5% (69 kV < V < 161 kV) = 1% (V 161 kV) Current THD = 5% to 20% (depending on ratio of short circuit availability to load current)

ITIC Curve

ANSI Range B

FRIENDS
Flexible, Reliable and Intelligent Electrical eNergy Delivery Systems
Power system A Power lines DC Network
Normally OPEN

Power system B

FRIENDS NW Protector Solid -state Switch to Utility Branch, Substations, nearly QCCs.
Tr.

H.V.Bus
DESS DESS Tr.

QCC Protector
DG

L.V.Bus
Filter

QCC

UPS

Computer

QCC can control demand side.

Ordinary DC & High Power

Super Premium
DESS

Customers

DG

FRIENDS Quality Control Center (QCC)

Outage Restoration after a Major Disaster

Widespread Power System Devastation Worse at the Lower (Distribution) Voltages

Higher-voltage (transmission) circuits are more durable and less susceptable to wind and tree problems.

A utility system has many more circuit-miles of distribution than transmission; therefore, the distribution system has a much greater exposure.