ECONOMIC BOTANY OF T H E CYCADS

41

283. 284.

285. 286.

287. 288. 289. 290. 291.

Kenntniss der Vegetation des sfid und ostasiatischen Monsungebietes. I. Leipzig, 1900. Watanabe, K. Studien fiber die Koralloide yon Cycas revoluta. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 38: 165-187. 1925. Watson, F., ed. Historical records of Australia. Series I. Governors' despatches to and from England. I. 1788-1796. Sydney, 1914. Watt, G. A dictionary of the economic products of India. II. Calcutta, 1889. Webb, L . J . Guide to the medicinal and poisonous plants of Queensland. Australia Coun. Sci. and Indus. Res. Bull. 232. 1948. White, C. T. Macrozamia. Queensland Agr. Jour. 30: 608. 1928. White, C. Macrozamia. Queensland Agr. Jour. 42: 636. 1934. White, C. Zamia poisonous to stock. Queensland Agr. Jour. 44: 118. 1935. White, C. A species of zamia. Queensland Agr. Jour. 49: 397. 1938. Wildeman, E. d. Notices sur des plantes

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utiles ou interessantes de la flora du Congo. Bruxelles, 1903. Williams, R. O. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba. Zanzibar, 1949. Yamafuji, K., Yoshihara, F., and Kondo, It. Ueber die Teilvor#inge der Kohlens~ureassimilation. Enzymologia 14: 3038. 1950. Yoshimura, K. Chemical constituents of Cycas revoluta, Thunb. II. Jour. Tokyo Chem. Soc. 40: 914-921. 1919. (Original not seen. Abstr. in Chem. Abstr. 14: 1395.) Yoshimura, K. Ueber einen Ursprung des Stickstoffes bei Cycas revoluta. Wissen. Mitteil. Land-u. Forstw. Hochschule Kagoshima 5: 35-39. 1922. (Original not seen. Abstr. in Bot. Abstr. 14: 1062.) Yoshimura, K., and Sagava, N. The chemical constituents in Cycas revoluta Thunb. I. Jour. Tokyo Chem. Soc. 39: 11161121. 1918. (Original not seen. Abstr. in Chem. Abstr. 13: 758-759.)

Utilization Abstract
D a t e S y r u p . Dates, the fruits of the palm Phoenix dactylilera, consist of a sugar containing pulp and a solid seed or stone. Dates can be consumed fresh, but they can also be used for the manufacture of syrup. At the request of an interested p a r t y in Iraq, experiments have been made with the manufacturing of the date syrup and the utilization of this syrup and of the stones and the extracted pulp. In the laboratory semi-technical preparation of syrup proved to be possible after the diffusion method (extracting with hot water and concentrating the extracts in vacuum). The composition of the syrup is given in table I and compared with the analysis of a sample received from Iraq. Date syrup proves to be of the invert sugar type; it contains approximately 70 percent invert sugar; the taste is not too sweet. Consultation with the industry led to the conclusion that date syrup can be used in the manufacture of gingerbread and the like. In table I I the composition of date stones and extracted pulp is given. I t seems possible to use the stones and pulp as part of a cattle food, but a final experiment with living cattle could not yet be accomplished. In Iraq feeding trials with sheep have been carried out with macerated dates (dates from which the stones have been removed beforehand), and with ground stones, but only to replace a portion of the ground barley in the ration. Charcoal from the stones was prepared but did not prove usable in the manufacture of active coal. The high amount of ash (4%) makes it doubtful whether the coal can be used for metallurgical purposes. (English summary, by Ir. W. Spoon, No. 261 o] Be-

richten van de A]deling Tropische Producten van het Koninklijk Instituut your de Tropen. 1957.)