BASICS OF INTERNET SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 1 SUBMITTED TO: PROF.

TAHEREEM BARDI

L.S.RAHEJA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMERCE SANTACRUZ (W)

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Contents INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET. EVOLUTION. TYPES OF NETWORKS CONNECTION OF THE INTERNET PROTOCOLS IP ADDRESS OSI MODEL AND TCP/IP MODEL DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM DOMAIN EXTENSION TYPES WEB BROWSER URLS SEARCH ENGINES WEB PAGES E-MAIL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET. The Internet, sometimes called simply the Net is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer. It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to talk to research computers at other universities. Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing public telecommunication networks.

EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET In 1969,the PENTAGON, a military organization was developed ARPA net (Advanced Research Project Agency net) was used for military use. It was a network of computers from different locations The merging of ARPANET with academic network called Usenet News resulted into INTERNET Data to be transmitted was divided into small packets and these packets could take different routes to the destination. A side benefit of ARPAnet's design was that, messages could be routed or re-routed in more than one direction; the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other. The first form of Internet which was developed years ago was way different from the internet we are using today. Internet has
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taken many forms during its evolution. Many new innovations have been introduced in the Internet since then And hence today we are experiencing the Internet which is more sophisticated and brims with higher speed, greater reliability, and larger bandwidth.

TYPES OF NETWORKS The Internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting millions of computers. A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are three types of computer networks explained briefly in the next three paragraphs to come:

Local Area Network (LAN):

A LAN means a connection of two or more connected computers sharing certain resources in a relatively small geographic location. A local area network(LAN) refers to a combination of small computers, hardware and transmission media that is relatively small LANs normally do not exceed tens of kilometers in size and tend to use only one type of transmission medium. For e.g., LAN is used in buildings, schools, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

It is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

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A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a network that is larger than LAN It covers the area of City a Few Tens to about one hundred kilometers.

Wide Area Network (WAN):

A WAN typically consists of 2 or more LANs. The computers are farther apart and are linked by telephone lines, dedicated telephone lines, or radio waves. The Internet is the largest Wide Area Network (WAN) in existence. Uses point to point links Spans the entire country Has a data rate below 1Mbps. Can be owned by Multiple Organizations.

CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET When you first get the connection to the internet, you need to have the following things: 1. Computer 2.Modem(Modulator and Demodulator) 3.Telephone Line 4.ISP(Internet Service Provider) You should have a computer with the modem properly connected. Modem may be internal or external. A Modem is used to convert the analog data to digital data or vice versa. Modem is connected through phone line. You use one ISP through which you can get the internet connection. The steps to connect are:
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1. First double click on My Computer 2. Double click on Dial-up networking 3. Click and open the My-connection Most of the technical work is done by your ISP provider.

MODEM Modems are networking devices that convert analog and digital data for computer-to-computer communication. Several kinds of modem devices exist for dial-up, broadband and cellular networking. A broadband modem is a type of digital modem, different from traditional analog modems, used with high-speed DSL or cable Internet service

ROUTER
Routers are physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks together. Technically, a wired or wireless router is a Layer gateway meaning that the wired/wireless router connects networks (as gateways do). The router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.

HUB As the name suggests, the meaning of hub is a center of activities. In network terminology, a hub is a device where the entire connecting mediums come together. A hub is a medium used to collect signals from the input line(s) and redistribute them in various available wirings around a topology Hub basically acts as signal splitter.
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There are three main types of hubs: Passive hub, Active hub and Intelligent hub.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HUB AND A ROUTER

Most of the time, there is confusion as to what is the difference between a Hub and a Router when both can be used to connect to the net. A hub is much like a route, but in a hub you have to manually set each computer's IP address where as the router dynamically assigns an IP address to each system connected to it.

PROTOCOLS A protocol is a set of agreements used between two or more end points (or machines if you will). It is a well defined layout for communication. So machines know how to talk to each other. There are two types of protocols TCP/ IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program. In a similar manner other computers that you may send messages to or get information from also have a copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination.
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Several protocols are used on the Internet, including Electronic Mail (e-mail), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), HTTP (World Wide Web), News (or Usenet), Gopher and Telnet.

IP ADDRESS
Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods (also called a 'dotted-quad') and look something like 127.0.0.1. Since these numbers are usually assigned to internet service providers within region-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the region or country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet. An IP address can sometimes be used to show the user's general location.

OSI AND TCP/IP MODELS

The OSI (Open System Interconnection)

In 1983, the International Standards Organization (ISO) created the OSI, or X.200, model. It is a multilayered model for facilitating the transfer of information on a network. The OSI model is made up of seven layers, with each layer providing a distinct network service. By segmenting the tasks that each layer performs, it is possible to change one of the layers with little or no impact on the others.

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is a description framework for computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) an agency of the United
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States Department of Defense. It evolved from ARPANET, which was the world's first wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Model or the DoD Model.

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

As there are a number of users and computers on the internet, it is necessary to identify each machine, which is done by allocating an address to each machine. The entire network of computer is divided according to countrys type of organization as follows; it is called as domain name system Every top level domain contains sub-domains. Each sub domain has many servers, each of which has a computer network attached to it Types of Domain Name Extensions .COM - a communication or commerce site, this is usually the most popular and used for business or personal purposes.

.ORG - means "organization" and usually for non-profits or social groups.. .NET - a "network" of people usually like a social network or writer's guild.. .GOV - a "government" site.

WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform
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Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can be also used to save information resources to file systems. Types of web browsers are: Internet explorer, safari, Mozilla Firefox, Opera Mini, Google Chrome, etc

URLS
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which means it is a uniform (same throughout the world) way to locate a resource (file or document) on the Internet The URL specifies the address of a file and every file on the Internet has a unique address. Web software, such as your browser, uses the URL to retrieve a file from the computer on which it resides. The actual URL is a set of four numbers separated by periods. An example of this would be 202.147.23.8 but as these are difficult for humans to use, addresses are represented in alphanumeric form that is more descriptive and easy to remember. Thus, the URL of a site which is URL 209.164.80.192 can also be written as www.simplygraphix.com. The Internet Domain Name System translates the alphanumerical address to numeric.

SEARCH ENGINES
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A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input. E.g., Google, Yahoo, AOL, Ask etc.

WEB PAGES
A web page is the basic part of the World Wide Web. The information displayed on the web page includes graphics, video and audio. Several web pages link together to form the World Wide Web These hypertext documents are marked using the code HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).The protocol HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is used to connect the hypertext documents. An address is given to each website. It is called URL (Uniform Resources Locator).

E-MAIL

Electronics mail or e-mail, as it is popularly known has become a very convenient, economical and fast way of communication. It also leaves a copy of message on the computer which can be forwarded One more advantage is that the same message can be sent to a group of people at the same time. E-mail address consist of three parts
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The first part is user name or user ID The second part is name of the server or host computer on which mails will be received. The third part is the domain address E.g.: internet123@yahoo.com

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
List of Website Links that have been referred for this project: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet www.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of the Internet www.webopedia.com/internet.html http://www.google.com/search? hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Host+computer&sa=X&ei=4Ux3T I3VGYqHcd2Jrd0F&ved=0CBYQkAE http://learn-networking.com/tcp-ip/how-encapsulationworks-within-the-tcpip-model http://www.ccnacertificationguide.com/The_OSI_Reference_ Model.php http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-6-2005-65413.asp http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router. htm http://technoparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/11/computernetworks.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_model http://www.meaningofnames.biz/domain-extensionmeanings.htm http://techraga.com/category/basics-of-networking/osimodel-and-layers/ http://hireme.geek.nz/ftp-ng.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
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