1.

INSURANCE DATABASE

Consider the Insurance Database given below. The primary keys are underlined and the data types are specified. PERSON(driver_id# : string, name : string, address : string) CAR(regno : string, model : string, year : int) ACCIDENT(report_number : int, acc_date : date, location : string) OWNS(driver_id# : string, regno : string) PARTICIPATED(driver_id# : string, regno : string, report_number : int, damage_amount : number(10,2) ) (i) (ii) (iii) Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key Enter at least five tuples for each relation Demonstrate how you can a. Update the damage amount for the car with a specific regno, the accident with report number 12 to 25000. b. Add a new accident to the database. Find the total number of people who owned cars that were involved in accident in 2002. Find the number of accident in which cars belonging to a specific models were involved.

(iv) (v)

ER Diagram of Insurance Database

I) Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key
SQL> CREATE TABLE PERSON( D_ID VARCHAR(12), NAME VARCHAR(12), ADDRESS VARCHAR(33), PRIMARY(D_ID)); Table created. SQL>CREATE TABLE CAR( REGNO VARCHAR(12),

MODEL VARCHAR(12), YEAR INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(REGNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ACCIDENT( REPORTNO INTEGER, DATE1 DATE, LOCATION VARCHAR(12), PRIMARY KEY(REPORTNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE OWNS( D_ID VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES PERSON(D_ID), REGNO VARCHAR(12)REFERENCES CAR(REGNO), PRIMARY KEY(REGNO,D_ID)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE PARTICIPATED( D_ID VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES PERSON(D_ID), REGNO VARCHAR(12)REFERENCES CAR(REGNO), REPORTNO INTEGER REFERENCES ACCIDENT(REPORTNO), DAMAGEDAMOUNT INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(D_ID,REGNO,REPORTNO)); Table created.

ii)

Enter at least five tuples for each relation

SQL> insert into PERSON values('a11','abc','bangalore'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into PERSON values('a22','efg','mangalore'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into PERSON values('a33','lmn','mysore'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into PERSON values('a44','opq','shimoga'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into PERSON values('a55','rst','dharwad');

1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM D_ID -----------a11 a22 a33 a44 a55

PERSON; ADDRESS --------------------------------bangalore mangalore mysore shimoga dharwad

NAME -----------abc efg lmn opq rst

SQL> insert into CAR 1 row created.

values('ka02e1235','zen','1986');

SQL>INSERT into CAR values('ka02e1231','alto','1987'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into CAR values('ka02e1222','zen','1988'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into CAR values('ka02e1232','zen','1989'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into CAR values('ka02e1233','alto','1999'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM CAR; MODEL YEAR ------------ ---------zen 1986 alto 1987 zen 1988 zen 1989 alto 1999

REGNO -----------ka02e1235 ka02e1231 ka02e1222 ka02e1232 ka02e1233

SQL> insert into ACCIDENT values('11','02/jan/2001','bangalore'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into ACCIDENT values('12','03/feb/2002','bangalore'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into ACCIDENT values('13','03/oct/2001','bangalore');

1 row created. SQL>INSERT into ACCIDENT values('14','12/sep/2002','bangalore'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into ACCIDENT values('15','09/sep/2002','bangalore'); 1 row created.

SQL>SELECT * FROM ACCIDENT; REPORTNO ---------11 12 13 14 15 DATE1 --------02-JAN-01 03-FEB-02 03-OCT-01 12-SEP-02 09-SEP-02 LOCATION -----------bangalore bangalore bangalore bangalore bangalore

SQL>

insert into OWNS values('a11','ka02e1235');

1 row created. SQL>INSERT into OWNS values('a22','ka02e1231'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into OWNS values('a33','ka02e1222'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into OWNS values('a44','ka02e1233'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into OWNS values('a55','ka02e1233'); 1 row created. SQL>SELECT * FROM OWNS; D_ID -----------a33 a22 a44 a55 a11 REGNO -----------ka02e1222 ka02e1231 ka02e1233 ka02e1233 ka02e1235

SQL> insert into PARTICIPATED values('a22','ka02e1231','12','2000'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into PARTICIPATED values('a33','ka02e1222','13','3000'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into PARTICIPATED values('a44','ka02e1233','14','4000'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into PARTICIPATED values('a55','ka02e1233','15','5000'); 1 row created. SQL> insert into PARTICIPATED values('a11','ka02e1235','11','1000'); 1 row created. SQL>SELECT * FROM PARTICIPATED; D_ID -----------a22 a33 a44 a55 a11 REGNO REPORTNO DAMAGEDAMOUNT ------------ ---------- ------------ka02e1231 12 2000 ka02e1222 13 3000 ka02e1233 14 4000 ka02e1233 15 5000 ka02e1235 11 1000

(iii)

Demonstrate how you can a. Update the damage amount for the car with a specific regno, the accident with report number 12 to 25000. b. Add a new accident to the database.

SQL> UPDATE PARTICIPATED SET damagedamount='25000' WHERE (reportno='12' and regno='ka02e1231'); 1 row updated. SQL> SELECT * FROM PARTICIPATED; D_ID -----------a22 a33 a44 a55 a11 REGNO REPORTNO DAMAGEDAMOUNT ------------ ---------- ------------ka02e1231 12 25000 ka02e1222 13 3000 ka02e1233 14 4000 ka02e1233 15 5000 ka02e1235 11 1000

SQL>INSERT INTO ACCIDENT VALUES('33','01/sep/2002','bangalore'); 1 row created.

(iv)

Find the total number of people who owned cars that were involved in accident in 2002.

SQL> SELECT count(*) FROM accident a , participated p ,person pe WHERE ((p.reportno=a.reportno) and (p.d_id=pe.d_id)and ( date1 like '%02')); COUNT(*) ---------3

(v)

Find the number of accident in which cars belonging to a specific models were involved.

SQL> SELECT car.model,count(*) FROM car,accident,participated WHERE ((accident.reportno=participated.reportno) and (participated.regno=car.regno)) GROUP BY car.model; MODEL COUNT(*) ------------ ---------alto 3 zen 2

2.ORDER PROCESSING DATABASE IN A COMPANY ----------------------------------------

Consider the following relations for an order processing database application in a company. CUSTOMER(cust# : int , cname : string, city : string) ORDER(order# : int, odate : date, cust# : int, ord_amt : int) ORDER_ITEM(order# : int, item# : int, qty : int) ITEM(item# : int, unit_price : int) SHIPMENT(order# : int, warehouse# : int, qty : int) WAREHOUSE(warehouse# : int, city : string) (i) (ii) (iii) Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key Enter at least five tuples for each relation Produce a listing : CUSTNAME, #oforders, AVG_ORDER_AMT, where the middle column is the total number of orders by the customer and the last column is the average order amount for that customer. List the order# for orders that were shipped from all the warehouses that the company has in a specific city. Demonstrate how you delete item# 10 from the ITEM table and make that field null in the ORDER_ITEM table. Generation of suitable reports. Create suitable front end for querying and displaying the results.

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

ER Diagram of Order Processing Database

(i)

Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key

SQL> create table CUSTOMERS( CUSTNO INTEGER, CNAME VARCHAR(12), CITY VARCHAR(12), PRIMARY KEY(CUSTNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ORDER2( ORDERNO INTEGER, ODATE DATE, CUSTNO INTEGER references customers(custno), ORD_AMT INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(ORDERNO));

Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ITEM( ITEMNO INTEGER, UNITPRICE INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(ITEMNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ORDER_ITEM( ORDERNO INTEGER references order2(orderno), ITEMNO INTEGER references item(itemno) on delete set null, QTY INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(ORDERNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE WAREHOUSE( WAREHOUSENO INTEGER primary key, CITY VARCHAR(12)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE SHIPMENT( ORDERNO INTEGER references order2(orderno), WAREHOUSENO INTEGER references warehouse(warehouseno), SHIP_DATE DATE, PRIMARY KEY(ORDERNO)); Table created.

(ii)

Enter at least five tuples for each relation

CUSTOMERS VALUES('11','shobha','BANGLORE');

SQL> INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO

CUSTOMERS VALUES('12','shilpa','MANDYA');

CUSTOMERS VALUES('13','sameera','MYSORE');

CUSTOMERS VALUES('14','swetha','DHARWAD');

1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL> select * from customers; CUSTNO ---------11 12 13 14 15 16 CNAME -----------shobha shilpa sameera swetha shubha Sunitha CITY -----------BANGLORE MANDYA MYSORE DHARWAD GULBARGA Hubbli CUSTOMERS VALUES('16','Sunitha','Hubbli'); CUSTOMERS VALUES('15','shubha','GULBARGA');

6 rows selected. SQL> delete from customers where custno=16; 1 row deleted. SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS; CNAME -----------shobha shilpa sameera swetha shubha CITY -----------BANGLORE MANDYA MYSORE DHARWAD GULBARGA

CUSTNO ---------11 12 13 14 15

SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER2 VALUES('21','12/JAN/2002','11',1000); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER2 VALUES('22','12/JAN/2002','12',2000); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER2 VALUES('23','2/JAN/2002','13',3000); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER2 VALUES('24','12/FEB/2002','14',4000); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER2 VALUES('25','12/JAN/2002','15',5000);

1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDER2; ORDERNO ---------21 22 23 24 25 ODATE CUSTNO ORD_AMT --------- ---------- ---------12-JAN-02 11 1000 12-JAN-02 12 2000 02-JAN-02 13 3000 12-FEB-02 14 4000 12-JAN-02 15 5000

SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES('33','100'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES('10','150'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES('3','140'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES('11','100'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO ITEM VALUES('22','101'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM ITEM;

ITEMNO UNITPRICE ---------- ---------33 100 10 150 3 140 11 100 22 101

SQL> INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEM VALUES('21','33',3); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEM VALUES('22','10',3); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEM VALUES('23','3',3);

1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEM VALUES('24','11',3); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_ITEM VALUES('25','22',3); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM ORDER_ITEM;

ORDERNO ITEMNO QTY ---------- ---------- ---------21 33 3 22 10 3 23 3 3 24 11 3 25 22 3 SQL>INSERT INTO WAREHOUSE VALUES(1,'MYSORE'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO WAREHOUSE VALUES(2,'MYSORE'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO WAREHOUSE VALUES(3,'MYSORE'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO WAREHOUSE VALUES(4,'BANGL'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO WAREHOUSE VALUES(5,'BANGL'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM WAREHOUSE; CITY -----------MYSORE MYSORE MYSORE BANGL BANGL

WAREHOUSENO ----------1 2 3 4 5

SQL> INSERT INTO SHIPMENT VALUES ('21',1,'4/JAN/2002');

1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO SHIPMENT VALUES ('22',1,'7/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO SHIPMENT VALUES ('23',1,'8/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO SHIPMENT VALUES ('24',2,'9/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO SHIPMENT VALUES ('25',2,'2/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM SHIPMENT; ORDERNO WAREHOUSENO SHIP_DATE ---------- ----------- --------21 1 04-JAN-02 22 1 07-JAN-02 23 1 08-JAN-02 24 2 09-JAN-02 25 2 02-JAN-02

(iii)

Produce a listing: CUSTNAME, #oforders, AVG_ORDER_AMT, where the middle column is the total number of orders by the customer and the last column is the average order amount for that customer.

SQL> SELECT CUSTOMERs.CNAME,COUNT(*),AVG(ORD_AMT) FROM CUSTOMERS,ORDER2 WHERE CUSTOMERs.CUSTNO=ORDER2.CUSTNO GROUP BY CUSTOMERS.CNAME; CNAME COUNT(*) AVG(ORD_AMT) ------------ ---------- -----------sameera 1 3000 shilpa 1 2000 shobha 1 1000 shubha 1 5000 swetha 1 4000

(iv)

List the order# for orders that were shipped from all the warehouses that the company has in a specific city.

SQL> SELECT SHIPMENT.ORDERNO,WAREHOUSE.CITY

FROM SHIPMENT,WAREHOUSE WHERE SHIPMENT.WAREHOUSENO=WAREHOUSE.WAREHOUSENO GROUP BY WAREHOUSE.CITY,SHIPMENT.ORDERNO; ORDERNO ---------21 22 23 24 25 CITY -----------MYSORE MYSORE MYSORE MYSORE MYSORE

(v)
SQL>

Demonstrate how you delete item# 10 from the ITEM table and make that field null in the ORDER_ITEM table.

DELETE FROM ITEM WHERE itemno='10';

1 row deleted.

3. DATABASE OF STUDENT ENROLL IN COURSE & BOOKS ADOPTED -------------------------------------------------------

Consider the following database of student enrollment in courses & books adopted for each course: STUDENT(regno : string, name : string, major : string, bdate: date) COURSE( course# : int, cname : string, dept : string) ENROLL(regno : string, course# : int, sem : int, marks : int) BOOK_ADOPTION(course# : int, sem : int, book_ISBN : int) TEXT(book_ISBN : int, book_title : string, publisher : string, author : string) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key. Enter at least five tuples for each relation. Demonstrate how you add a new text book to the database and make this book be adopted by some department. Produce a list of text books (include course#, book_ISDN, book_title) in the alphabetical order for courses offered by the CS department that use more than two books. List any department that has all its adopted books published by a specific publisher. Generation of suitable reports. Create suitable front end for querying and displaying and displaying the results.

(v) (vi) (vii)

ER DIAGRAM OF STUDENT ENROLL DATABASE

(i)

Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key.

SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT( REGNO VARCHAR(12), NAME VARCHAR(12), MAJOR VARCHAR(12), BDATE DATE, PRIMARY KEY(REGNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE COURSE( COURSENO INTEGER, CNAME VARCHAR(12), DEPT VARCHAR(12) , PRIMARY KEY(COURSENO));

Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ENROLL( REGNO VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES STUDENT(REGNO), COURSENO INTEGER REFERENCES COURSE(COURSENO), SEM INTEGER, MARKS INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY(REGNO,COURSENO,SEM)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE TEXT( BOOK_ISBN INTEGER, BOOK_TITLE VARCHAR(12), PUBLISHER VARCHAR(12), AUTHOR VARCHAR(12), PRIMARY KEY(BOOK_ISBN)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE BOOK_ADOPTION( COURSENO INTEGER REFERENCES COURSE(COURSENO), SEM INTEGER,BOOK_ISBN INTEGER REFERENCES TEXT(BOOK_ISBN), PRIMARY KEY(COURSENO,SEM)); Table created.

(ii)

Enter at least five tuples for each relation.

SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(11,'NIKIL','CSE','12/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(12,'DERU','CSE','17/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(13,'TARUN','ISE','13/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(14,'NAKUL','ECE','14/JAN/2002'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(15,'SRIRAM','EEE','15/JAN/2002'); 1 row created.

SQL>

SELECT * FROM STUDENT; NAME -----------NIKIL DERU TARUN NAKUL SRIRAM MAJOR -----------CSE CSE ISE ECE EEE BDATE --------12-JAN-02 17-JAN-02 13-JAN-02 14-JAN-02 15-JAN-02

REGNO -----------11 12 13 14 15

SQL>INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('31','ADA','CS'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('32','FAFL','CS'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('33','GRAPHICS','MECH'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('34','MATHS','MATHD'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO COURSE VALUES('35','MP','EC'); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM COURSE; CNAME -----------ADA FAFL GRAPHICS MATHS MP DEPT -----------CS CS MECH MATHD EC

COURSENO ---------31 32 33 34 35

SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLL VALUES('11',31,2,24); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLL VALUES('12',32,4,25); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLL VALUES('13',33,6,23); 1 row created.

SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLL VALUES('14',34,5,21); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLL VALUES('15',35,4,25); 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM ENROLL;

REGNO COURSENO SEM MARKS ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------11 31 2 24 12 32 4 25 13 33 6 23 14 34 5 21 15 35 4 25

SQL>INSERT INTO TEXT 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO TEXT 1 row created.

VALUES(244,'C','PEARSON','BALAGURU');

VALUES(255,'C++','TATA','PADMA');

SQL>INSERT INTO TEXT VALUES(233,'DSC','ELITE','PADMA'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO TEXT 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO TEXT 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM TEXT; BOOK_TITLE -----------C C++ DSC ADA EC PUBLISHER -----------PEARSON TATA ELITE HIMALAYA EXCELLENT AUTHOR -----------BALAGURU PADMA PADMA LEVITIN MVRAO VALUES(265,'EC','EXCELLENT','MVRAO'); VALUES(277,'ADA','HIMALAYA','LEVITIN');

BOOK_ISBN ---------244 255 233 277 265

SQL> INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(31,2,244); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(32,4,255); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(33,6,233); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(34,5,277); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(35,4,265); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(31,1,244); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(32,5,255); 1 row created.

(iii)

Demonstrate how you add a new text book to the database and make this book be adopted by some department.

SQL>INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES(33,8,233); 1 row created.

SQL>

SELECT * FROM BOOK_ADOPTION;

COURSENO SEM BOOK_ISBN ---------- ---------- ---------31 2 244 32 4 255 33 6 233 34 5 277 35 4 265 31 1 244 32 5 255 33 8 233

SQL> INSERT INTO BOOK_ADOPTION VALUES (32,10,233); 1 row created.

(iv)

Produce a list of text books (include course#, book_ISDN, book_title) in the alphabetical order for courses offered by the CS department that use more than two books.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT B.COURSENO,B.BOOK_ISBN,T.BOOK_TITLE FROM BOOK_ADOPTION B,TEXT T WHERE B.BOOK_ISBN=T.BOOK_ISBN AND B.COURSENO IN (SELECT COURSENO FROM BOOK_ADOPTION WHERE COURSENO IN (SELECT COURSENO FROM COURSE WHERE DEPT LIKE 'CS') GROUP BY COURSENO HAVING COUNT (COURSENO)>=2);

COURSENO BOOK_ISBN BOOK_TITLE ---------- ---------- -----------31 244 C 32 233 DSC 32 255 C++ SQL> SELECT COURSENO FROM COURSE; COURSENO ---------31 32 33 34 35

(v)

List any department that has all its adopted books published by a specific publisher.

SQL> SELECT BOOK_ISBN FROM TEXT WHERE PUBLISHER='PEARSON'; BOOK_ISBN ---------244 SQL> SELECT COURSENO FROM BOOK_ADOPTION WHERE BOOK_ISBN = (SELECT BOOK_ISBN FROM TEXT WHERE PUBLISHER='PEARSON'); COURSENO ---------31 31 SQL> SELECT C.DEPT FROM COURSE C WHERE COURSENO IN ( SELECT COURSENO FROM BOOK_ADOPTION WHERE BOOK_ISBN = (SELECT BOOK_ISBN FROM TEXT WHERE PUBLISHER='PEARSON')); DEPT -----------CS

4. BOOK DEALER DATABASE ----------------------The following tables are maintained by a book dealer. AUTHOR(author_id : int, name : string, city : string, country : string) PUBLISHER(publisher_id : int, name : string, city : string, country : string) CATALOG(book_id : int, title : string, author_id : int, publisher_id : int, category_id : int, year : int, price : int) CATEGORY(category_id : int, description : string) ORDER_DETAILS(order_no : int, book_id : int, quantity : int) (i) Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key (ii) Enter at least five tuples for each relation (iii) Give the details of the authors who have 2 or more books in the catalog and the price of the books is greater than the average price of the books in the catalog and the year of publication is after 2000. (iv) Find the author of the book which has maximum sales. (v) Demonstrate how you increase the price of books published by a specific publisher by 10%. (vi) Generation of suitable reports. (vii) Create suitable front end for the querying and displaying the results.

ER DIAGRAM OF BOOK DEALER DATABASE

(i)

Create the above tables by properly specified the primary key and the foreign key

SQL> CREATE TABLE AUTHOR ( AID INTEGER, NAME VARCHAR (12), CITY VARCHAR (12), COUNTRY VARCHAR (12), PRIMARY KEY (AID)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER ( PID INTEGER, NAME VARCHAR (12), CITY VARCHAR (12),

COUNTRY VARCHAR (12), PRIMARY KEY (PID)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE CATALOG1 ( BID INTEGER, TITLE VARCHAR (12), AID INTEGER REFERENCES AUTHOR (AID), PID INTEGER REFERENCES PUBLISHER (PID), CID INTEGER REFERENCES CATEGORY (CID), YEAR INTEGER, PRICE INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (BID)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE CATEGORY ( CID INTEGER, DESCRIPTION VARCHAR (20), PRIMARY KEY (CID)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ORDER_DETAILS ( ONO INTEGER, BID INTEGER REFERENCES CATALOG1 (BID), QUANTITY INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (ONO, BID)); Table created. (ii) SQL> INSERT INTO AUTHOR VALUES('11','nandagopal','banglore','india'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO AUTHOR VALUES('12','yogish','mandya','india'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO AUTHOR VALUES('13','ian','london','england'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO AUTHOR VALUES('15','albert','newyork','usa'); AUTHOR VALUES('14','padmareddy','dharwad','india'); Enter at least five tuples for each relation

1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES('21','sapna','bangalore','india'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES('22','ep','mysore','india'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES('23','pearl','tokyo','japan'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES('24','vvv','sydney','austr'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES('25','tatamg','washington','usa'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES ('31','dbms'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES ('32','unix'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES('33','computer'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES('35','vb'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO CATEGORY VALUES ('36','science'); 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO CATALOG1 VALUES ('1','c',11,21,31,2001,1000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATALOG1 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATALOG1 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATALOG1 VALUES('4','ansic',14,24,36,2003,1560); VALUES('3','c#',13,23,33,2002,1450); VALUES('2','c++',12,22,32,2006,1500);

1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO CATALOG1 1 row created. SQL> INSERT INTO CATALOG1 VALUES ('6','linux',13,25,35,2003,1830); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES (41,1,12); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES (42,2,16); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES(43,3,23); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES(44,4,21); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES(45,5,33); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT INTO ORDER_DETAILS VALUES(46,6,9); 1 row created. (iii) Give the details of the authors who have 2 or more books in the catalog and the price of the books is greater than the average price of the books in the catalog and the year of publication is after 2000. SQL> SELECT * FROM author WHERE aid in (select aid from catalog1 where (year>2000) and (catalog1.price>(select avg(price) from catalog1))group by aid having count(*)>1 ); AID NAME CITY COUNTRY ---------- ------------ ------------ -----------13 ian london england VALUES('5','pointers',15,25,35,2005,1230);

(iv) Find the author of the book which has maximum sales. SQL> SELECT a.name FROM author a,catalog1 c,order_details o

WHERE (a.aid=c.aid) and (o.bid=c.bid) and (o.quantity = (select max(quantity) from order_details)); NAME -----------albert (v) Demonstrate how you increase the price of books published by a specific publisher by 10%.

SQL> SELECT * FROM CATALOG1; BID ---------1 2 3 4 5 6 TITLE AID PID CID YEAR PRICE ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------c 11 21 31 2001 1000 c++ 12 22 32 2006 1500 c# 13 23 33 2002 1450 ansic 14 24 36 2003 1560 pointers 15 25 35 2005 1230 linux 13 25 35 2003 1830

6 rows selected. SQL> UPDATE CATALOG1 SET PRICE=PRICE*1.1 WHERE PID=21; 1 row updated. SQL> SELECT * FROM CATALOG1; BID ---------1 2 3 4 5 6 TITLE AID PID CID YEAR PRICE ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------c 11 21 31 2001 1100 c++ 12 22 32 2006 1500 c# 13 23 33 2002 1450 ansic 14 24 36 2003 1560 pointers 15 25 35 2005 1230 linux 13 25 35 2003 1830

5. BANKING DATABASE -------------------Consider the following database for a banking enterprise. BRANCH(branch_name : string, branch_city : string, assets : real) ACCOUNT(accno : int, branch_name : string, balance : real) DEPOSITOR(customer_name : string, accno : int) CUSTOMER(customer_name : string, customer_street : string, cust_city : string) LOAN(loan_number : int, branch_name : string, amount : real) BORROWER(customer_name : string, loan_number : int) (i) Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and the foreign keys. (ii) Enter at least five tuples for each relation. (iii) Find all the customers who have at least two accounts at the MAIN branch (iv) Find all the customers who have an account at all the branches located in a specific city. (v) Demonstrate how you delete all account tuples at every branch located in a specific city. (vi) Generation of suitable reports. (vii) Create suitable front end for the querying and displaying the results.

ER DIAGRAM OF BANKING DATABASE

(i)

Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and the foreign keys.

SQL> CREATE TABLE BRANCH ( BNAME VARCHAR(12), BCITY VARCHAR(12), ASSETS REAL, PRIMARY KEY(BNAME)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER1 ( CNAME VARCHAR(12), CSTREET VARCHAR(12), CCITY VARCHAR(12), PRIMARY KEY(CNAME));

Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE ACCOUNT( ACCNO INTEGER, BNAME VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES BRANCH(BNAME) , BALANCE INTEGER , PRIMARY KEY(ACCNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPOSITOR( CNAME VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES CUSTOMER1(CNAME) , ACCNO INTEGER REFERENCES ACCOUNT(ACCNO) ON DELETE CASCADE , PRIMARY KEY(CNAME,ACCNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE LOAN( LOANNO INTEGER,BNAME VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES BRANCH(BNAME), AMOUNT REAL, PRIMARY KEY(LOANNO)); Table created. SQL> CREATE TABLE BORROWER( CNAME VARCHAR(12) REFERENCES CUSTOMER1(CNAME), LOANNO INTEGER REFERENCES LOAN(LOANNO)); Table created.

(ii)

Enter at least five tuples for each relation.

SQL> insert into branch values('rtnagarmain','bang',12000000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into branch values('yelahanka','bang',100000000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into branch values('vijayanagar','mysore',23000000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into branch values('krnagar','mandya',21000000); 1 row created.

SQL>INSERT into branch values('hebbal','bang',33000000); 1 row created.

SQL> select * from branch; BNAME -----------rtnagarmain yelahanka vijayanagar krnagar hebbal BCITY ASSETS ------------ ---------bang 12000000 bang 100000000 mysore 23000000 mandya 21000000 bang 33000000

SQL> insert into customer1 values('kiran','a1','bang'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into customer1 values('vijay','b2','bang'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into customer1 values('barath','d5','mysore'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into customer1 values('chandru','t4','mandya'); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into customer1 values('dinesh','h9','bang'); 1 row created. SQL> select * from customer1; CCITY -----------bang bang mysore mandya bang

CNAME -----------kiran vijay barath chandru dinesh

CSTREET -----------a1 b2 d5 t4 h9

SQL> insert into account values(1,'rtnagarmain',123450); 1 row created.

SQL>INSERT into account 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into account 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into account 1 row created.

values(2,'yelahanka',254310);

values(3,'vijayanagar',154730);

values(4,'krnagar',564440);

SQL>INSERT into account values(5,'hebbal',342110); 1 row created. SQL> insert into account values(6,'rtnagarmain',223450); 1 row created. SQL> select * from account; BNAME BALANCE ------------ ---------rtnagarmain 123450 yelahanka 254310 vijayanagar 154730 krnagar 564440 hebbal 342110 rtnagarmain 223450

ACCNO ---------1 2 3 4 5 6

6 rows selected.

SQL>insert into depositor values('kiran',1); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into depositor values('vijay',2); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into depositor values('barath',3); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into depositor values('chandru',4); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into depositor values('dinesh',5);

1 row created. SQL>INSERT into depositor values('kiran',6); 1 row created. SQL> select * from depositor;

CNAME ACCNO ------------ ---------barath 3 chandru 4 dinesh 5 kiran 1 kiran 6 vijay 2 6 rows selected. SQL> insert into loan values(21,'hebbal',110000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into loan values(22,'yelahanka',120000); 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into loan 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into loan 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into loan values(25,'hebbal',280000); 1 row created. SQL> select * from loan; BNAME AMOUNT ------------ ---------hebbal 110000 yelahanka 120000 vijayanagar 14000 krnagar 480000 hebbal 280000 values('kiran',21); values(24,'krnagar',480000); values(23,'vijayanagar',14000);

LOANNO ---------21 22 23 24 25

SQL>INSERT into borrower 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into borrower

values('vijay',22);

1 row created. SQL>INSERT into borrower 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into borrower 1 row created. SQL>INSERT into borrower 1 row created. SQL> SELECT * FROM BORROWER; values('dinesh',25); values('chandru',24); values('barath',23);

CNAME LOANNO ------------ ---------kiran 21 vijay 22 barath 23 chandru 24 dinesh 25 (iii) Find all the customers who have at least two accounts at the MAIN branch SQL> SELECT c.cname FROM depositor d,branch b,customer1 c,account a WHERE (d.cname=c.cname) AND (a.accno=d.accno) AND (b.bname=a.bname) AND (b.bname like 'rtnagarmain') GROUP BY c.cname HAVING COUNT(d.accno)>=2;

CNAME -----------kiran (iv) Find all the customers who have an account at all the branches located in a specific city.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT DEPOSITOR.CNAME FROM DEPOSITOR WHERE ACCNO IN ( SELECT ACCOUNT.ACCNO FROM ACCOUNT WHERE BNAME IN (SELECT BNAME FROM BRANCH WHERE BCITY='BANG')); CNAME -----------dinesh kiran vijay

SQL>

SELECT * FROM ACCOUNT; BNAME BALANCE ------------ ---------rtnagarmain 123450 yelahanka 254310 vijayanagar 154730 krnagar 564440 hebbal 342110 rtnagarmain 223450

ACCNO ---------1 2 3 4 5 6

6 rows selected.

(v)

Demonstrate how you delete all account tuples at every branch located in a specific city.

SQL> delete from account where bname in (select bname from branch where bcity='mandya' ); 1 row deleted. SQL> select * from account; ACCNO ---------1 2 3 5 6 BNAME BALANCE ------------ ---------rtnagarmain 123450 yelahanka 254310 vijayanagar 154730 hebbal 342110 rtnagarmain 223450

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. What is database? A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. 2. What is DBMS? It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 3. What is a Database system? The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 4. Advantages of DBMS? Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorized access is restricted. Providing multiple user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and recovery. 5. Disadvantage in File Processing System? Data redundancy & inconsistency. Difficult in accessing data. Data isolation. Data integrity. Concurrent access is not possible. Security Problems. 6. Describe the three levels of data abstraction? Three levels of abstraction: Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored. Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data. View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database. 7. Define the "integrity rules" There are two Integrity rules. Entity Integrity: States that Primary key cannot have NULL value Referential Integrity: States that Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation. 8. What is extension and intension? Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.

Intension -It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it. 9. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems? System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. Its two subsystems are Research Storage System Relational Data System. 10. How is the data structure of System R different structure? Unlike Relational systems in System R Domains are not supported Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional Enforcement of entity integrity is optional Referential integrity is not enforced 11. What is Data Independence? Data independence means that The application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data. In other words, the ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level. Two types of Data Independence: Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level. Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level. NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve 12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence? A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary. Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 13. What is Data Model? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints. from the relational

14. What is E-R model? This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. 15. What is Object Oriented model? This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 16. What is an Entity? It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 17. What is an Entity type? It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 18. What is an Entity set? It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 19. What is an Extension of entity type? The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 20. What is Weak Entity set? An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 21. What is an attribute? It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation? A relation Schema denoted by R (A1, A2,?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3... tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t= (v1, v2... vn). 23. What is degree of a Relation? It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 24. What is Relationship? It is an association among two or more entities. 25. What is Relationship set? The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 26. What is Relationship type? Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 27. What is degree of Relationship type? It is the number of entity type participating.

25. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)? A data base schema is specifies by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL. 26. What is VDL (View Definition Language)? It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema. 27. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)? This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas. 28. What is Data Storage - Definition Language? The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language. 29. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)? This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model. Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data. 31. What is DML Compiler? It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand. 32. What is Query evaluation engine? It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler. 33. What is DDL Interpreter? It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata. 34. What is Record-at-a-time? The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time. 35. What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented? The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented. 36. What is Relational Algebra? It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.

37. What is Relational Calculus? It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL. 38. How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE. 39. What is normalization? It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties Minimizing redundancy Minimizing insertion, Deletion and update anomalies.

their

40. What is Functional Dependency? A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.

41. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side. We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F. We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

42. What is multivalued dependency? Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X] t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y] t3 [Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z] Where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]

43. What is Lossless join property? It guarantees that the spurious tuples generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition. 44. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)? The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values. 45. What is Fully Functional dependency? It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more. 46. What is 2NF? A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key. 47. What is 3NF? A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true X is a Super-key of R. A is a prime attribute of R. In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key. 48. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)? A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key. 49. What is 4NF? A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R. X is a super key. 50. What is 5NF? A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2... Rn} that holds R, one the following is true i) Ri = R for some i. ii) The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R. 51. What is Domain-Key Normal Form? A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation.

52. What are partial, alternate, artificial, compound and natural key? Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator. Alternate Key: All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys. Artificial Key: If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key. Compound Key: If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key. Natural Key: When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.

53. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing? Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found. Types: Binary search style indexing B-Tree indexing Inverted list indexing Memory resident table Table indexing

54. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as? A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary.

55. What is meant by query optimization? The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization. 56. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency? Join Dependency: A Join dependency is generalization of multivalued dependency. A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a losslessjoin decomposition of R . There is no set of sound and complete inference rules for JD.

Inclusion Dependency: An Inclusion Dependency is a statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency.

57. What is durability in DBMS? Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability. 58. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation? Atomicity: Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions. Aggregation: A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.

59. What is a Phantom Deadlock? In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts.

60. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur? A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

61. What are the different phases of ARIES Algorithm transaction? Different phases are Analysis phase Redo Phase Undo phase

62. What do you mean by flat file database? It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-file capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management.

63. What is "transparent DBMS"? It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.

64. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize record; example for such a database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data structure; example for such a system is IMS.

65. What is a query? A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language.

66. What do you mean by Correlated sub query? Sub queries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the sub query is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the sub query is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated sub query. A correlated sub query can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent sub query columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the sub query cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated sub query. E.g. Select * From CUST Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM) '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE from ORDER Where

67. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems? Addition Deletion and Modification. 68. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored Edit Buffer 69. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra? PROJECTION and SELECTION. 70. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same? No. PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.

JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another. 71. What is RDBMS KERNEL? Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; Its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; Manages memory caches and paging; Controls locking for concurrent resource usage; Dispatches and schedules user requests; and Manages space usage within its table-space structures.

72. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS. I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management 73. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How? Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

74. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary? The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

75. not only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also determines an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data. YES

76. How do you communicate with an RDBMS? You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)

77. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference

between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them. 78. Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are Database files Control files Redo logs The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself. All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or the entire database using a backup, if there is one.

79. Spurious tuples may occur due to i. Bad normalization ii. Theta joins iii. Updating tables from join a) i & ii b) ii & iii c) i & iii

80. Tables derived from the ERD a) Are totally UN normalized b) Are always in 1NF c) Can be further denormalized d) May have multi-valued attributes (b) Are always in 1NF 81. What are database files, control files and log files? How many of these files should a database have at least? Why? Database Files: The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in size. Depending on their sizes, the tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can go in one database file? But that's not an ideal situation because

it does not make the database structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users, putting the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just part of the database. You must have at least one database file but usually, more than one file are used. In terms of accessing and using the data in the tables and other objects, the number (or location) of the files is immaterial. The database files are fixed in size and never grow bigger than the size at which they were created

Control Files: The control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture. Any database must have at least one control file, although you typically have more than one to guard against loss. The control file records the name of the database, the date and time it was created, the location of the database and redoes logs, and the synchronization information to ensure that all three sets of files are always in step. Every time you add a new database or redo log file to the database, the information is recorded in the control files. Redo Logs: Any database must have at least two redo logs. These are the journals for the database; the redo logs record all changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type of failure occurs, the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a consistent state without losing any committed transactions. In the case of non-data loss failure, Oracle can apply the information in the redo logs automatically without intervention from the DBA. The redo log files are fixed in size and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created.

82. What is ROWID? The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address for every row on every table. Once assigned (when the row is first inserted into the database), it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped.

The ROWID consists of the following three components, the combination of which uniquely identifies the physical storage location of the row. Oracle database file number, which contains the block with the rows Oracle block address, which contains the row The row within the block (because each block can hold many rows) The ROWID is used internally in indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value. Application developers also use it in SQL statements as a quick way to access a row once they know the ROWID

84. What is database Trigger? A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL.

85. Name two utilities that Oracle provides, which are use for backup and recovery. Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two utilities that you can use to back up and restore the database. These utilities are Export and Import. The Export utility dumps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export, recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data If Export and Import are used as a means of backing up and recovering the database, all the changes made to the database cannot be recovered since the export was performed. The best you can do is recover the database to the time when the export was last performed. 86. What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them. Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic.