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For the moment Fig. 4.5 gives cmc/4 = -0.04 and known is cmc/4 = Mc/4/qSc giving
Mc/4 = cmc/4 *q*S*c = (-0.04)*(2.971 lb/ft2)*(2 ft)2*(1 ft) = -0.475 lb-ft (per unit span)
4.2. Consider a NACA 2412 airfoil with a 2-m chord in an airstream with a velocity of
50 m/s at standard sea level conditions. If the lift per unit span is 1353 N, what is the
angle of attack?
Solution: standard sea level density is given by = 1.23 kg/m3 giving a dynamic
pressure of q = (1/2)* V2 = (1/2)*(1.23)*(50)2 = 1537.5 N/m2
cl = L/(qS) = (1353 N)/{(1537.5 N/m2)*(2 m)*(1 m)} = 0.44
From Figure 4.5 this gives angle of attack = 3 (approximately)
Chapter 5 Incompressible Flow Over Finite Wings
Chapter 6 Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flow
Part III Inviscid, Compressible Flow
Chapter 7 Compressible Flow: Some Preliminary Aspects
7.3. Just upstream of a shock wave, the air temperature and pressure are 288 K and 1
atm, respectively; just downstream of the wave, the air temperature and pressure are 690
K and 8.656 atm, respectively. Calculate the changes in enthalpy, internal energy, and
entropy across the wave.
Solution: for air (assuming to be a calorically perfect gas) R = 287 J/kg-K and = 1.4
cp = R/( 1) = (1.4)*(287)/0.4 = 1004.5 J/kg-K
cv = R/( 1) = 287/0.4 = 717.5 J/kg-K
change in enthalpy h = cp*(T2 T1) = (1004.5)*(690 288) = 403809 J/kg
change in internal energy e = cv*(T2 T1) = (717.5)*(690 288) = 288435 J/kg
change in entropy s = s2 s1 = cp*ln(T2/T1) R*ln(P2/P1)
= (1004.5)*ln(690/288) (287)*ln(8.656/1) = 258 J/kg-K
7.5 Consider the isentropic flow through a supersonic wind-tunnel nozzle. The reservoir
properties are To = 500 K and Po = 10 atm. If p = 1 atm at the nozzle exit, calculate the
exit temperature and density.
Solution: using isentropic flow relation P2/P1 = (T2/T1)/( -1) or P/Po = (T/To)/( -1)
gives 1/10 = (T/500)3.5, solving for T = 259 K
P = R T, = P/RT = (1 atm)*(1.01 x 105 N/m2/1 atm)/{(287 N-m/kg-K)*(259 K)}
= 1.359 kg/m3
7.7. Consider a point in a flow where the velocity and temperature are 1300 ft/s and
480 R, respectively. Calculate the total enthalpy at this point.
Solution: h0 = h + V2/2Jgc = cpT + V2/2Jgc (for English units)
Mach number, total pressure, and total temperature behind the wave and the entropy
increase across the wave.
Solution: Mn,1 = M1 sin = 4*sin 30 = 2
Using Appendix A with M1 = 4 gives Po,1/P1 = 151.8, To,1/T1 = 4.2
Po,1 = (151.8)*(2.65 x 104) = 4022700 N/m2
To,1 = (4.2)*(223.3) = 937.86 K
Appendix B with Mn,1 = 2 gives the following
P2/P1 = 4.5, T2/T1 = 1.687, Po,2/Po,1 = 0.7209, Mn,2 = 0.5774
P2 = (4.5)*(2.65 x 104) = 11.925 x 104 N/m2
T2 = (1.687)*(223.3) = 376.7 K
Po,2 = (0.7209)*(4022700) = 2899964.43 N/m2
To,2 = To,1 = 938 K
Using Figure 9.7 (--M diagram) for M = 4 and = 30 gives = 17.5
M2 = Mn,2/sin( ) = 0.5774/sin(12.5) = 2.67
s = s2 s1 = -R*ln(Po,2/Po,1) = -287*ln(0.7209) = 93.9 J/kg-K
9.9. Consider an oblique shock generated at a compression corner with a deflection angle
= 18.2. A straight horizontal wall is present above the corner, as shown in Figure 9.17.
If the upstream flow has the properties M1 = 3.2, P1 = 1 atm, and T1 = 520 R, calculate
M3, P3, and T3 behind the reflected shock from the upper wall. Also, obtain the angle
which the reflected shock makes with the upper wall.
Solution: Incident shock 1 has = 18.2 (deflection angle) and M1 = 3.2
Figure 9.7 (--M diagram) gives 1 = 37 giving Mn1 = M1sin = (3.2)*sin(37) = 1.926
Appendix B gives the following
P2/P1 = 4.134, T2/T1 = 1.624, Mn2 = 0.5918
P2 = 4.134 atm, T2 = (1.624)*(520) = 844.5 R
M2 = Mn2/sin( ) = 0.5918/sin(37 18.2) = 1.836
Through the reflected shock: = 18.2 and M2 = 1.84, Figure 9.7 gives 2 = 56
Reflected shock wave angle (with horizontal wall) = 2 = 2 = 56 18.2 = 37.8
Mn2r = M2sin2 = (1.84)*sin 56 = 1.522
Appendix B gives
P3/P2 = 2.529, T3/T3 = 1.334, Mn3 = 0.6941
P3 = (2.529)*(4.134) = 10.45 atm, T3 = (1.334)*(844.5) = 1127 R
M3 = Mn3/sin(2 ) = 0.6941/sin(56 18.2) = 1.13
9.10. Consider the supersonic flow over an expansion corner, such as given in Figure
9.23. The deflection angle = 23.38. If the flow upstream of the corner is given by M1
= 2, P1 = 0.7 atm, T1 = 630 R, calculate M2, P2, T2, 2, Po2, and To2 downstream of the
corner. Also, obtain the angles the forward and rearward Mach lines make with respect
to the upstream direction.
cl
cd
cl
cd
5 0.1454 3.5266 x 10-4 0.1520
1.330 x 10-2
15 0.4072
0.1066
0.4558
0.1221
30 0.8727
0.4569
1.028
0.5933
Discussion: comparison of results shows the linearized theory is a good approximation
for cl at the lower angle of attack values for this Mach number (2.6) and has mixed results
for cd.
Chapter 13 Introduction to Numerical Techniques for Nonlinear Supersonic Flow
13.1. Consider two points in a supersonic flow. These points are located in a Cartesian
coordinate system at (x1, y1) = (0, 0.0684) and (x2, y2) = (0.0121, 0), where the units are
meters. At point (x1, y1): u1 = 639 m/s, v1 = 232.6 m/s, P1 = 1 atm, T1 = 288 K. At point
(x2, y2): u2 = 680 m/s, v2 = 0 m/s, P2 = 1 atm, T2 = 288 K. Consider point 3 downstream
of points 1 and 2 located at the intersection of C+ characteristic through point 2 and the Ccharacteristic through point 1. At point 3, calculate u3, v3, P3, and T3. Also, calculate the
location of point 3, assuming the characteristics between these points are straight lines.
Solution: point 1 (0,0.0684), C- characteristic, 1 + 1(M1) = K- (along C- characteristic)
u1 = 639 m/s, v1 = 232.6 m/s, P1 = 1 atm, T1 = 288 K
tan 1 = v1/u1 = 232.6/639 = 0.364, 1 = 20.0
V12 = u12 + v12 = (639)2 + (232.6)2 gives V1 = 680.0 m/s
a1 = (RT1) = [(1.4)*(287)*(288)]1/2 = 340.2 m/s, M1 = u1/a1 = 2.000
Appendix A gives for M1 = 2, Po,1/P1 = 7.824 and T0,1/T1 = 1.800
giving Po,1 =7.824 atm, T0,1 = 518.4 K
gives
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + /y ( u/y) + 0 or 2u/y2 = 0 (for constant prop )
Giving 2u/y2 = 0, two integrations give the following
u/y = C1
u(y) = C1y + C2
applying known BCs: at y = 0, u = 0 gives 0 = 0 + C2 so C2 = 0
at y = h, u = ue gives ue = C1h so C1 = ue/h giving u(y) = (ue/h)y
(b) If T = const = 320 K, ue = 30 m/2, h = 0.01 m, what is shear stress on the plates.
For air properties at T = 320 K, using Heat Transfer by Holman Table A-5 gives
T(K) x 105 (kg/m-s)
300 1.8462
2/5 = (x1 1.8462)/(2.075 1.8462)
320
x1
x1 = x 105 = 1.93772 kg/m-s
350
2.075
xy = (v/x + u/y) = u/y = du/dy = ue/h
xy = (1.93772 x 10-5 kg/m-s)*(30 m/s)/(0.01 m) = 0.0581 N/m2
Chapter 16 Some Special Cases: Couette and Poiseuille Flows no homework
problems.
Chapter 17 Introduction to Boundary Layers
17.1. The wing on a Piper Cherokee general aviation aircraft is rectangular, with a span
of 9.75 m and a chord of 1.6 m. The aircraft is flying at cruising speed (141 mi/h) at sea
level. Assume that the skin friction drag on the wing can be approximated by the drag on
a flat plate of the same dimensions. Calculate the skin friction drag: (a) If the flow were
completely laminar (which is not the case in real life), and (b) If the flow were
completely turbulent (which is more realistic). Compare the two results.
Solution: sea level conditions give = 1.7894 x 10-5 kg/m-s, = 1.335 kg/m3, also
V = 141 miles/h x 5280 ft/mile x 1 m/3.281 ft x 1 h/3600 s = 63.03 m/s
Reynolds number Rec = Vc/ = (1.225)*(63.03)*(1.6)/(1.7894 x 10-5) = 6903875
= 69.03875 x 105 (turbulent)
(a) However, assuming laminar flow
Cf = w/(0.5V2) = 1.328/(Rec)1/2 = 1.328/(6903875)1/2 = 5.054 x 10-4
Dynamic pressure q = 0.5V2 = 0.5*(1.225 kg/m3)*(63.03 m/s)2 = 2433.3 N/m2
w = Cfq = (5.054 x 10-4)*(2433.3 N/m2) = 1.230 N/m2
For both sides of plate/wing: Df = 2Aw = 2*(9.75)*(1.6)*(1.230) = 38.37 N
(b) assuming fully turbulent flow:
Cf = Df/qS = 0.074/(Rec)1/5 = 0.074/(6903875)1/5 = 3.173 x 10-3
Df = (3.173 x 10-3)*(2433.3)*(9.75)*(1.6) = 120.4 N
For both sides of plate Df = 2Df = 241 N
Comparison of the laminar vs. turbulent skin friction drag values shows the laminar value
to be about 15% of the turbulent value.
17.2. For the case in Prob. 17.1, calculate the boundary-layer thickness at the trailing
edge for (a) Completely laminar flow, and (b) Completely turbulent flow.
Solution: boundary layer thicknesses are given by the following equations:
(a) laminar flow = 5.0x/(Rex)1/2 = 5*(1.6 m)/(6903875)1/2 = 1.218 x 10-3 m
(b) turbulent flow = 0.37x/(Rex)1/5 = 0.37*(1.6 m)/(6903875)1/5 = 2.538 x 10-2 m
17.4. Consider Mach 4 flow at standard sea level conditions over a flat plate of chord 5
inches. Assuming all laminar flow and adiabatic wall conditions, calculate the skin
friction drag on the plate per unit span.
Solution: given is M = 4, c = 5 in, std sea level conditions gives = 3.7373 x 10-7
slug/ft-s, T = 518.69 R, P = 2116.2 lb/ft2, and = 2.3769 x 10-3 slug/ft3
Local speed of sound a = (RT)1/2 = [(1.4)*(1716)*(518.69)]1/2 = 1116.3 ft/s
Using M = V/a gives V = Ma = (4)*(1116.3) = 4465 ft/s
Rec = Vc/ = (2.3769 x 10-3)*(4465)*(5/12)/(3.7373 x 10-7) = 11832549
= 118.32549 x 105 (turbulent)
However, assuming laminar flow
Cf = 1.328/(Rec)1/2 = 1.328/(11832549)1/2 = 3.86 x 10-4
Using Cf = Df/qS, Df = Cf qS
Dynamic pressure
q = 0.5*V2 = 0.5*(2.3769 x 10-3 slug/ft3)*(4465 ft/s)2 = 23693 lb/ft2
(units check: lb = slug-ft/s2 giving slug = lb-s2/ft)
For both sides of plate Df = 2 Cf qS = 2*(3.86 x 10-4)*(23693)*(5/12)*(1) = 7.623 lb
17.5. Repeat Prob. 17.4 for the case of all turbulent flow.
Solution: Cf = 0.074/Rec1/5 = 0.074/(11832549)1/5 = 2.848 x 10-3
For both sides of plate Df = 2 Cf qS = 2*(2.848 x 10-3)*(23693)*(5/12) *(1) = 56.24 lb
Chapter 18 Navier-Stokes Solutions: Some Examples (no homework problems)