(Edu - Joshuatly.com) Trial Kelantan STPM 2012 Biology (0FF2679E)

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* This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

JABATAN PELAJARAN KELANTAN
JALAN DOKTOR, 15000 KOTA BHARU.
TRIAL EXAMINATION
2012
BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL EDUCATION)
PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)
MULTIPLE-CHOICE (ANEKA PILIHAN)
One hour and forty-five minutes (Satu jam empat puluh lima minit)
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU TOLD TO DO SO
There are fifty questions in this paper. For each question, four suggested answers are given.
Choose one correct answer and indicate it on the multiple-choice answer sheet provided.
Read the instructions on the multiple-choice answer sheet very carefully.
Answer all questions. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers.
Arahan kepada calon :
JANGAN BUKA BUKU SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN
Ada lima puluh soalan dalam kertas ini. Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan
diberikan. Pilih satu jawapan yang betul dan tandakan jawapan itu pada helaian jawapan
aneka pilihan yang dibekalkan.
Baca arahan pada helaian jawapan aneka pilihan itu dengan teliti.
Jawab semua soalan. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.
___________________________________________________________________________
This question paper consists of 16 printed pages
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada 16 halaman bercetak)
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Section A
Four suggested answers labeled A, B, C, and D are given for each question. Choose one
correct answer.
1. Which of the following properties of water are important for the temperature regulation in
mammals?
I High latent heat of vaporisation
II Highest density at 4C
III High heat capacity
IV High surface tension
A I and II
B I and III
C I and IV
D II and IV

2. Proteins can function as a buffer because
A proteins contains peptide bonds
B proteins are non-polar molecules
C proteins are soluble in water
D proteins are amphoteric molecules

3. Saturated fatty acids differ from unsaturated fatty acids in
A the presence of double covalent bond in the fatty acids
B the physical condition of the fatty acid at room temperature
C the number of oxygen atoms in the fatty acids
D the branching or linear shape of the fatty acids

4. Which of the following is correct for the components and their functions?
I Lecithin acts as a receptor to molecules such as hormone
II Cholesterol maintain the fluid characteristic of the membrane
III Smooth endoplasmic reticulum detoxification in liver cells
IV Phloem translocation of organic products of photosynthesis
A I and II
B II and IV
C I, II and IV
D II, III and IV

5. Which of the following structure is usually found in animal cells?
I Lysosome
II Plastids
III Microtubules
IV Centrioles
A I and II
B I and III
C I and IV
D I, III and IV
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6. Which of the following statements are true about non-competitive inhibitors?
I Bind temporarily on the active site of the enzyme
II Reduce the Km value only if the substrate concentration is low
III The Km value of the enzyme remains the same
IV Cyanide is the example of a non-competitive inhibitor
A I and II
B I and IV
C III and IV
D II, III and IV

7. Which of the following is not a stop codon?
A UAA
B UGA
C UAG
D AUG

8. What are the advantages of light independent process in C4 compared to C3 plants?
I In the bundle sheath cells, the effectiveness of RuBP carboxylase is increased
II PEP carboxylase has higher affinity towards carbon dioxide compared to RuBP
carboxylase
III The first product of the light independent process in C4 is a four carbon molecules
IV Increases photorespiration
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D I, II and IV

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9. The following diagram shows a scheme for the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Which of the following substances are represented by W, X, Y and Z in the scheme?
W X Y Z
A NADP ADP ATP O
2

B ADP ATP O
2
NADPH
C H
2
O O
2
ADP NADPH
D H
2
O O
2
ATP NADPH

10. What will become of all carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?
A Pyruvate
B Carbohydrate
C Carbon dioxide
D Acetyl coenzyme A

11. Which of the following statements are true about anaerobic respiration in plants?
I 2 ATP are produced
II 4 ATP are produced
III The end product are ethanol and carbon dioxide
IV NADH is used in the reduction of pyruvate
A I and IV B II and III
C II, III, and IV D I, III and IV

Z
H
+
primaryacceptor
Y
ferredoxin
2e
Cytochromecomplex
2e
Pc
PhotosystemI
PhotosystemII
sunlight
X
2e
sunlight
W
Pq
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12. Which of the following is a hydrogen donor in the biosynthesis of purple sulphur bacteria and
green sulphur bacteria?
A Water
B Hydrogen sulphide
C NADH
D Hydrocarbon compound

13. Changes of hydrogen ion concentration in cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is detected by the
A peripheral chemoreceptor
B central chemoreceptor
C aortic body
D carotid body

14. In Bohrs effect, the affinity of haemoglobin towards oxygen is reduced because
A haemoglobin acts as pH buffer in erythrocytes
B high concentration of CO
2
altered the shape of haemoglobin
C ferum ion in haemoglobin is attracted to chloride ions that diffuses into erythrocytes
D the concentration of carbamino-haemoglobin increases in erythtrocytes

15. The pressure changes in the aorta, left ventricle and left atrium are shown in the graph below.
In which of the following segments A, B, C or D, is the semilunar valve of aorta open?

16. Which of the following statements about transpiration pull is true?
I It is an energy dependent process.
II It is caused by evaporation of water molecules through the stoma.
III It is affected by relative density of atmosphere.
IV It involves the movement of water molecules from vessels into the atmosphere.
A II and III B III and IV
C II, III and IV D I, II, III and IV
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17. The main function of a stoma to
A respond to the environmental stress
B allow the diffusion of gas into the mesophyll cell
C allow the diffusion of gas while regulating water loss
D regulate the movement of water during transpiration

19. Which of the following is the effect of ADH on nephrons?
A Increase the permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule to water
B Increase the permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule to Na
+
ions
C Increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water
D Increase the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to Na
+
ions

18. What the is the name given to the route taken by lactate produced in the skeleton muscle
to liver where it is converted into glucose ?
Carried by
bloodstream
to liver
Lactate pyruvate glucose glycogen

A Calvin Cycle
B Cori Cycle
C Krebs Cycle
D Hatch-Slack Cycle
20. The following table shows the concentration of the main ions inside and outside of the
nerve cell during resting potential.

Ion Concentration in the cell mol dm
3
Concentration outside cell mol dm
3

Na
+
15 150
Cl
-
10 110
K
+
150 5

What would happen when the nerve receives the correct stimulus ?
A Na
+
ions will enter the cell
B K
+
ion will enter the cell
C Na
+
ion will leave the cell
D Na
+
and Cl
-
ions will enter the cell
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21. Which of the following are the functions of the synapse
I To connect two neurons
II To act as the impulse inhibition site
III To increase the rate of propagation of impulse
IV To prevent excessive stimulation through the fatigue process
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV

22. Cocaine increases the amount of dopamine in synaptic cleft by
A binding to receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane
B binding to transporter protein that returns dopamine into presynaptic neurone
C preventing action of hydrolytic enzymes on dopamine in synaptic cleft
D binding to dopamine to increase its activity

23. Which statement is true about the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
A Stimulates the development of Graafian follicle
B Causes ovulation
C Stimulates the remaining part of the Graafian follicle to develop into the corpus
luteum
D Maintain the thickness of the endometrium

24. Green bananas change colour when expose to the hormone
A Absisic acid B Auxin
C ethylene D cytokinine

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25. The table below shows several plant hormones and their roles

Hormone Role of hormone
I Gibberellic acid

II Cytokinin

III Auxin

IV Abscisic acid

V Ethene
(a) To stimulate the transportation of nutrients from the leaves
to other parts of the plant

(b) To stimulate the closing of stomata under physiological
stress

(c) To stop the growth of the adventitious root

(d) As a fruit ripening agent

(e) To stimulate cell division of the lateral cambium during
secondary growth

Which of the following is correct for the hormones and their roles?
I II III IV V
A (c) (a) (e) (b) (d)
(a) (c) (e) (b) (d)
(b) (c) (a) (e) (d)
(b) (a) (c) (e) (d)
B
C
D

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26. The diagram below shows the immune response in human body

Which statement about the diagram is true?
A

Cell X excretes lymphokine, then divides to form cells Y and Z in the presence of
Substance T.
B Cell Z responds quickly towards the repeated infection of a particular disease.
C Cell Y prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
D Substance S regulates lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

27. Which of the following are true of B cell?
I It forms immunity through the humoral response.
II It forms immunity through the cell mediated mechanism.
III It is produced and it achieves maturity in the bone marrow.
IV It is produced in the bone marrow and it achieves maturity in the thymus gland.
Which of the following is correct for the hormones and their roles?
A I and III
B I and II
C II and IV
D III and IV
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28 The table below shows three animals and its way of reproduction.

Animal Way of reproducing
I Rat

II Frog

III Bee
(a) External fertilisation

(b) Partenogenesis

(c) Viviparity

Which of the following is correct match for the ways of reproduction?
I II III
A

(c) (b) (a)

(a) (b) (c)

(c) (a) (b)

(b) (a) (c)
B

C

D
29

30.
The table below shows three organs and the germinal layers that formed them.

Organ Germinal layer
I Spinal cord

II Kidney

III Liver
(a) Endoderm

(b) Mesoderm

(c) Ectoderm

Which of the following is correct match for the above three organs and germinal layers that
formed them?
I II III
A

(a) (c) (b)

(b) (a) (c)

(b) (c) (a)

(c) (b) (a)
B

C

D

If a diploid state is represented by D and a haploid state is represented by H,which of the
following is the correct match for the number of chromosome to the parts of plant structures.

Polar nucleus Tube nucleus Anther Cell of pericarp Cell of testa
A D D H D D
D H H D H
H D H H H
H H H D D
B
C
D
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33 What is allele frequency?
A It is all the alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of the population.
B It is the frequency of each genotype in the population.

C
It is the proportion of the total of a certain allele to the total number of all the
alleles in the gene pool.

D
It is the proportion of an allele to the total number of phenotypes in the gene
pool.

34 In a population of cows at genetic equilibrium, 750 cows have dominant grey coat,
while the remaining 250 cows have recessive white coat. What is the number of
cows with heterozygous genotype?
A 250
B 500
C 750
D 1000

31 Which class of organism displays an intermittent growth pattern?
A Insecta
B Mammalia
C Reptilia
D Amphibia
32 Which of the following pairs of parents can produce children with O blood group?
I A x B
II A x O
III AB x O
A I and II
B I and III
C II and III
D I,II and III
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35 The cystic fibrosis ailment on the pancreas is a condition of recessive
homozygous. If one in every 2000 individuals in a population suffers from this
ailment, what is the frequency of the gene in that population?

A 0.005

B 0.001

C 0.022

D 0.044

36 The following are the enzymes produced in Escherichia coli
I transacetylase
II B-galactosidase
III lactose permease
Which of the following is the correct match between the structural genes and the
enzymes that they code?
Lac Z Lac Y Lac A
A II III I
B I II III
C III I II
D I III II

37 What are inducible enzymes?

A Enzymes that are constantly synthesized and are not dependent on the presence
of inducers.

B Enzymes that are regularly produced but can be turned off in the presence of
repressors.
C Enzymes synthesized in the presence of specific molecules called inducers.

D Enzymes that are regularly produced but can be turned off in the presence of
corepressors.

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38 Which of the following sequences can form a palindrome?
A GGCATC
B GGCGCC
C GGCCGG
D GGGCCC

39 The following shows the steps taken during a DNA fingerprinting process.
I DNA treated with endonuclease.
II Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis.
III Radioactive probes with complementary base sequence are added.
IV Exposed to X-ray film.
The correct sequence of the steps above is
A III, I, II, IV
B I, II, III, IV
C II, I, IV, III
D I, II, IV, III

40 Which of the following are the examples of transgenic organism?
I Pseudomonas bacteria strain that can break down hydrocarbons
II Sheep that produces milk with human growth hormone
III Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules that have the ability to fix nitrogen
IV Plants that are resistant to glyphosate
A I, II and III C II, III and IV
B I, II and IV D I, II, III and IV

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41 Which of these is the importance of limitation enzyme action in the technology of DNA
recombinant?
A Limiting the cDNA cloning
B Uniting the chromosome and the plasmid
C Ensuring the randomization of the cutting of DNA sequence
D Ensuring the inter complimentaries of the ends of source DNA fragment and
DNA plasmid

42 Taxonomist took out Mucor from the kingdom plantae and put it under the kingdom
Fungi because
A Mucor is mycelial
B Mucor is heterotropic
C Mucor reproduces by means of spores production
D Mucor does not produce flowers, seeds, or fruits

43 The table below shows four organisms and their specific structures

organisms Specific structures
I Pheretima
II Euglena
III Penaeus
IV Helix
(a) Setae

(b) Radula

(c) Chloroplast

(d) Telson

Which of the following is correct for the organisms and their specific structures?
I II III IV
A (a) (c) (d) (b)
B (b) (a) (c) (d)
C (b) (d) (c) (a)
D (d) (a) (b) (c)

44 Two plants which belong to different families must also belong to different
A Phyla
B Classes
C Order
D Genera

45 Which of the following characteristics is common to both echinoderms and chordates?
A The embryo undergoes radial cleavage
B The gametes are produced by meiosis
C They are triploblastic
D They reproduce sexually only

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46 The diagram below shows the distribution of human blood groups in a population

Human blood group is an example of
A continuous variation
B discontinuous variation
C extrinsic isolation
D intrinsic isolation

47

The diagram represents the gain and loss of energy (arbitral unit) between one leaf and
the air atmosphere. Based on the data given, the Net Primary Production is
A 30 units
B 60 units
C 90 units
D 270 units
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48 The strongest competition between the different species occurs if they reside in the
same
A Biome
B Habitat
C niche
D community

49 The total product or biomass of an organism is determined by the nutrients or resources
that exist in minimum concentration as compared to other resources that needed. Which
of the following correctly explains the above statement?
A Hardy-Weinberg Law
B Gause Law
C Liebigs Law
D Shelfords Law

50 The table below shows the data that is obtained from the capture-recapture technique
for a population of grasshoppers in field

sample Number
Number of grasshoppers captured,
marked and released in the first capture
120
Number of grasshoppers captured in the
second capture
60
Number of marked grasshoppers
recaptured
40

What is the estimated grasshopper in that field?
A 20
B 80
C 140
D 180

CONFIDENTIAL*
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Identity card number:. Centre number :
964/2 TRIAL 2012
BIOLOGY
PAPER2
STRUCTURE AND ESSAY
Two and a half hours

JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU
ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer all questions in Section A. Write your answers in the
spaces provided.
Answer any four questions in Section B. Write your answers on
the answer sheets provided. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet
of paper and arrange your answers in numerical order. Tie your
answer sheets to this question paper.
Answers should be illustrated by large and clearly labeled
diagrams wherever suitable.
Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.
For examiners use
Section A
1
2
3
4
Section B

Total

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Section A [40 marks]
Answer all questions in this section

1. Figure below is a diagrammatic model of a section of cell surface membrane.

(a) (i) State the name usually given to this model. [1 mark]

(ii) Give two reasons why it is so called. [2 marks]

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(b) Name the structures labeled A, B and C. [3 marks]
A :
B :
C :
(c) What is the function of the channel labeled in the diagram? [1 mark]

(d) Many substances are said to be actively transported across membranes. Explain what
is meant by active transport. [2 marks]

(e) Suggest one possible function of the carbohydrate chains attached to the surface of
the membrane. [1 mark]

CONFIDENTIAL*
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2 The diagram below shows a section through a mitochondrion as seen using an electron
microscope.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. [3 marks]
A :..................................................
B :...............
C: ...
(b) (i) Use the letters on the diagram to locate the part of the mitochondrion,
where oxidative phosphorylation occur. [1 mark]

(ii) Explain briefly what is meant by oxidative phosphorylation. [3 marks]

....
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(c) Calculate the actual length of the mitochondrion , if the magnification is
x70000. Show your working and give your answer in suitable units. [3
marks]

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3 The graph below shows the change in membrane potential during the passage of a nerve
impulse.

(a) (i) What is meant by the resting membrane potential of an axon? [1 mark]

(ii) What is the value of the resting potential? [1 mark]

(b) Which labelled part of the graph corresponds to:
(i) depolarization of the axon membrane? [1 mark]

(ii) repolarisation of the axon membrane? [1 mark]

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(c) Describe briefly what happens to the axon membrane:
(i) At P [2 marks]
........
(ii) At R [2 marks]
................
(d) Explain why the membrane is more negative at S. [2 marks]
..

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4. The pedigree below shows the inheritance of red-green colour blindness .Red-green
colour blindness is a sex-linked recessive condition. The gene for colour blindness is carried on
the X-chromosome.

(a) Why is X linkage more common than Y linkage? [2 marks]

(b) Assuming that the alleles C and c control the expression of the trait, state the
genotype of the following individuals labelled A, B, C, D and E. [5 marks]
A:.
B:.
C:.
D:..
E:..

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(c) By means of a genetic diagram , what is the probability of a red green colur blindness
father and a mother carrying the allele for red green colour blindness having a red
green colour blindness daughter? [3 marks]

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Section B [60 marks]
Answer any four questions in this section
5 (a) Draw and label the general structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). [2 marks]
(b) DNA replicates during interphase. Describe this process. [13 marks]

6 Describe the process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast. [15 marks]

7 (a) Describe the process of ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption that occurs in the
kidney. [11 marks]
(b) Explain how the kidney produces urine that is more concentrated than blood.
[4 marks]

8 Some organisms overcome the harsh conditions of the environment by hibernation,
aestivation or diapauses. Explain the importance of each of the phenomenom for the survival in
animals. [15 marks]

9 (a) What is meant by vector in DNA cloning? State the characteristics of this vector.
[5 marks]
(b) Describe how DNA cloning is carried out by bacteria. [10 marks]

10 (a) Describe the genetic and environmental factors that cause variation in an organism.
[12 marks]
(b) Explain the importance of variation in a population. [3 marks]

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JABATANPELAJARANNEGERIKELANTAN
PEPERIKSAANKENDALIANBERASASKANSEKOLAH(TRIAL)
TINGKATAN6TAHUN2012
MARKINGSCHEME
BIOLOGY(PAPER2)
STRUCTUREANDESSAY

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Marking Scheme
1(a)(i) fluid mosaic model 1
[1 mark]
(ii) scattered mosaic arrangement of proteins that float in the phospholipid layer 1
The lipid and protein molecules can move laterally (and rotate on their axis) 1
[2marks]
(b) A : phopholipid bilayer 1
B : extrinsic/peripheral protein 1
C : intrinsic protein 1
[3 marks]
(c) To allow transport of polar molecules and ions across the membrane by
facilitated diffusion
1
[1 mark]
(d) Movement of polar molecules/ions across the membrane 1
Against the concentration gradient 1
Requires ATP 1
Any 2 pt
[2 marks]
(e) For cell recognition 1
To act as receptors/binding sites for chemical signals 1
For cell adhesion /to stick the correct cells together 1
Any 1 pt
[1 mark]
Total:
[10
marks]
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2
(a)
A : matrix 1
B : cristae/inner membrane 1
C : intermembrane space 1
[3 marks]
(b)
(i)
B 1
[1mark]
(ii) electrons flow through a series of electron carriers/ ETS 1
electrons are transferred to the final electron acceptor oxygen producing water 1
ATP is generated from ADP and phosphate inorganic 1
[3 marks]

(c)
Length on photograph : 79mm
Actual length = observed size
Magnification
= 79 x 10
3
m
70000
= 1.13 m
1

1

1
[3 marks]
Total :10
3
(a)(i)
Is the potential difference between the inside and outside of an axon membrane
when the axon is in a resting state
1
[1mark]
(ii) - 70mV 1
[1mark]
P 1
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(b)(i)
[1mark]
(ii) R 1
[1mark]
(c) (i) More Na
+
ions channels open //influx/rapid diffusion of Na
+
ions into the axon 1
Membrane is polarized/ potential inside the membrane is positive 1
[2 marks]
(ii) K
+
ions channels open//K
+
ions diffuse out of the axon 1
Membrane is repolarised/potential inside the membrane becomes negative
again
1
[2 marks]
(d) Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels remain opened 1
K
+
ions continue to flow out 1
[2 marks]
Total:10

4 (a) The X chromosome is much larger than Y chromosome 1
Carries genes for non-sexual characteristics as well as those determining sex 1
[2 marks]

(b) A : X
C
Y 1
B : X
C
X
C
1
C : X
C
X
C
1
D : X
c
X
c
1
E : X
c
Y 1
[5 marks]

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(c) Female Male
P X
C
X
c
X X
c
Y
(normal but carrier) red green colour blindness

Gamet X
C
X
c
X
c
Y

progeny X
C
X
c
X
C
Y X
c
X
c
X
c
Y
female carrier male normal female RGB maleRGB

probability of having a red green colour blindness daughter = 1
4

1

1

1
[3 marks]
Total: 10

5 (a) Structure of DNA
Label
Diagram

1
1
[2 marks]
(b) the method of DNA replication is proposed by Watson and Crick 1
is known as semi-conservative replication. 1
the hydrogen bonds between the bases break, the DNA double helix unwind 1
forming a replication fork 1
process is catalysed by enzyme helicase 1
each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand 1
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DNA polymerase catalyses the synthesis of new daughter strand on the template
strand continuously
1
in the 5
to 3 direction 1
free DNA nucleotides join up to the exposed bases by specific base-pairing 1
adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine with guanine 1
the leading strand is synthesized continuously in a direction towards the
replication fork
1
the lagging strand is synthesized as a series of segments called Okazaki fragments 1
in a direction away from the replication fork 1
DNA ligase join the sugar-phosphate backbones of Okazaki fragments to form a
single strand
1
specific base pairing has ensured that two identical copies of the original DNA
have been formed
1
each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand 1
16 max 13

6 process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast is light reaction 1
reactions requiring light
i.
1
Light reaction takes place in two pathways i.e cyclic photophosphorylation and
non-cyclic photophosphorylation
1
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
PSII/P680 absorbed light energy and the electrons become excited
1
electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors 1
electrons are then transferred to PS1/P700 1
through electrons transport system 1
in chemiosmosis process 1
PS1/P700 absorbed light energy and the electrons are excited 1
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electrons are transferred to the primary electrons acceptors 1
which is then transferred to NADP
+
to produce NADPH 1
water molecules split up/photolysis of water take place 1
releasing electrons and H
+
1
to replace electrons in PSII/P680 1
Cyclic photophosphorylation
PSI/P700 absorbed light energy which excite the electrons to a high energy
level
1
electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors 1
through electrons transport system 1
electrons are recycled back to PS1/P700 1
ATP is produced from ADP 1

19 max 15

7 (a) Ultrafiltration
blood in the glomerulus undergoes ultra-filtration
1
in the glomerulus hydrostatic pressure is higher compared to the osmotic pressure
1
caused by the diameter of efferent arteriole which is smaller than the diameter of
afferent arteriole
1
the numerous tiny pores or fenestrations (0.1m in diameter) between the
endothelium cells of capillary walls permits many smaller molecules to pass
through
1
bigger molecules such as plasma protein and red blood cells are retained
in the blood
1
glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to that of the blood plasma /
contains glucose, amino acids, vitamins, some hormones, urea, uric acid
,creatinine, ions and water but without white and red blood cells, platelets and
1
CONFIDENTIAL*
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18
plasma protein molecules such as albumins and globulins
6 Max 4
Reabsorption
all glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate into the
proximal convoluted tubule cells
1
some sodium ions are actively reabsorbed here
1
a large volume of water are reabsorbed by osmosis from the tubule to the blood
1
(the descending limb is permeable to water)

water is drawn out by osmosis to the interstitial fluid in the medulla
1
the loss of water concentrates Na
+
and Cl
-
in the descending limb
1
(the ascending limb is impermeable to water)

sodium and chloride ions diffuse out from the thin segment
1
the thick ascending limb actively transport sodium and chloride ions from the
filtrate into the medulla
1
this raises the osmotic concentration of the tissue fluid in the medulla
1
as a result water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct and descending limb by
osmosis
1
the loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier.
1
active reabsorption of sodium ,chloride and calcium ions ions occur in the distal
convoluted tubule
1
11 max 7

(b) Production of urine which is more concentrated than blood is
(b) due to uptake of water by osmosis from the glomerular filtrate into the blood
cappilaries
1
occurs as a result of increased permeabilities of the walls of convoluted distal
tubule and collecting ducts to water
1
CONFIDENTIAL*
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19
caused by the presence of ADH/anti-diuretic hormone
1
diffusion of urea out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial region of the
medulla
1
increases the osmotic concentration resulting in the removal of water.

1
5 max 4
Total 15

8 Hibernation
isaperiodofrelativelylowmetabolicactivity
1
associatedwithperiodsoflowtemperature/inwinter
1
enableshibernatingspeciesofamphibian,reptiles,birdsandmammals
1
tosurviveattimeswhenfoodisinshortsupply/tosaveitsstoredfood
1
byreducingtheirenergydemandstoalowlevel
1
involvesafallinbodytemperaturetothatofenvironment
1
and a reduction in heart rate, ventilation rate, metabolic rate, growth and
development
1
Storedfatinthemammalstissuesareusedtoprovideenergy
1
for endotherm, hibernation is a way to maintain body temperature during cold
season
1

9 max 5
Aestivation

as response to drought season/hot/dry
1
eg: lungfish/amphibian/snail/worm/insect
1
can live in dry swamp/drought/summer by digging/move in mud
1
undergoaperiodofmetabolicinactivity

1
secrete a layer of slime which open on its lips to breathe atmosphericair
1
whichenablesthemtosurviveconditionsofextremedehydration

1
during aestivation period, the stored fat and part of muscle tissue/protein is used
1
CONFIDENTIAL*
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20

7 max5
Diapause

Isaformofarresteddevelopmentshownbyinsects
1
Canoccuratanystageinthelifecycle:egg,larva,pupaoradult.
1
Main factors inducing diapause: daylength(photoperiod), food
availability,temperatureandmoisture.
1
Example:theSilkwormBombyxmorihasanembryonicdiapause(eggstage),
enterdiapausewhenexposetoperiodsoflongdaylength.
1
diapause occur to overcome unfavourable condition 1
organised its life cycle with environmental condition/food/light period/ organised
season/chances/mating period
1
6 max 5
Total :15

9 (a) Vectors are:

- DNA molecules that is used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell.
1
- Examples : plasmids and the bacteriophage .
1

[2 marks]
Characteristics

- must be able to replicate its own DNA.
1
- must at least has one specific restriction sites that can be recognized by
restriction enzymes
1
- must carry at least a selectable marker gene; eg ampR (antibiotic resistance)
1
- can be easily extracted from its host/easier to insert into bacteria
1
- very small in size
1

5 max 3

Total: 5
(b) - target DNA from the donor cells are isolated /extracted
1
CONFIDENTIAL*
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21
- target DNA cleaved/cut into fragments
1
- by specific restriction / endonuclease enzymes
1
- DNA fragments require vectors/plasmids
1
- plasmids are cut/cleaved by the same restriction enzyme
1
- DNA fragments are inserted into the plasmid
1
- forming recombinant DNA
1
- using DNA ligase
1
- recombinant DNA are inserted into bacterial host cells
1
- by transformation /transduction
1
- amplification of recombinant plasmids/ copies of recombinant plasmids are
produced by replication
1
- screening of recombinant DNA
1
- the recombinant DNA /required plasmids are extracted from the bacterial
cell
1

13 max 10

Total :15

10 (a) Geneticfactors

Sexualreproduction
1
sexualreproductioninvolvestheprocessesofmeiosisduringgameteformation
1
meiosisallowsgenestobereshuffled
1
occursduringprophaseIandmetaphaseI
1
during prophase I, crossing over occurs resulting in the exchange of genetic
materialsbetweentwohomologouschromosomes
duringmetaphaseI,segregationofchromosomesoccurs
1
1
combination of these two processes produces a wide variety of different
gametes.
1
fertilizationbetweenthevariedmaleandfemalegameteisrandom
1
CONFIDENTIAL*
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22
zygoteproducedcontainsnumerouscombinationofgenotypes
1
Mutation
1
Geneandchromosomalmutation
1
Producesachangeinthegenotypes
1
whichcausestheappearanceofanewcharacteristics
1
Hybridisation
1
Acrossbetweenindividualbelongingtotwodifferentvarieties
1
producesindividualswithdifferenttraitsfromtheparents
1
generatingmorevariation
1

17 max 9
Environmentalfactors

Contributestovariablegeneexpressionamongindividuals
1
canonlycausechangesinthephenotype
1
Thecharacteristicsarenotinherited
1
Variationduetoenvironmentalsourcesisreversible
1

4 max3

Toatal: 12

(b) Importanceofvariation:

Causes some individuals in a population to be better adapted for survival than
others
1
Enablesapopulationtoinhabitalargerrangeofhabitatandniche
1
A population with little variability has reduced capacity to adapt to
environmentalchanges
1
whichmayleadtotheextinctionofthepopulationorthewholespecies
1
isconsideredastherawmaterialfortheprocessofnaturalselection.
1

5 max 3
CONFIDENTIAL*
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23

Total:15

Scheme : Biology Paper 1
1 B 26 B
2 D 27 A
3 A 28 C
4 B 29 D
5 C 30 D
6 D 31 A
7 D 32 A
8 A 33 C
9 D 34 B
10 C 35 C
11 D 36 A
12 B 37 C
13 B 38 D
14 A 39 B
15 B 40 B
16 C 41 D
17 D 42 B
18 B 43 A
19 C 44 D
20 B 45 A
21 A 46 B
22 B 47 B
23 D 48 C
24 C 49 D
25 A 50 D


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* This question paper is CONFIDENTIAL until the examination is over. CONFIDENTIAL*

JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KELANTAN

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