06185G Index

ASM Handbook, Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology (#06185G)
Copyright 1992 ASM International All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org
Index
O.6-0.9C-IOCr-Mo alloy, abrasive wear volume 805 7-Mo Plus. See Stainless steels, specific types, S32950. IS-SPH. See Stainless steels, specific types, SI5500. IS-7PH. See Stainless steels, specific types, SI5700. ISISLC. See Stainless steels, specific types, S21300. 17-4PH. See Stainless steels, specific types, SI7400. 18-2FM. See Stainless steels, specific types, SI8200. 18-2Mn. See Stainless steels, specific types, S24100. 18-18 Plus. See Stainless steels, specific types, S28200. 21-6-9LC. See Stainless steels, specific types, S21904. 22-13-5. See Stainless steels, specific types, S20910. 758, 759, 760-761, 763, 764, 765 internal combustion engine parts ... 555, 558, 559 ion implantation 855-856,857,858 jet engine components 588, 590 laser-hardened gray iron 864 lubricant analysis case history 308 362 mass loss measures of wear 186-187 material properties, effects of 187 abrasive grain size alloying 186 crystal structure and orientation 186, 187 fracture toughness 186 hardness correlation with abrasion rate 186 187 modulus of elasticity second phase size 186-187 solidus temperature 186 materials 189-190 189 ceramics metals 189-190 190 plastics mechanisms for material removal 184 cutting 184, 185 microcracking 184, 185-186 184 microfatigue . . . . . . plowing 184-185,186 184 wedge formation metal-matrix composites 804-805, 806, 807, 809,810 mining and mineral industries .. 649-650, 651, 652 types of 649 nickel, electroless 837 nitrided surfaces 879, 880, 881, 882 184,185 processes pumps. . . 595, 597-598, 599 rubbing wear particles in lubricant analysis 302 semiconductors 685 sliding bearings 742, 743 solid particle erosion 199,203-204 713-714,716,717, stainless steels 718-720,722-723 surface texture applications 343 189 theory thermal spray coating applications .. 831, 832-833 performance factors 833 821 thermoplastic composites tool steels 736-737, 738 toothbrush and dentifrice prophylactic wear of human dental tissues 665 wear studies 667-669 wear resistance versus hardness, annealed unalloyed metals 707, 708 I Abrasive wear factor, defined .490-491 Abrasive wear resistance Abrasivity, defined I Absolute impact velocity. See Impact velocity. Absolute viscosity. See Viscosity. Absorption coefficients .463, 464, 466 a-carbon, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Acceleration period, defined 1 Accessory seal, defined 2 Accumulation period. See Acceleration period. 73 Acetal, friction coefficient data Acetylene 28 chemisorption and solid friction in high-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process 830 hardfacing alloys Acidity 84 Acoustic emission testing .435 Acoustic material signatures (AMS) .407 Acoustic microscopy, bearing steel inclusion imaging and length verification 726 Acrylics, for denture teeth, studies 673-674 Activated reactive evaporation (ARE) 840, 844, 849 compounds and synthesized deposition rates .. 848 titanium alloys 780 Active clearance control, blade tips of jet engines 589 177 Active layer Actual contact area (real area of contact), defined 2 Actual slip. See Macroslip. 578 Actual tire load Adaptive mask selection 353 Adatoms 848 Additive corrosivity 84 defined 2 85 filterability for carbon-graphite materials 816 for thermoplastic composites 820 gear oils 86 high-vacuum polymer lubricant applications .. 154 lubricating oils for valve train assembly .. 558-559 87 polymers in misting oils sliding bearing lubrication 519, 520 84 stability of liquid lubricants to inhibit corrosion of internal combustion engine parts 555, 558 Adherence. See also Adhesion (adhesive force); Adhesion, mechanical. defined 2 31 Adhesion (adhesive force) defined 2 Adhesion, mechanical. See also Adherence. defined 2 .400, 403, 404, 405, 435 Adhesion, work of Adhesion coefficient. See Coefficient of adhesion. Adhesion tests .404 Adhesive friction component .432 31 Adhesive theory of friction Adhesive wear aircraft brakes 583 bearing steels 732, 733 defined 1 electroplated coating applications 835 internal combustion engine parts 555, 559 ion implantation 855-856, 857, 858 jet engine components 588, 590 metal-matrix composites .. 806, 807-808, 809, 810 651 mining and mineral industries nitrided surfaces 879, 880, 881, 882 rolling contact wear 257 shear fracture damage 179 sliding bearings 742, 743 stainless steels 715, 716, 717, 720-721 surface property effect. 342, 343 thermal spray coating applications .. 831-832, 833 performance factors 832 821 thermoplastic composites tool steels 736,737-738 Advanced ceramics, application, internal 561 combustion engine parts Aerodynamic lubrication. See Gas lubrication.
A
A286. See Stainless steels, specific types, S66286 (AISI A286). Abbe offset .......... . 337 Abbe principle in dimensional measurement .. 337 Abbott-Firestone curve. See also Bearing area. defined 1 . 189 ABEX wet abrasion test Abrasion (abrasive wear). See also Abrasive erosion, Abrasive wear. defined 1 "Abrasion level" concept 758 Abrasion-resistant (AR) steels . . . . .. 649 wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor .. .. '.. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. 720 bottoms. Abrasive erosion. See also Erosion. defined. . . . . . . . . . ... 1 Abrasive fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Abrasive grain shape. . 185 Abrasive wear 184-190, 613 aluminum-silicon alloys. . .788 bearing steels. . .732-733 categories. . . . . . . . . . ..... 184-190 cemented carbides 797-798, 799 ceramics 814 cobalt-base wrought alloys 767, 768 composite restorative materials (dental), studies and testing 670 179-180 damage dominated by chip formation defined . . . . . . . . . . . I, 184 dental amalgam abrasion test methods 669 673 dental cement testing denture acrylics 674 675 die material, material loss (dental) electroplated coating applications 835 environmental effect 187-189 188 abrasive corrosive effects 189 humidity 188-189 188 load speed of contact 188 temperature 188
898/ Index
Aerostatic lubrication. See Pressurized gas lubrication. AFBMA, defined 2 A-fritting 682, 683 AFS 50-70 test sand, defined 2 Age hardening (of grease), defined 2 Air as cutting fluid for tool steels 738 mean free path value at atmospheric conditions 525 Air bearing. See also Gas lubrication; Pressurized gas lubrication. defined 2 Aircraft fretting wear 242 jet-impingement experiments, corrosive wear 274-275 Aircraft brakes, friction and wear of 582-586 aircraft friction materials 582 brake characteristics 582 carbon brakes 582, 583, 584-586 brake wear 585 585 coefficient of friction friction coefficient variability 586 mechanical properties 584-585 moisture problems .585 oxidation 585. 586 physical properties 584-585 processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 raw materials 584 thermal properties 584-585 vibration 586 wear debris analysis 585 wear mechanism 585 steel brakes 582-584 balance 583 brake design 583 brake wear 583 chemistry 582-583 coefficient of friction 583-584 friction material selection 583 processing 583 service life 584 spalling 584 thermal properties 583 vibration 584 wear mechanisms 583 wear rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583 testing and its requirements 586 Air-hardening medium-alloy cold-work steels, composition limits 735 Air-hardening medium-alloy tool steels, for hot-forging dies 623, 624 Air hammer, defined 2 Air-hardening steels, service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Alcohols, to control dusting 684 Alcop (aluminum-copper bronze), cage material for rolling-element bearings 503 Aliasing 294-295 Aligning bearing, defined 2 Alignment 351 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, to control dusting 684 Alkalinity 84 Alkyl aromatic, properties 81 Allison C-4, friction performance requirements for hydraulic fluids 99 Allowable depth of wear for sliding bearings , ..515 Alloy cast irons, cutting tool material selection based on machining operation " .617 Alloy cast steel, die material for sheet metal forming 628 Alloy crown (Au-Ag-Cu) properties 666 simplified composition or microstructure 666 Alloying, resistance to cavitation erosion 217 Alloy steels 693 cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 Alpha Modell, defined " 2 Alternating grinding (AG), ceramics and wear studies .409, 410 Alumina (AI 2 0 3 ) abrasive wear 189 applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812 Auger electron spectroscopy spectrum .454 ceramic coatings for dies 643 coatings for cutting tool materials 614 damage dominated by brittle fracture 180 erodent particles in metals 202, 203, 204 erosion in ceramics 205, 206 erosion rate testing particles 200 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 friction coefficient data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 hydrated, as dentifrice abrasive 665 in dental polishing pastes 666 mechanical properties 774, 813 physical properties . . . . . . . 192, 801, 813, 814 as plasma spray coating for titanium alloys ...780 scanning acoustic microscopy for wear studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 sintered, fretting wear 248, 249 sliding wear 389 solid particle erosion 210 solid particle impingement erosion of cobalt-base wrought alloys 768, 769, 770 water slurry abrasive effect on AI-13Si alloy .. 195 Aluminate, carburizing affected by content in steels 875 Alumina/titania, thermal spray coating material.832 Aluminum abradable seal material. 589 188 abrasive wear applications, internal combustion engine parts .553 Auger electron spectroscopy spectrum .454 coating for valve train assembly components .. 559 convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern 387 critical angles for cutting 185 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 debris effect on wear 249 effect on tin-base alloys 748 erosion mechanisms 202 erosive attack of melt on die surface 630 for cylinder blocks of automobile internal combustion engines 553 forming by stainless tools 633 for shallow forming dies 633 friction coefficient data 71, 72 gasket material 550 high fatigue strength 743 in hardfacing alloys 765 in Ni-AI/Ni-Cr-B-SiC, thermal spray coating material 832 in stainless steels 712,716 in steel ropes, fretting wear 243 in tool steels 739 ion implantation and oxidation resistance 856 laser alloying 866 laser cladding 867 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 metal forming lubricants 147 nitride-forming element 878 roll bonding processes 755-756 rolling, metalworking lubricant functions and requirements 139 seal adhesive wear 549 segregation and solid friction 28 selected-area diffraction patterns for single-crystallite 386 spectrometric metals analysis 300 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 stacking-fault energy 715 thermal properties .42 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 work material for ion implantation 858 x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 Aluminum alloys 693 applications 753, 790, 791 internal combustion engine parts 561 pistons for internal combustion engines 553, 555 as bearing alloys 748,752-753 advantages 752 applications 752-753 compositions 752, 753 designations 752, 753 mechanical properties 752-753 microstructural features 752 bearing material systems 745, 746, 747 applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 compositions used 746 load capacity rating 746 canning 738 cavitation erosion 216 compositions 753 designations 753 diffraction contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 erosive attack on die surfaces 630 ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305 fretting wear 248, 250, 252 heat and temperature effects on strength retention 745 hot forging 625 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 laser melt/particle injection 870-871 life-limiting factors for die-casting dies 629 low tin, in trimetal bearing material systems ..748 738 lubrication of tool steels material for die-casting dies 629 material for jet engine components 588 physical properties 192 product forms 753 recommended hot extrusion tool steels and hardnesses 627 tin free, in trimetal bearing material systems ..748 versus steel properties 712-713 Aluminum alloys, specific types 1100 Auger electron spectroscopy, electron micrographs .454, 455 erosion 200 A2010 (AI-4.7Cu) fiber for reinforcement. 803 processing technique 803 properties 803 A12014, contact conditions effect on wear rate 808 A2024, sliding wear in metal-matrix composites with hard particles 809 2024-T4, impact wear 264 5052, laser melt/particle injection 869 6061 adhesive wear resistance 721 corrosive wear '" 719 electrical resistivity 713 fiber for reinforcement. 803 matrix hardness 789 processing technique 803 properties , 713, 714, 803 6061-T6 adhesive wear resistance 721 erosion mechanisms 203 friction coefficient data 71,73,74 7075-T6, sequential erosion 202, 203 ADCI2 fiber for reinforcement. 803 processing technique 803 properties 803 AI-4.5Mg alloy, specific wear rate 805 AI-Mg-Si: 97% AI, 1% Mg, 1% Si, thermal properties .42 AI-13Si alloy, polishing wear 195 AI-12Si-50AI 2 0 3 , wear rate 806 AI-20SiC alloy adhesive wear conditions 808 erosive wear rate 806 AI-Sn alloys, bearing material microstructures 743, 744 AI-6Ti, addition to aluminum-silicon alloys ...787 AI-Ti-B, addition to aluminum-silicon alloys ..787 AI-Zn-Mg alloy, fretting wear 250 Aluminum bearing alloys, corrosion resistance .744 Aluminumlbrass, part material for ion
Index / 899
implantation 858 Aluminum bronze 5% electrical resistivity 713 thermal conductivity 713 thermal expansion 713 721 10.5%, adhesive wear resistance 95% Cu, 5% AI, thermal properties .42 cavitation resistance 600 die material for sheet metal forming 628 for deep-drawing dies 634 for shallow forming dies 633 hardfacing alloys 762 laser melt/particle injection 869 properties 713 thermal conductivity 713 thermal expansion 713 thermal spray coating material 832 Aluminum bronze/nickel-graphite, abradable seal material 589 Aluminum complex soap 126, 129 Aluminum-copper alloys, cavitation erosion ... 216 Aluminum-magnesium alloys, cavitation erosion 216 AIO + Si04 + chromium oxide, coating for gas-lubricated bearings 532 Aluminum oxide bearing fatigue life effect. 726 ceramic coatings for dies 644 coating for gas-lubricated bearings 532 551 coating for seals for gas-lubricated bearings 532 high-purity, implant material for total replacement synovial joints 657, 658 laser-induced CVD for synthesis 848 load and sliding distance effect on wear 365-366 versus that of steel polycrystalline, thermal properties .42 sapphire, thermal properties .42 thermal spray coating material 832 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Aluminum-silicon alloys 785-791 applications 753, 785, 789-791 791 aerospace components Australian-3HA alloy automotive applications 789 automotive components 789-791 791 consumer electronics components French alloy automotive applications .. 789,790 pistons for heavy-duty engines 555 breakthroughs in aluminum-silicon 791 wear-resistant materials alloys from foreign countries 789-791 791 coatings/surface treatments metal/matrix composites 791 powder metallurgy 791 spray casting 791 coefficient of thermal expansion 785 compositions 556, 753, 786 for use in bearing applications 790 cross-reference to equivalent wear-resistant aluminum-silicon alloys 786 designations 753 development 785 laser melting 865 metallurgy 785-786 binary system 785-786 product forms 753 properties 556, 785-788, 789 heat treatment. 787 structure 786-788 787-788 principles of microstructural control wear behavior 788-789 abrasive wear 788 intermetallic constituents 789 matrix hardness 789 silicon particles 788-789 sliding wear 788 Aluminum-silicon alloys, specific types A201.0, graphite fiber precursor effect 809 A206.0, abrasive wear conditions 808 332.0-T5, application, passenger car pistons .. 555 Al 356, contact conditions effect on wear rate 808 A356.0, titanium addition effect on microstructure 787 785,786 A357.0, microstructure A390.0 application, as piston cylinder liner material 556 microstructure 785, 786 6061, graphite fiber precursor effect. 809 AI-9.9Si-0.8Fe, erosive attack of aluminum melt on the die surface 630 aluminum-silicon-lead alloys, mixed bearing microstructure 744 aluminum-silicon/polyester, abradable seal material 589 aluminum-silicon-tin alloys, mixed bearing microstructure 744 Aluminum soap 126 Aluminum stearate, lUbricant for hot forging of tool steels 738 Alundum (200 mesh), Miller numbers 235 Alundum (400 mesh), Miller numbers 235 Alundum HS (AI 2 0 J ), properties 548 Alusil (AI-Si; 80% AI; 20-22% Sil, thermal properties .42 Amalgams admixed high-copper, friction as described by various properties 669 properties 666 simplified composition or microstructure 666 lathe-cut, low-copper, friction described by various properties 669 spherical, low-copper, frictiob described by various properties 669 unicompositional properties 666 simplified composition or microstructure 666 Ambient viscosity of lubricant, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 American Dental Association, Specification No. 37, abrasivity test for prophylactic paste that uses radiotracer method 668 American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) gear failure modes (20) classified 535 99 service requirements of industrial gear oils 85 viscosity grades of lubricants American National Standards Institute (ANSI), friction test standards 53 American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oil service classifications 162-163 Engine Service Classification System 86, 163 gravity 82 performance specifications for engine lubricants 98 170 performance testing of engine oils service categories for gasoline engine oils 164-165 service classifications 98, 99 service symbol. 163, 164 Standard 618, guidelines on loading limits of rider rings in reciprocating compressors ..602 American Society for Testing and Materials. See ASTM. 222 American Water Jet Conferences Ammonia, atmospheric effect helping control dusting 684 60, 66 Amonton coefficient of friction Amontons' laws 30-31,432 asperity deformation 34 defined 2 107 Amphoteric AMS 6302C (forging), for steel aircraft brakes .584 AMS 6385C (plate), for steel aircraft brakes 584 2 Amsler wear machine, defined Analog-to-digital (A/d) converter 294, 351 Analytical electron microscope (AEM) 380 2 Angle of attack, defined Angle of bite, nomenclature for lubrication regimes " 90 2 Angle of contact, defined 2 Angle of incidence, defined Angular-contact ball bearings 500, 506 basic load rating 505 Iv factors for lubrication method 51 1
z and y factors 511 Angular-contact bearings, defined 2 509 Angular-contact groove ball bearings Angular momentum quantum number .. .450,451 Angular velocity of cylindrical contact, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Angular velocity of gear rad/s, symbol and units 544 Angular velocity of pinion, symbol and units .. 544 Anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, dentifrice abrasive 665 Aniline point, defined 2 Annealing .490 abrasion resistance of steels 261 gear materials and x-ray diffraction results .469 Annular bearing, defined 2 Anodic Tafel slope " 274 Anodized aluminum coating for seals 551 for gears, resistant to scuffing 538 ANSI/ASTM D 2270, reference oil viscosities tabulated and formula for viscosity index 83 numbers over 100 Anticorrosion agents, grease additives 124 Anticorrosive additive, defined 3 3 Antiextrusion ring, defined Antifoam additive defined 3 141-142,144,147 for metalworking lubricants hydraulic oils 86 in rust and oxidation (R & 0) oils 133 Antifriction .499 Antifriction bearing. See also Roller bearing; Rolling-element bearing; Self-lubricating bearing. defined 3 3 Antifriction material, defined Antimicrobial agents, for metalworking lubricants 142, 143-144 151 Antimigration barriers Antimony as addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 788 743 compatibility in bearing materials in carbon-graphite materials 816 in lead-base alloys 749 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I spectrometric metals analysis 300 Antioxidant defined 3 for metalworking lubricants 141, 143 grease additive 124 Antirust additives, high-vacuum lubricant 157 applications Antiscuffing lubricant, defined 3 Antiseize additives, in nonengine lubricant 111 formulations Antiseizure property, defined 3 Antiwear additive defined 3 141 for metalworking lubricants high-vacuum liquid lubricants 157 hydraulic oils 86 155 mineral oils Antiwear and extreme-pressure (EP) agents 99, 101-103 antiseize additives 102 10 I, 102 applications 10 I ASTM sequence IIIE and VE engine tests dithiophosphoric acid zinc salts 102 102-103 formation of 162 for internal combustion engine lubricants in engine lubricant formulations III in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 in rust and oxidation (R & 0) oils 133 load factor. 10 I 10 I testing Antiwear number (AWN). See also Archard wear law. defined 3 Antiweld characteristic. See Antiseizure property. Anvil effect .417 Apatite, hardness .433 Apeizon oil, defined 3
900/ Index
API GL-4, extreme pressure performance requirements for hydraulic fluids 99 API gravity (API degree), defined 3 Apparent area of contact. See also Hertzian contact area; Nominal contact area. defined 3 511 Applicable load Application pressure ratio 605 Applied load 508 ion implantation 779 .434 Applied normal force 508 Applied thrust load Aragonite, Miller numbers 235 Archard's equation 185, 188, 189, 571 Archard wear law. See also Wear coefficient; Wear constant; Wear factor 282 defined 3 Arc-sprayed coatings, resistance to cavitation erosion 217 Arc welding, hardfacing deposition in mining and mineral industries 653 Area fraction .464 3 Area of contact, defined ARE (BARE) process 845 Argon as cutting fluid for tool steels 738 in plasma arc powder spraying process 830 in sputter deposition process 840 working gas for ion implantation 857 Arithmetic average surface roughness .436 Armco iron 878 571 Arrhenius collision coefficient Arrhenius constant, tribological 280, 283 Arsenic 748 effect on tin-base alloys in lead-base alloys 749-750 Arthroplasty 656-658 Asbestos for organic brake linings 569, 570 toxicity of brake wear debris 574 261 As-casting, gear materials Ash 84 Miller numbers 235 113 a-spacing, layer lattice solid lubricants Aspect ratio 580, 802, 803 Asperities, defined 3 Asperity .46 defined 3 Asperity contact theory .46 Asperity deformation behavior 33, 59, 60 Asperity film thickness or microelastohydrodynamic film thickness .. 94 nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Asperity lubrication modes 94-96 micro-EHL and friction polymer films 94-95 oxide film 94, 96 physically adsorbed and other surface films 94, 95-96 A-spot, defined 1 Astralloy-V 721 adhesive wear resistance corrosive wear 719 Asymmetrical diffraction optics .467-468 ASTM Standards (American Society for Testing and Materials) abrasive wear testing of TiN coated tool steels (G 65-10 modified) 739 API gravity definition and formula (D 287) 82 "Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases" (D 127,128 1092) apparent viscosity, pour-point depressants, and cold cranking simulator (D 2602) 83, 108 ash measurement of oils (D 482) 84 block-on-ring machine and friction testing (D2 Committee) .49 borderline pumping temperature determination 163 (D 3892) borderline pumping temperature of engine oil (D 4684) 84 borderline pumping test, pour-point depressants 108 (D 3829) Brookfield viscometer, detection of presence of glycol coolants (D 2983) 83, 300 "Calibration and Operation of Alpha Model LFW-I Friction and Wear Testing Machine" (D 2714; D-2 Committee on lubricants) 50 capillary viscometer to measure viscosity 84 carbon/graphite types of materials in coefficient of friction tests (C-5 Committee) .49 "Carburizing Steels for Anti-Friction Bearings," inclusion standards (A 534) 875 cavitation damage resistance assessment, vibratory tests (G 32) ... 217, 218, 226, 600, 762, 763, 769 classification of porosity into 3 types (B 276 procedure) 797 "Classification of and Specifications for Automotive Service Greases" (D 4950) .. 125 Cleveland open cup procedure to determine flash and fire points (G 92) 84 coefficient of friction and wear definitions (G 40) .47, 48, 228, 367 "Coefficient of Friction and Wear of Sintered Metal," inclined plane method (B 526; B-9 Committee on metal powders) 50 "Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn," extension of D 3108 test (D 3412; D-13 Committee on textiles) .49, 51 "Coefficient of Static Friction of Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard," .49, 51 inclined plane method (D 3248; D-6 .49,51 Committee on paper) sled testing (D 3247; D-6 Committee on paper) 49, 51 color-indicator methods for oils, acidity, and alkalinity 84, 300 color matching with standards for lubricants ... 82 "Compatibility of Lubricating Grease with Elastomers" (D 4289) 129 composite friction materials for clutches and brakes (B-9 Committee) .48 concentration of water in lubricants measured (D 1744) 300 Cone Penetration Test (NGLI specification liE, grease testing) for classifying consistency of greases (D 217) 13,125,127,136 Conradson method for measurement of carbon residue (D 187) 84 conversion factors between current and previously used viscosity units (D 2161) 82-83 721 crossed-cylinder wear test (G 83) detection of presence of glycol coolants (D 2982, D 2983, D 2984) 300 determination of a lubricant's boiling point range using temperature-programmed gas chromatography (D 2887) 84 determination of the Miller number, a measure of abrasivity of a slurry (G 75) 1, 17, 234-235, 597 determination of the precision of a test method by way of interlaboratory study .486,487 (E 691) "Determining Pavement Surface Frictional and Polishing Characteristics using a Small Torque Device" (E 510; E-17 Committee on traveled surfaces) 52, 53 development of a standard format for friction databases, maximum erosion rate and incubation period equations (G-2 Committee) 58, 228 dropping point test, test description and results (D 566) 127 dry sand-rubber wheel abrasive wear test 2,7,362,759,761-762, (G 65) 768, 774, 804, 805, 807 dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion tests (G 65-B) 808 "Dynamic Coefficient of Friction and Wear of Sintered Metal Friction Materials under Dry Conditions" (B 460; B-9 Committee on metal powders) 50 "Evaluation of Test Data Obtained by Using the Horizontal Slipmeter or the James Machine for Measurement of Static Slip Resistance of Footwear, Sole, Heel, or Related Material" (F 695-81; F-13 Committee on footwear) .. 53 "Evaporation Loss of Grease," evaporation loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 95 and 315C (D 2595) 127 evaporation test procedure used for motor oils and other oils (D 972) 84 85, foaming tendency assessment of a lubricant 108 "Frictional Characteristics of Sintered Metal Friction Materials Run in Lubricants" (B 461; B-9 Committee on metal powders) ... 50 friction and floor finishes (D-21 Committee) .. .49 friction coefficient of flooring and sole leather (D-7 Committee) .49 frictionometer used to determine coefficient of friction of plastic solids and sheeting (D 3028; D-20 Committee on plastics) .49, 51 friction test for plastic films versus other solids (D-20 Committee) .49 friction tests on footwear (F-13 Committee) .. .49 graphite defined by shape, size, and distribution (A 247-47 and A 247-67) 698 Jernkontoret system, resistance to rolling contact fatigue (spalling) and carburizing (E 45) 875 kinematic viscosity measurement of lubricants (D 445) 82, 134, 140, 163, 300 Knoop (microindentation) hardness number determination test method 12, 417 liquid impingement erosion testing and erosion resistance number definition ... 226-227,228, 229-230 "Low Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing 127 Greases" (D 1478) "Low Temperature Torque of Grease Lubricated Wheel Bearings" (D 4693) 127 low-temperature viscosity determination 163 (D 2802, modified) measurement of carbon residue by Ramsbottom method (D 524) 84 measurement of evaporation tendency of lubricants (D 2715) 84 "Measuring Surface Frictional Properties using the British Pendulum Tester" (E 303; E-17 Committee on traveled surfaces) .49,52 method for calculating viscosity index from kinematic viscosities at two temperatures .134 nomenclature and grading of graphite (A 247-47; A 247-67) 698 725 nominal compositions (A 485-1; A 485-3) oxidative stability test method (D 943; D 2272, D 2893, D 4742) 84, 105 performance specifications for engine lubrication 98 permanent viscosity loss measurement (D 3945) 84 pin-on-disk sliding wear testing (G 99) 363, 364, 365 potentiometric method to measure acidity and alkalinity (D 664) 84, 300 pour point testing of lubricants (D 97) 83, 108, 127 "Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for Coefficient of Friction Testing" (D 4103, D-21 Committee on polishes) .49, 52 "Rating of Static Coefficient of Shoe Sole and Heel Materials as Measured by the James Machine" (F 489; F-13 Committee on footwear) 52, 53 "Reciprocating Pin-on-Flat Evaluation of Friction and Wear Properties of Polymeric Materials for Use in Total Joint Prostheses" (F 732; F-4 on medical and surgical materials) ....53 reference oil viscosities tabulated and formula for viscosity index numbers over 100 83 (D 2270) "Reporting Friction and Wear Test Results of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Bearing and Seal Materials" (C 808; C-5 Committee on carbon/graphite) 50 16 Rockwell hardness testing procedure (E 40) rotational tapered plug tests (D 4741) 84 rubber wheel abrasion 804, 805, 807 tests (B 611) sequence lID engine test for engine oils, corrosion inhibition 106 sequence IIIE and VE engine tests for antiwear agent effectiveness 101, 105
Index / 901
sequence dynamometer engine tests 100 shear stability test, test description and results (D217A) 127 shell roller test, test description and results (0 1831) 127 "Side Force Friction on Paved Surfaces using the Mu-Meter" (E 670; E-17 Committee on traveled surfaces) 52, 53 "Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish Flooring" (0 2394; 0-7 Committee on Wood) " 50 "Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces using the North Carolina State University Variable Speed Friction Tester" (E 707; E-17 Committee on traveled surfaces) ..... 52, 53 sled and inclined plane tests (0-6 Committee) . .49 slurry/steel wheel test for high-stress abrasion (B 611) 768,797,799 slurry/steel wheel test for high-stress abrasion 759 resistance (B 611, modified) solid-particle gas-jet impingement erosion test (G 76) 767, 768, 769, 805 "Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Films and Sheeting" (0 1894) ..... 50 "Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine" (0 2047; 0-21 Committee on polishes) .49, 50 "Standard Method for Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball 127 Method)" (0 2596) "Standard Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Tirnken Method)" (0 2509) ..... 127 sulfated ash measurement of unused oils with 84 metal-containing additives (0 874) surveillance panels, performance testing of engine oils 170 tapered bearing simulator to measure viscosity (04683) 84 "Testing of Fabrics Woven from Polyolefin Monofilaments," static coefficient of friction test using inclined planes (0 3334; 0-13 Committee on textiles) .49,51 "Test Method for Static Slip Resistance of Footwear, Sole, Heel, or Related Materials by Horizontal Pull Slipmeter (HPS)" (F 609) 53 tin-base bearing alloy compositions (B 23) 748,749 to measure lubricant rust prevention properties (0 665, 0 3603) 84 310 total base number measurement (0 2896) 127 to test greases at high speeds (0 3336) U.S. Steel, bleeding and evaporation testing, 127 test description and results Vickers microindentation hardness test (E 284) .20 85 viscosity grades of lubricants (0 2422) viscosity-temperature equation, defined 3 viscosity-temperature relation (MacCoull83 Walther) equation (0 341) wear rate determination of self-lubricated materials, thrust washer test procedure (03702) 820, 821, 822 wear testing using the block-on-ring machine (G 77) 2, 49 wheel bearing test, test description and results (0 1263) 127 yarn versus solid materials test method using the capstan formula for measuring friction (0 3108; 0-13 Committee on textiles) .49, 51 Atomic absorption (AA), spectrometric metals analysis 300 851 Atomic displacement profile Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), spectrometric metals analysis 300 Atomic force microscope (AFM) 397, 401, 402 3 Atomic wear, defined Attapulgite 569 325 Attenuation formula Attenuation period. See Deceleration period. 525-526 Attitude (attitude angle) defined 3 Attrition, defined 3 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) .445, 446-447, 449, 450-456 alloy identification 305 applications .454-455 data analysis .452-453 effects of chemical environment on AES spectrum 454 electron escape depth .451-452 equipment .452 fundamentals .450-451 ion etching (sputtering) .453-454, 455 limitations .455-456 platinized titania application 449-450, 451 spectrum .452-453 to observe embedding of erodent fragments in metals 203 to observe seal wear 552 .458,459 versus SIMS Austenite, retained contact fatigue resistance 260 retained percent as function of carbon content. 874 Austenitic alloy irons, specific types Cr-Mo, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing .. 650 Ni-Cr, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing .. 650 Austenitic alloys 649 Austenitic iron, classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 Austenitic manganese steel applications 702 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 properties 702 Austenitic stainless steel. See Stainless steel, austenitic. Austenitizing, die-casting dies 632 Autocorrelation function (ACF) 335-336, 337 Automotive and truck drive trains, friction and wear of 563-568 automatic transmission components 563-568 automatic transmission fluid (ATF) issues 563-564 clutch bands and plates 564 engine components 567 manual transmission components 564-565 cluster gear wear 565 synchronizer wear 554-565 transfer cases 565-567 sprocket and chain wear 565-566 thrust surface wear 566-567 wheel end components 567-568 Automotive brakes, friction and wear of .569-577 automotive brake frictional characteristics 574-575 brake design basis 574 design factors 574-575 effectiveness 574, 576 self-actuation 574 automotive brake linings 569-570 carbon-based brake linings 570 metallic brake linings 570 organic friction materials 569-570 brake drum and disk wear 572-574 brake lining chemistry effects 572 external abrasive effects 572-574 graphite morphology effects 572 local cast iron wear 572 normal cast iron wear 572 transfer coatings 573-574 brake frictional performance 575-576 blister fade 575 burnished effectiveness 575 contamination fade 575 delayed fade 575 effectiveness drift 576 environmental sensitivity 575 fade recovery 575 fade resistance 575 flash fade 575 green effectiveness 575 moisture sensitivity 575-576 rust effects 576 speed sensitivity 575 wet friction 575 brake lining wear 570-571 aftermarket (AM) friction materials 571 brake rubbing speed effects 570 brake temperature effects 570 brake torque effects on wear 570 brake usage severity effects 570-571 break-in wear 570 heavy-duty (HD) friction materials 570 original equipment (DE) 571 specific wear rate 570 brake lining wear modeling 571-572 interfacial temperature effects 571-572 lining cure effect 571 laboratory and vehicle brake evaluation .. 576-577 correlation of laboratory and vehicle test results 576-577 federal braking requirements and other brake tests 577 friction assessment screening test (FAST) machine 576 friction material performance 577 friction materials test machine 576 full brake inertia dynamometer 576 SAE-recommended practices 577 semimet frictional behavior 576 environmental sensitivity 576 thermal fade 576 water sensitivity 576 574 toxicity of brake wear debris Automotive engine, friction and wear of. See Internal combustion engine parts, friction and wear of. Autospectrum 294 Average (bulk) asperity contact pressure, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Average (bulk) hydrodynamic pressure, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Average (bulk) surface temperature rise, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 . 579 Average cornering force. . . . . 583 Average energy flux (AEF) 3 Average erosion rate, defined Average film . . . . . . . . . . 94 . .41, 43 Average flash temperature. . .478 Average frictional power Average lubricant film thickness nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Average lubricant flow, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Average lubricant shear stress, nomenclature for lubrication regimes. . . . . . . 90 Average pressure, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor. .. 92 Average root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness, symbol and units 544 Average stiffness, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictors .. 92 340, 341-342 Average surface roughness .40 Average total heat flux (q.J . . . . . . . . . . . . Axial load bearing. See Thrust bearing. Axial seal. See Face seal. 566 Axle ratio
B
B IO life. See Rating life. Babbitt. See also Babbitt metal; Lead babbitt; Tin babbitt. spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 thermal spray coating material 832 Babbitt metal 693 bearings for reciprocating pumps 597 compatibility in bearing materials 743 defined 3 seal adhesive wear 549 516,518,520 sliding bearings (steel backed) Backing, defined 3 Back ring, defined 3 Back-propagation .412 Backscattered electrons 377-378, 379, 380 Back scattering 448, 449
902/ Index
Back-to-back ring seal, defined 3 Ball bearing. See also Rolling-element bearings, friction and wear of. defined 3 fatigue spalling life 258 scanning acoustic microscopy for quality assurance of ceramics .408 wedging film action of hydrodynamic lubrication 89 1 Ball complement, defined Ball indented bearing, defined 3 Ball joints, wedging film action of hydrodynamic lubrication 89 Barite 572 Barium lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 used to make detergents 100 Barium fluoride rolling-element bearing lubricant. 138 to control dusting 684 Barium glass, replacement for quartz filler in dental clinical studies 671 Barium soap 126, 129 Barus equation 83 Basic helix angle, symbol and units 544 Basic dynamic capacity 505 Basic dynamic load capacity. See also Basic load rating. defined 3 Basic dynamic load rating 505 Basicity 84 Basic load rating. See also Basic dynamic load capacity; Dynamic load 505 defined 3 3 Basic static load rating, defined Basic theory of solid friction 27-37 basic mechanisms of friction 30 ceramics, friction of. 36 composition 28-29 chemical compound formation 29 chemisorption 28-29 mechanical compound formation 29 reconstruction 28 segregation 28 definition of friction 27 definition of solid friction 27 36 elastomers , friction of friction under lubricated conditions 29-30 future outlook 37 36 graphite, friction of history 30-31 English School 31 French School 30-31 ice, friction of 36 metals, friction of 31-35 adhesion 31-33 asperity deformation 33-34 deformation energy 34-35 third-body effects 35 molybdenum disulfide, friction of 36 nature of surfaces 27 polymers, friction of. 35-36 deformation zone friction 36 interfacial zone shear 36 rolling friction 37 anelastic hysteresis losses 37 microslip at the interface 37 surface roughness 37 subsurface microstructure 29 topography 27-28 asperity, distribution model 28 macrodeviations 27, 28 microroughness 27-28 roughness 27 roughness measurement 28 waviness 27 Batch life, emulsions 143 "Bathtub" failure rate curve .494-495 Bauxite (AI2 0 3 ) methods used for synthesis 802 Miller numbers 235 Bayer-Ku zero-sliding-wear theory 265, 266 Bearing, defined 3 Bearing area, defined 3-4 Bearing bronzes (lead bronzes) 693 bearing material microstructures 743, 744 casting processes with tin in alloy 754, 755 corrosion resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..744 defined .4 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 in trimetal bearing material systems 748 sliding bearings 516 Bearing capacity 507 Bearing characteristic number. See also Capacity number; Sommerfeld number. defined .4 Bearing diameter, nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Bearing endurance 508 Bearing fraction, defined .4 Bearing friction torque 510-511 Bearing internal speeds 513 Bearing land thickness, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Bearing length 63 nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart .91 Bearing life 507 life adjustment factors 507-508 Bearing number 522-523, 524, 525 Bearing pitch diameter 505. 511 Bearing pocket diameter, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Bearing radius, nomenclature for RaimondiBoyd design chart 91 Bearings. See Gas-lubricated bearings; Rollingelement bearings, friction and wear of; Rolling contact wear; Sliding bearings, friction and wear of. Bearing speed (rev/s), nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Bearing steels, friction and wear of.. 693, 725-733 abrasive wear 732-733 adhesive wear 732, 733 application, internal combustion engine parts .556 bearing life 728, 729, 730 composition 725-727 carburizing steel advantages 725-726 cleanness 726-727 cost 726 fatigue life 726,727,728,730 high-carbon steel advantages 725 properties 726 vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 726, 727, 731 vacuum induction melted/vacuum arc remelted (VIMIVAR) 726, 727, 731 concentrated contacts 727-729 asperity slope 729 bearing life 728, 729 fatigue life 727-729 friction coefficient 728 load effect on bearing life 728 damage classification 728 electroslag remelting (ESR) 731 friction coefficient data 74 lambda ratio and modes of wear 729-732 application of environmental condition 729, 731-732 factor a, 731 fatigue spall 'criteria friction coefficient 730 life adjustment factors 730-731 load-life equation 730, 731 material factor a 2 . . . . . . . . 731 reliability factor a 1 731 rolling contact fatigue 260 wear mode 728 Beilby layer, defined .4 Beilby theory of polishing 197 Bellows seal, defined .4 Benton (clay) 126, 129 Benzotriazole 141 Bernoulli's equation 594, 600 Beryllium scanning acoustic microscopy for machining damage .409 .407 V(z)-curves of surfaces Beryllium alloys, elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 Best efficiency point (BEP) 594 Beta-titanium erosion test results 200 orthodontic wires 666, 675-676 Bethe formula, ion stopping power 323 B-fritting 682 BG42, nominal compositions 726 Bidirectional seal, defined 4 Big-end bearing (bottom-end bearing, crankpin bearing, large-end bearing). See also Little-end bearing. defined .4 Bimetal bearing, defined .4 Binary image 346, 350, 352 Binder resins for brake linings 569 Binding energies 445, 446, 447, 448 Bingham solid, defined .4 Biocides 110 applications 110 for metalworking lubricants 142, 143, 144 functions 110 Biocides, in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 Birefringence 304 Birotational seal, defined .4 Bismuth as solid lubricant inclusion for stainless steels. 716 compatibility in bearing materials 743 effect on tin-base alloys 748 Bismuth germanate, detector configuration 325 Bleeding, defined .4 Blending, defined .4 Blisks 592 Blisters, carbon-graphite materials 818 Blister test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Blocked tee configuration 199 Block grease, defined .4 Blocks 569 Blok-Jaeger method, calculation of maximum surface contact temperature 93 Blok's contact temperature theory 539-540 Blok's critical temperature theory 538 Blok's equation 541 Blok's flash temperature equation (AGMA 2001-B88) 539 Blowby 98 .4 Blown oil, defined BiOr-Au glass thin-film system Auger electron spectroscopy .453, 454 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spectrum, depth-profile data .. .459, 460, 461 Body, defined .4 Body-centered cubic (bee) crystal structures abrasive wear 186 adhesive wear 179 cavitation erosion 216 441 BOltzmann constant Bond bridge 236 Bonded film lubricant. See Bonded solid lubricant. Bonded solid lubricant, defined .4 Bone oil, defined .4 Bore seal, defined .4 Boriding titanium alloys 780-781 tool steels 641, 642, 739 Boron as addition to carbon-graphite materials 816 as addition to nickel aluminide alloys 772, 774, 775 in electroless nickel 837 763-764,765 in hardfacing alloys in Mo/Ni-Cr-B-Si blend, thermal spray coating material. 832 in Mo/Ni-Cr-B-SiC, thermal spray coating material. 832 in Ni-AI/Ni-Cr-B-SiC, thermal spray coating material. 832 in Ni-Cr-B-SiC (fused), thermal spray coating material. 832 in Ni-Cr-B-SiC (unfused), thermal spray coating material. 832 in Ni-Cr-B-SiC-AI-Mo, thermal spray coating material 832 in Ni-Cr-B-SiC/WC (fused), thermal spray coating material 832 in WC/Ni-Cr-B-SiC (fused), thermal spray coating material 832
Index / 903
in WC/Ni-Cr-B-SiC (unfused), thermal spray coating material 832 for laser alloying 866 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 as paint for laser-alloyed stainless steel 866 28 segregation and solid friction spectrometric metals analysis 300 Boron-aluminum composites, liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 Boron carbide for gas-lubricated bearings 532 friction coefficient data 72 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers ,416 Boron nitride (BN), for laser cladding 868 844 Boron oxide (B 2 0 3 ), direct evaporation Boron phosphide, protective coating against liquid impingement erosion 222 Bottom-end bearing. See Big-end bearing. Boundary additives, for metalworking 140-141,142,143 lubricants Boundary lubricant, defined ,4 Boundary lubrication. See also Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Extreme-pressure lubrication; Thin-film lubrication 80, 89, 94, 96 chemically reacted surface films 96 chemisorption 96 defined ,4 physisorption 96 valve train assembly of internal combustion engine 558 29 zone Bowden-Tabor model, friction coefficient ,46 Bradelloy (Hastelloy X honeycomb + braze/nickel aluminum), abradable seal material 589 Bragg angle ,463, 464 Bragg ditTraction 388 Bragg peaks ,464, 465, 468 Bragg's equation 386 Bragg's law ,464, 465, 468 Brake asperity ''flash'' temperatures 570 Brake etTectiveness 574, 576 Brake heat sink 582 Brake life 583 Brake lining 569 ,4 Brale indenter, defined Brass bearing material systems 745, 747 cage material for rolling-element bearings .... 503 contact bridge when sliding on silicon carbide surface 236 cutting tool material selection based on machining operations 617 179 damage dominated by shear fracture erosive attack of melt on die surface 630, 631 for shallow forming dies 633 laser cladding 867 Brass, 60Cu-40Zn adhesive wear versus tool steel 237-238 71 friction coefficient data Brass, 70Cu-30Zn, thermal properties ,42 Brass alloys, lubrication for tool steels 738 156 Braycoat 815Z polymer Breakaway torque. See Starting torque. "Break-in" coatings 875 Brehmsstrahlung radiation 446 Brehmsstrahlung x-rays 378 75 Brick, friction coefficient data Bright stock, defined ,4 ,4 Brinell hardness number (HB) ,4 Brinell hardness test, defined Brinelling. See also False Brinelling. defined ,4 682 Brinell pressure 183 Brittle surface fracture Bronze bearing material systems 746 applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 bonded to aluminum-silicon-tin or aluminum-silicon-lead alloys 744 cage material for rolling-element bearings 503 casting processes 754, 755 for brake linings 570 gasket material 550 758,765 hardfacing alloys laser cladding 867 leaded, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 low-lead, bearing material microstructures 743, 744 porous sliding bearings 516 sliding bearings that are steel-backed and impregnated with PTFE and lead ..... 516 sliding bearings with graphite impregnation .516 seal adhesive wear 549 sliding bearings used in small electric motors .516 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 thermal properties (75Cu-25Sn) ,42 Bronze, commercial, bearing material systems 745, 746, 747 applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 Bronze-graphite, bearing material systems .746-747 BT-9, erosion test results 200 BT-I0, erosion test results 200 BT-H, erosion test results 200 BT-12, erosion test results 200 BT-24, erosion test results 200 Bubbly oil, defined ,4 111 ButTers, in nonengine lubricant formulations Build-up alloys (hardfacing) abrasion resistance 759 applications 759 compositions 759 impact resistance 759 properties 759 Built-up edge (BUE). See also Wedge 610,613,617 formation defined ,4 195 prow behavior during polishing Bulge test. ,421 Bulk modulus isentropic secant 82 isothermal secant 82 39, 40, 41 Bulk temperature gears 539, 540 symbols and units 544 Bulk volumetric temperature ,438 Bump foil strip 531 Burgers vector 388, 468 Burning. See also Metallurgical bum. defined ,4 Burnish, defined ,4 178 Burnishing surface modification technique Bush bearing, defined ,4 Butt joint test ,404 Calcium carbonate dentifrice abrasive 665, 668 Miller numbers 235 Calcium complex soap 126, 129 Calcium fluoride lubricating behavior for thermoplastic composites 823 rolling element bearing lubricant. 138 thermogravimetric analysis 823 Calcium 12-hydroxystearate 129 Calcium pyrophosphate, dentifrice abrasive 665 126, 129 Calcium soap Calcium sulfate, dentifrice abrasive 665 235, 433 Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) die material for denture teeth 675 properties 666 Calcium sulfonate 126 Camber angle 578 Canning 738 Cantilever rolls 57 ,4 Capacity number (Cn ), defined Capillary condensation ,400 Capture efficiency. See Collection efficiency. Carbide abrasive wear materials 189 831 coating finishing coating thickness limitations 831 extension of tool life, via ion implantation, examples 643 methods used for synthesis 802 plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition process 848 spray material for oxyfuel powder spray method 830 Carbidic/malleable iron application, piston ring materials 557 Carbofrax D, erosion test results 200 Carbon COl, properties 549,551 coating for SEM specimens 380 compatibility with steel 743 codeposited with chromium electroplating 835 878 diffusion coefficient in nitrocarburizing for laser alloying 864 impregnation effects on typical graphite-base material 817 in bearing steels 726 in cobalt-base wrought alloys 766, 768 in hardfacing alloys 758,760,761, 762, 763, 764 in stainless steels 710,712,713,716 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736, 737, 738, 739 779,780 ion implantation of titanium alloys Miller numbers 235 properties 817 28 segregation and solid friction Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers ,416 Carbon and alloy steels, friction and wear of 702-708 carbon content 707 correlation to relative wear content. 707 heat-affected zone (HAZ) 707 706 depth of hardened regions relation of hardness to microstructure . .. 707-708 steel metallurgy 702-704 microstructures 702-704, 705 704 properties influenced by microstructure steel selection based on relative costs 706 steel transformation diagram 704-705 toughness 706-707 705-706 wear properties of carbon steel corrosion resistance improved by altering microstructure 706 705 hardness as a function of carbon content 705 improving wear properties of mild steels Carbon-carbon composites for brake linings 570 for carbon aircraft brakes 584 in aircraft brakes 582 Carbon-carbon deposits, manufacturing 816,817 methods Carbon-carbon friction materials, for carbon aircraft brakes 584
c
Cadmium addition to aluminum-base bearing alloys 752 compatibility in bearing materials 743 71 friction coefficient data plating for tool steels 739 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers ,416 Cadmium fluoride, added to silicone vapor to control dusting 684 Cadmium oxide-graphite, layer lattice solid 115 lubricant Cadmium-plated alloys, galling 715 Cage. See also Separator. ,499, 503 defined ,4 materials 503 Calcined magnesium silicate, abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666, 668 Calcite, hardness ,433 Calcium lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I spectrometric metals analysis 300 100 used to make detergents Calcium aluminates, carburizing affected by content in steels 875
904/ Index
Carbon dioxide atmospheric effect helping control dusting 684 as cutting fluid for tool steels 738 Carbon equivalent (CE) value 695-696, 698 Carbon fibers, incorporation in thermoplastic composites 820, 823-824 Carbon-graphite 693 551 filler for seals 0-14 (grade), properties " .. 549,551 P-658RC, properties 549, 551 properties (70%-30%) 817 seal material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 Carbon-graphite materials, friction and wear of 816-819 applications 816, 819 component design 819 corrosive wear 816 electrical carbons 816 electrographite 818, 819 "film control" 818 friction and wear 817-819 impregnation effects on typical carbon-graphite base material 817 impregnation effects on typical graphite-base material 817 lubrication 818 manufacturing methods 816-817 mechanical carbons 816 microstructure 816 816,817, physical and mechanical properties 818,819 rubbing speed 818 Carbonitriding retained austenite 260 titanium alloys 866 .4 Carbonization, defined Carbon monoOuoride, as layer lattice solid lubricant 116 Carbon powders, in laser cladding material 867 Carbon steel adhesive wear (low, 12% C) 238-239 application, internal combustion engine parts .556 cavitation erosion rate 774 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652, 653 723 corrosive wear cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 178 damage by plastic deformation damage dominated by extrusion 179 die material for sheet metal forming 628 endodontic instruments manufactured from 666, 675 for shallow forming dies 633 633 forming by aluminum bronze tools 372 fretting corrosion seen in light microscopy fretting wear. 248, 249 73 friction coefficient data heat-treated 693 impact resistance and abrasion resistance properties 759 impact wear 268 laser melting 864 nylon adhesive wear rate 240 versus stainless steel properties 713 Carborundum (220 mesh), Miller numbers 235 Carburized steel, welding factor 541 Carburizing 873-876 applications 873, 874 carburizing process 873 pack carburizing 873 salt bath carburizing 873 vacuum and plasma carburizing 873 carburizing steels 875-876 cleanliness 875 fabricability 876 hardenability 875 preoxidation prior to carburizing 876 secondary hardening alloys 876 873-875 characteristics of carburized surfaces 873 diffusion of carbon microstructure 873-874 residual stress 874-875 surface oxidation 875 875 transformation of retained austenite for valve train assembly components 559 gear materials 261 history and development 873 590 mainshaft bearings of jet engines process/materials selection for wear resistance. 876 retained austenite 260 stainless steels 715, 716, 723 titanium alloys 780-781 tool steels 642, 739 tungsten carbide 795 Carcass foundation stiffness 580 851 Cascade " Case crushing, defined .4 Case-hardening 261 gear materials mainshaft bearings of jet engines 590 rolling-element bearings 262 Cast austenitic-manganese steels, specific types C-Mn, nominal compositions and applications 703 Cr-Ni-Mo, nominal compositions and applications 703 Mn-Cr-Mo, nominal compositions and applications 703 12Mn, nominal compositions and applications 703 12Mn-IMo, nominal compositions and applications 703 12Mn-IMo-Ti, nominal compositions and applications 703 Cast cobalt alloys, for cutting tool 614,615 materials Casting, surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Cast irons, friction and wear of. .. , .693,695-701 241 adhesive wear alloy 649 for deep-drawing dies 634 applications 70 I internal combustion engine parts 553, 556, 557,561 laser transformation 863 carbon contents and steel metallurgy 702 cast iron carbon equivalent value 694-696 constitution 695-696 cooling rate 696 section sensitivity 696 cavitation resistance 600 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 die material for sheet metal forming 628 diesel engine wear, lubricant analysis case history 308-309 ferrographic analysis 306 for brake drums and disk brake rotors 572, 573 for brake linings 570 for sliding vane rotary compressor cylinder 606 galling resistance with various material combinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 596 gear materials, surface treatment and minimum 26 t surface hardness graphite 698-700 flake 698-699 nodular 699 gray iron 695, 697-698, 699 applications 695, 701 microstructure 695,697-698,699,700-701 properties 695 section thickness 698 tensile strength 696, 698 grinding media, mining industry 654 high-resolution electron microscopy to study sliding wear 389 laser alloying 866 laser melting 864 laser transformation hardening 862, 863, 864 laser melted gray cast iron 864 light microscopy 372 malleable iron 695-701 microstructure 695, 700-70 I properties 695 mechanical properties and supplementary 700 695 695, 698, 699-700 applications 695, 700, 701 microstructure 699-70 I properties 695 sliding bearings 516 surface replica versus SEM micrograph of gear tooth 374 tensile properties 696-697 section effect on strength 696-697 thermal spray coating applications 832, 833 typical microstructures 700-701 701 acicular transformation structures austenite 701 bainitic transformation structures 701 cementite 700 ferrite 700 701 martensite pearlite 700 phosphide eutectic 700-701 versus aluminum-silicon alloy A390.0 for piston cylinder liners 556 white iron (chilled iron) 695, 696 applications 695, 701 composition 698 hardness specification 696, 698 ledeburite formation 697 695,697,698,700-701 microstructure Cast lean manganese-austenitic steels, specific types 6Mn-5Cr-IMo, nominal compositions and applications 703 9Mn-IMo-Ti, nominal compositions and applications 703 Cast steels ball and rod grinding media, mining industry .654 die material for sheet metal forming 628 nominal compositions and applications 703 .4 Catastrophic period, defined Catastrophic wear, defined 5 Catchment efficiency. See Collection efficiency. Caterpillar lK/IH2, single-cylinder engine tests .101 Caterpillar TO-2ITO-4, friction performance requirements for hydraulic fluids 99 Cathodic Tafel slope 274 Cathodoluminescence 378, 385, 391 Cavitating disk apparatus, defined 5 Cavitation 272 defined 5 seals 549-550 sliding bearings 742 303 spheres as wear particles stainless steels 715 surface property effect 342 Cavitation cloud, defined 5 Cavitation erosion 214-219 cavity clusters 214-215 cobalt-base wrought alloys 768, 769 collapse velocity 214 combined effects of cavitation erosion and corrosion 217-218 cavitation effect on the corrosion process 217-218 corrosion effect on cavitation process 218 conclusions 219 defined 5, 214 energy dissipation 214, 215 factors 214-215 hardfacing alloys 762, 763, 765 iron-base alloys 768, 769 materials factors 215-217 erosion of metals and alloys 215-217 localized loading 215 surface coatings and treatments 217 218-219 means of combating erosion air injection 218-219 coatings 218 control of operating temperature or pressure 219 materials selection and development. 218 surface treatments 218 system design 218 nickel-base alloys 768, 769 information mottled iron nodular or spherical graphite iron
Index / 905
pumps 593,597,599-600 sliding bearings 520 218,230 testing cavitating jet 218 flow channels 218 rotating disk test equipment. 218 to screen materials for service under liquid impingement conditions 230 vibratory (ultrasonic) equipment 218 versus liquid impingement erosion ..222, 225-226 5 Cavitation number, defined Cavitation tunnel, defined 5 Cavity clusters 214-215, 222 CBS-600, nominal compositions 726 CBS-lOOOM, nominal compositions 726 CDJ (unfilled carbon), properties 549,551 Celion 6000, properties 803 Cemented carbides, friction and wear of 693, 795-800 applications 795 as bearing alloys 748, 754 applications 754 composition 754 mechanical properties 754 chemical vapor deposition 849 compatibility with steel 743 corrosive wear 795 damage dominated by brittle fracture 180 damage dominated by dissolution or diffusion .181 178 damage dominated by plastic deformation die material for sheet metal forming 628 elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 erosion resistance (WC) 204 for cutting tool materials 616 for hot-forging dies 625, 627 ion plating 849 laboratory testing methods for solid friction 57 lubrication 796 magnetron sputtering 849 manufacturing methods 795-796 finishing operations 796 grade powders 795-796 physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD) 796 preforming or shaping operations 796 pressing or powder consolidation 796 sintering operations 796 properties 796-797, 798, 799, 800 applications 797 binder content. 797 microstructures 797, 799 nominal composition. . . . . . . . . .796, 797 relative abrasion resistance 796 raw materials 795 chromium carbide 795 cobalt 795 nickel 795 tantalum/titanium/niobium carbides 795 tungsten carbide 795 wear properties 797-800 734 Cementite, in tool steels Cementum, abrasion of dentifrices 668 Centane number, defined 5 Centerline average (CLA) .475 140 Centistoke Central film thickness 539 Ceramic-coated carbides, cutting speed and work material relationship 616 Ceramic materials, standard conditions for sliding 236 Ceramic-matrix composites, application in future jet engine components 592 Ceramics, friction and wear of .158,693,812-815 abrasion resistance .490 abrasive wear materials 186 applications 812 in future jet engine components 592 internal combustion engine parts 554, 561 rolling-element bearings 261 cermets 812 applications 812 definition 812 831 coating finishing coating thickness limitations 831 coating to improve abrasive wear resistance .. 639 compatibility with steel 743 cutting speed and work material relationship .. 616 damage dominated by brittle fracture 180 elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 199, 204-206 erosion of particle hardness 205-206 for cutting tool insert materials 616-617 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 heat-treatable ceramics 814-815 material parameters that should be documented to ensure repeatability when testing tribosystems 55 mechanical and physical properties 812-814 microfracture 186 200 particle size effect of erosion rate phase contrast imaging 389 plasma-spray coating for pistons 556, 561 product lines 812 201 relative erosion factors rolling contact bearings 815 rolling contact fatigue 260-261 rolling contact wear 260 roughness measurement and surface texture 340-341 scanning acoustic microscopy for wear studies .409 scanning acoustic microscopy to study machining damage .409, 410 sliding and adhesive wear 237, 240-241 spray material for oxyfue1 powder spray method 830 spray material for plasma arc powder spraying 830 thermal spray coating recommended 832 tool steel coatings 643-644 wear properties 814 abrasive wear 814 erosive wear 814 Ceramic tiles 649 Cerium, in nodular graphite composition 699 Cermets applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 compositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 cutting speed and work material relationship ..616 defined 812 for cutting tool materials 616-617 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 phase contrast imaging 389 plasma-spray coating for pistons 556 solid particle erosion 207 spray material for oxyfuel powder spray method 830 Chafing, defined 5 Channeling, defined 5 Characterization of surfaces by acoustic imaging techniques .406-412 high-frequency acoustic imaging (HAIM) ... .406, 409-410,411 applications .410 principles .409-410 scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) .406-409 applications .408-409 evaluation of surface conditions caused by machining .408-409 thin-film thickness measurements .408 scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) .406, 410-412 principles .410-411 reconstruction of images by holography .411-412 summary .412 Chatter, defined 5 Checking. See Craze cracking. Chemical conversion coating, defined 5 Chemical Manufacturers Association, 170 performance testing of engine oils Chemical microanalysis, determination of nature of surface films 369 Chemical wear. See Corrosive wear. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). See also PVD and CVD coatings 840, 841, 846-851 advanced techniques 848 applications 846 carbon aircraft brakes 584 796 cemented carbides '" classification of reactions 846 coating method for valve train assembly components 559 complex reactions 846 conventional (CCVD) 840, 846-847 definition '.' 846 hot-filament CVD 848 laser-induced (LCVD) 846, 848 low-pressure (LPCVD) 847 metal-organic (MOCVD) 846 microwave excitation 840, 849 organo-metallic (OMCVD) 846 841 parameters photon excitation 840 plasma-assisted 840, 846, 847-848 processes 840, 841, 846-848 rate-limiting steps 846 reactors 846-847 rf excitation 840 thermal 840, 846-847 titanium carbide coatings 158, 645 critical normal force versus substrate hardness .436 tool steels 641, 643, 645, 646, 739 tungsten carbide coatings, comparison of coatings for cold upsetting 645 Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), carbon aircraft brakes 584 Chert, abrasive wear 188 "Chinese script" eutectic 785 Chip removal rate, volumetric 611 Chip velocity 610, 611 Chi-square (X2) distribution .482, 485 Chlorinated lubricant. See also Extremepressure lubricant; Sulfochlorinated lubricant; Sulfurized lubricant. defined 5 Chlorine lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 spectrometric metals analysis 300 Chrome coating for seals. . . . . . 551 for valve springs for reciprocating 604 compressors . .. . Chrome steels 6Cr-1Mo, abrasive wear data 705 thermal properties .42 Chromia (Cr 2 0 3 ), plasma spray coating for titanium alloys 780 Chromates, as corrosion inhibitors 277 Chromite, erosion test results 200 Chromium addition to cylinder liner materials for strength 556 as addition to cemented carbides 800 coarse primary carbides produced by carburizing of alloys 874 coating for dental feldspathic porcelain and ceramics 674 641 coatings for dies coating to improve abrasive wear resistance .. 639 coating for TEM specimens 382 836, 837 coefficient of friction content, effect on scale flaking or spalling 210 as dopant for tungsten carbide 795 701 effect on cast iron microstructure electroplating of dies 644 erosion resistance 228 for laser alloying 866 for plating of tool steels to prevent galling 633 friction coefficient 71, 72 in aluminum-silicon alloys 788 in electroplated coatings 835-836, 838 applications 835-836, 838 in hardfacing alloys 759-760, 763-764, 765 in stainless steels 710,712,716,719,721 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736, 737, 739 ion implantation and oxidation resistance 856 laser cladding 867 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 nitride-forming element 878 piston ring liners for cast iron rings only 556
906/ Index
Chromium (continued) plating for deep-drawing dies 635 plating for piston rings .556 plating for tool steels 739 spectrometric metals analysis 300 wear resistance of die material. 635-636 x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 Chromium alloys fretting wear 248, 250 oxygen domination of Auger electron spectroscopy spectrum .456 Chromium alloys, specific types 105Cr6, nominal compositions 725 2.25Cr-IMo steel, time versus mass-based E/C rates 209 9Cr-IMo steel, erosion-enhanced corrosion 208 9Cr-IMo steel, scale spaIling 210 Chromium carbide coating for dies 643 coating for jet engine components 592 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 in cemented carbides 795 in laser cladding material. 867 properties 795 thermal spray coating material 832 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Chromium carbide-molybdenum, plasma-spray coating for pistons 556 Chromium carbide-nickel, plasma-spray coating for pistons 556 Chromium-carbide/nickel-chromium, coating compositions for jet engine components 590, 591 Chromium hot-work steels catastrophic die failure/plastic deformation 641 ceramic coatings for dies 643 composition limits 735 for hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623, 624, 625 resistance to abrasive wear 638 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 thermal fatigue in dies 639 Chromium iron, 25Cr iron, erosion test results 200 Chromium-molybdenum alloy composition and abrasion resistance .... 189 coating for titanium alloys 781, 782 Chromium-nickel alloys, 17Cr- 4Ni precipitation-hardening stainless steel 222 Chromium nitride, coating for jet engine components 592 Chromium oxide (Cr2 0 3 ) ceramic coatings for dies 643-644 coating for gas-lubricated bearings 532 coating for seals 551 for gas-lubricated bearings. . . . . . . . .. 532 plasma-spray coating for pistons. . . 556 thermal spray coating material ... . 832 Chromium plate friction coefficient data 73, 74 galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Chromium-tungsten-cobalt alloys, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 Chromium white irons, hardness and good abrasive resistance 188 Circular-step bearing. See also Step bearing. defined 5 Circulating Ouid systems 133 Circulating oil lubrication systems 133 Circulating oils, pour-point depressants 108 Circumferential annulus, hydrostatic gas-lubricated bearings 528 Cladding defined 5 resistance to cavitation erosion 217 Clash 564 Clay as grease thickener 126, 129 Miller numbers 235 Clearance ratio, defined 5 Cleveland open cup procedure, to determine flash and fire points 84 Cloud point, defined .5 Coal Miller numbers 235 service life of coal-handling equipment 719 stainless steels for coal-handling equipment. .. 722 Coal gasification, corrosive wear 271 Coast Metal 64, coating compositions for LPT blade interlocks 590 Cobalt adhesion and solid friction 32-33 additions to gold electroplating solution 837 as binder for gas-lubricated bearings 532 cavitation erosion 216 641 coatings for dies coating to improve abrasive wear resistance .. 639 content effect on tungsten carbide properties .. 813 damage dominated by plastic deformation in 178 cemented carbide electroplated coating material 838 electroplating of dies 644 erosion resistance 228 friction coefficient data 71 gamma spectrum, radionuclide 326 in cemented carbides 795,796,797,798,799 in ceramics and cermets 812, 813 in hardfacing alloys 761-762 in stainless steels 723 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736 particle-impact-induced brittle fracture 182 properties 795 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Cobalt-base alloys cavitation erosion 217 erosion resistance for pump components 598 galling 715 laser cladding components and techniques 869 material for jet engine components 588, 591 thermal spray coating recommended 832 welded overlays for resistance to cavitation 217 erosion Cobalt-base alloys, specific types I7C07Cr3W, laser alloying and abrasive wear resistance 866 52C022Cr9W, laser alloying and abrasive wear resistance 866 Alloy 6 abrasive wear 767 erosive wear 768 Alloy 25 abrasive wear 767 annealed hardness 768 applications 770 carbide volume fraction 766 erosive wear 768 hot hardness 770 metastability 767 microstructure after etching 767 nominal composition 766 physical properties 766 Alloy 31, friction coefficient. 770 Alloy 188 carbide volume fraction 766 erosive wear 767 hot hardness 770 metastability 766 microstructure after etching 767 nominal composition 766 physical properties 766 Alloy 255 abrasive wear 767 annealed hardness 768 erosive wear 767, 768 Alloy 625 annealed hardness 768 erosive wear 768 Alloy 718, erosive wear 767-768 Alloy 6B abrasive wear 767, 770 anneale1J. hardness 768 applications 770 carbide volume fraction 766 erosive wear 767, 768 hot hardness 770 microstructure after etching 767 nominal composition 766 Alloy 2OCB-3 annealed hardness 768 erosive wear 768 Alloy 6K abrasive wear 770 applications 770 carbide volume fraction 766 microstructure after etching 767 nominal composition 766 Alloy C-276 annealed hardness 768 '" .767-768 erosive wear sliding wear 769 MP35N nominal composition 766 physical properties and carbon content 766 strength levels controlled by cold reduction and aging 766 MPI59 nominal composition 766 physical properties and carbon content 766 strength levels controlled by cold reduction and aging 766 Ultimet abrasive wear 767 annealed hardness 768 applications 770 erosive wear 768 hot hardness 770 microstructure after etching 767 no grain boundary carbide precipitation 766 nominal composition 766 physical properties and carbon content 766 sliding wear 769,770 Cobalt-base alloys, carbide type 761 abrasive wear applications 758 coefficient of friction 764 composition 762 composition of alternate alloy replacements 764 758,761,762,764 properties sliding wear 762 wear resistance 758 Cobalt-base hardfacing alloys, laser cladding materials 866-867 Cobalt-base superalloys, extreme-temperature 118 solid lubricants Cobalt-base wrought alloys, friction and wear of 766-770 768 annealed hardnesses of specific alloys categories 766 hot hardnesses of specific alloys 770 mechanical properties 770 wear properties 767-770 wear-related applications 770 Cobalt-chromium alloys part material for ion implantation 858 orthodontic wires 666, 675-676 Cobalt-chromiummolybdenum alloys applications, femoral components of hip and knee replacements 657,658 composition 658 fretting wear 250 physical and mechanical properties 659 Cobalt-chromiumtungsten alloys classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 for cutting tool materials 615 Cobalt-nickel-phosphorus, electroplated coatings 838 Cobalt-phosphorus, electroplated coatings 838 Cocoa (red mud), defined 5 Coefficient of adhesion .475 defined , 5 Coefficient of friction 27,28, 31-33, 35, 40, 432-436 acrylic versus porcelain denture teeth " .673, 674 automotive brakes 574-575 sprocket and chain wear 566 bearing steels 730
Index / 907
boundary lubrication 96 ceramics 814, 815 chromium 836, 837 chromium electroplating 835 cobalt-base wrought alloys 770 crankshaft bearings in internal combustion engines 559-561 decreased with sliding velocity .43 defined 5 dental tissue (human) and laboratory studies .. 667 fretting wear in a vacuum 249 gallium arsenide, as a function of temperature and doping 688-689 gray iron 695 historical development .45-46 803,804,805, 806, metal-matrix composites 807,808-809, 810 nickel, electroless 837 nickel, electroplated 836 of nickel aluminide alloys 772-777 orthodontic wires 676 polyether etherketone 824, 825, 826 polytetrafluoroethylene 824, 825 pump materials 595 seals 547 silicon (n-type), as a function of temperature and doping 688-689 sliding bearings 515, 516, 518, 519 stainless steels 717 strip rolling 66 343 surface texture of magnetic storage tapes synovial joints, major load-bearing natural 656 thermoplastic composites .... 820, 821, 822, 824, 825, 826 titanium alloys 778,779,780,781,782 tool steels 737, 738, 739 tribotest example .483, 484, 485 VAMAS round-robin sliding wear tests ..... .487 Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) aluminum-silicon alloys 785 '" 814 ceramics Coefficient of wear. See Archard wear law; Wear coefficient; Wear constant; Wear factor. 399, 400, 403 Cohesion, work of Cohesive force. See Adhesion. Cold isostatic pressing, cemented carbides ..... 796 Cold rolling, metalworking lubricants and 147 friction Cold test, defined 5 Cold-welding 367 "Cold-welding" phenomenon 150 Cold working alloys wear resistance versus hardness of materials .. 708 ion implantation strengthening mechanisms 855, 858 Collar oiler, defined 5 COllection efficiency, defined 5 Collision efficiency. See Collection efficiency. Colmoloy, laser cladding components and techniques 869 Combined roughness 146 Combustion wire process. See Oxyfuel wire spray process. Commercial bronze applications 750, 751 composition 751 designations 751 mechanical properties 750, 752 product form 751, 752 Compatibility (frictional), defined 5 Compatibility (lubricant), defined 5-6 Compatibility (metallurgical), defined 6 Compensation, defined 6 Compliant surface bearings 530-531 advantages 529 531 applications bending-dominated continuous foil bearings 530, 531 bending-dominated segmented foil bearings 530-531 design analysis 531 modified bending-dominated continuous foil bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 531 pressurized-membrane bearings surface coatings 532 Composite B, properties 548 6 Composite bearing material, defined Composite cements, material loss on abrasion (dental) 673 Composite roughness 30 539 Composite surface roughness Composites cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 friction as described by various properties 669 hybrid properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 simplified composition of microstructure ... 666 material parameters that should be documented to ensure repeatability when testing tribosystems 55 microfilled properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 simplified composition on microstructure 666 phase contrast imaging 389 " 263 Compound impact wear Compressibility number ..522-523,525,526,527, 528, 529 defined 6 Compression-ignition engines 553 Compression set, defined 6 602-608 Compressors, friction and wear of centrifugal compressors 606-608 bearings 607-608 lubrication 607, 608 seals 607-608 types 606-607 wear considerations 608 compressor comparison 608 reciprocating compressors 602-605, 608 crosshead 604 crosshead-type 603, 604 reciprocating compressors 602-605, 608 cycle 602 cylinder 602-603 frame portion 604-605 overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 piston-ring materials 603 piston rod packing 604 trunk-type 602, 604 valves 603-604 rotary compressors 605-606, 608 dry helical lobe 605-606, 608 flooded helical lobe 606, 608 lobe type 604-606 Lysholm compressor 605 seals used 606 sliding vane and its components 606 SRM compressor 605 Compton edge 325 Compton equation 325 Compton scattering 324, 325 60,61,63,66 Cone angle Cone resistance value. See also Penetration (of a grease). defined 6 728 Confidence bands, bearing steel test groups Confidence interval .482 Confidence level .481-482, 484, 485 Confocal microscopy 357-361 applications 359-361 development 357 equipment 357 experimental techniques 358-359 computerized image processing 359 image acquisition 359 microscope configurations 358-359 specimen requirements and limitations 359 hardware configurations for confocal microscopes 358 image processing techniques for optical sections 360 Confocal microscopy 357-361 357-358 principles of the process Conformability, defined 6 Conformal surfaces, defined 6 Conradson method 84 Consistency. See also Cone resistance value; Penetration hardness number. defined 6 Constant, symbol and units 544 Constantan, thermal properties .42 Constant current imaging 393 Constriction resistance. See also A-spot; Contact resistance; Film resistance. defined 6 Consumable vacuum-melted (CVM), rolling contact component material 503 Contact angle, defined 6 Contact angle (in a bearing). See Angle of contact. Contact bridge 236 Contact compliance .423 Contact fatigue 242 Contact fatigue wear, tool steels 736,737 Contacting ring seal, defined 6 Contact lubrication, defined 6 Contact patch .438 Contact pressure .476 Contact radius .43 Contact resistance 682-683 defined 6 Contact stress 506 defined 6 maximum normal 506 Contact surface temperature .40 .438-439, 441 Contact temperature symbol and units 544 Continuous depth recording (CDR) 419-420, 421,423,426 Continuous distribution function, gradients in x-ray characterization of surface wear .... .465 Continuous jet impingement, versus liquid impingement erosion 222 Continuous on-line oil monitoring 299 861 Continuous wave (CW) lasers Continuous wear 737 Conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM) 380, 390-391 Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern 386-387 Conversion coating. See Chemical conversion coating. Coordinating European Council, performance 170 testing of engine oils Copper abrasive wear 188, 189 752 addition to aluminum-base alloys addition to cylinder liner materials for strength 556 adhesion and solid friction 32, 33 Auger electron spectroscopy application .452, 453 185 critical angles for cutting damage dominated by chip formation 179, 180 debris effect on wear 249 756 electroplating of bearing materials electroplating for SEM specimen preparation 380-381 erosion mechanisms 202, 203 fiber for reinforcement. 803 fretting wear 248 friction coefficient data 71, 72 gasket material 550 high fatigue strength 743 high-resolution electron microscopy to study sliding wear 389 in aluminum-silicon alloys 786, 787, 789 in carbon-graphite materials 816 in Cu-Ni, thermal spray coating material 832 in Cu-Ni-In, thermal spray coating material. .. 832 in dental amalgam 669 in electroplated coatings 838 injection nozzle material for laser melt/particle injection 868 in lead-base alloys 750 in metal-matrix composites 808-809, 810 in stainless steels 712, 713 in tin-base alloys 749 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I 71 OFHC, friction coefficient data processing technique 803 properties 803 seal adhesive wear 549 28 segregation and solid friction solid particle erosion 388-389
908/ Index
Copper (continued) spectrometric metals analysis 300 stacking fault energy 715 thermal properties .42 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 weak beam imaging 388 Copper alloys. See also Bronze, commercial; Tin bronze. advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 applications 750-752 745,746,747 bearing material systems applications 746 compositions 751, 752 751 designations elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 erosive attack on die surfaces 630 erosive wear during die casting 629 ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305 fretting wear. 248, 250 633 galling in shallow forming dies in bimetal bearing material systems 747 life-limiting factors for die-casting dies 629 materials for die-casting dies 629 metal forming lubricants 147 751 product forms properties 750-752 versus stainless steel properties 712-713 Copper alloys, specific types 793 (SAE), used as a surface layer for bushings 750 C83420, bearing material systems 746 C83520, bearing material systems 746 Cu-l-IO fiber for reinforcement 803 processing technique 803 properties 803 Cu-Ag-P-Mg fiber for reinforcement. 803 processing technique 803 properties 803 714 95Cu-5Al (AI bronze), properties 810 Cu-IOMoS 2 alloys, sliding wear 810 Cu-20MoS 2 alloys, sliding wear Cu-30Zn brass, diamond abrasive polishing 195 wear Cu-38Zn-lPb, erosive attack of brass melt on the 631 die surface Copper-base alloys 748,750-752 bearing alloys 750-752 classifications 750 commercial bronze 750, 751, 752 copper-lead alloys 750-752 750,751,752 high-lead tin bronzes low-lead tin bronzes 750, 751, 752 mechanical properties 752 medium-lead tin bronzes 750, 751, 752 tin bronzes 750, 751, 752 unleaded tin bronze 750, 751, 752 heat and temperature effects on strength retention 745 737, 738 lubrication of tool steels Copper concentrate, Miller numbers 235 Copper-lead alloys 750-752 applications 750, 751, 752 bearing material microstructures 743, 744 casting processes 754, 755 composition 750, 751 corrosion resistance 744 751 designations in trimetal bearing material systems 748 mechanical properties 750-752 microstructures 750 product form 751, 752 Copper-lead babbitt, bearing material microstructures 744 Copper-manganese-aluminum, liquid 223 impingement erosion of stator vanes 591 Copper-nickel alloys, oxidation Copper-nickel-indium alloys, oxidation 591 Copper oxide, as lubricant for hot forging of tool steels 738 541 Copper-plated steel, welding factor Copper-silicon, fretting wear 248 Copper-zirconium (Cu-Zr) fiber for reinforcement. 803 processing technique 803 properties 803 Core-level ionization .450 Cornering stiffness 578, 579-580 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards 554 Correlation distance .469 Correlation parameter .465 274 Corrosion current 274 Corrosion current density Corrosion de trepidation. See also Fretting wear. 242 Corrosion inhibitors/metal deactivators for metalworking lubricants ... 141,143,144,147 in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 Corrosive pitting 349 Corrosive wear. See also Oxidative wear.. 271-277 abrasive wear 189 carbon-graphite materials 816 carbon steel. 723 cemented carbides 795, 799-800 corrosive wear particles in lubricant analysis .. 304 defined 6, 271 electroplated coating applications 834, 837 electroplating with lead-tin alloys 838 environmental factors' effect on corrosive wear 272-274 grinding wear: impact and three-body abrasive-corrosive wear 273-274 slurry particle impingement on two-body corrosive wear. 272-273 experimental measurement of corrosion-wear synergism 274-276 closed-loop pipeline experiments 275 grinding wear systems 275-276 jet-impingement experiments 274-275 rotating ball-on electrode experiments .. 274-276 rotating cylinder/anvil experiments 275 slurry particle impingement systems 274-275 slurry pot experiments. . . . 274, 275 gold electroplating 837 hardfacing alloys 759, 765 internal combustion engine parts 555, 556, 558 ion implantation 856, 857, 858 mechanisms affecting aqueous corrosion ... 856 mechanisms affecting oxidation resistance .. 856 lubricant analysis case history 309-310 means for combating corrosive wear 276 cathodic protection 277 design of pumps, valves, elbows 277 materials selection 277 modification of the materials handling environment 277 slurry parameters 277 surface treatment 277 277 use of corrosion inhibitors mechanisms of wear/corrosion synergism in abrasive and impact wear 276 abrasion 276 corrosion 276 impact 276 649,650- 651 mining and mineral industries nickel electroless 837 electroplated 837 nitrided surfaces 882 occurrences in practice 271-272 271 crushing grinding 271 high-temperature processes 271 power-generation plants 271-272 271 sliding wear slurry handling 271 pumps 593 seals 549-550 742,743,744- 745 sliding bearing materials 715,716,718-720,722-723 stainless steels surface property effect 342 thermal spray coating applications 833 thermoplastic composites 820 tool steels 736, 737 use of transmission electron microscopy for 381 surface studies Corrosive wear rate abrasive particle dependence on 272-273 corrosion products and the mass transfer of oxygen 273 hydrodynamics, dependence on 273 slurry, dependence on 273 Corundum, hardness .433 75 Cotton thread, friction coefficient data 60, 66 Coulomb coefficient of friction 31 Coulomb friction defined 6 Coulomb's laws. See Amontons' laws. Counterformal surfaces, defined 6 Couplers 110 function 110 in engine and nonengine lubricant III formulations Coupling agents, in metalworking lubricants .. 143, 147 Cracking, defined 6 Crankpin bearing. See Big-end bearing. Crankshaft bearings 559-561 Crater wear 609, 610 defined 6 Craze cracking 621-622 defined 6 pumps 595 CRB-7, nominal composition 726 CRC L-37 and CRC L-42, axle tests for EP 101 agent performance CRC L-38 testing, oxidation inhibitors 105 CRC L-60 test, oxidation inhibitors 105 Creep (microslip), defined 6 Creep-feed grinding (CFG), ceramics and wear studies .409, 410 Creep ratio. See also Creep. defined 6 Critical contact angle, liquid impact erosion 224 Critical failure load .491, 492 Critical film thickness 63 Critical load .491 Critical load effect .423 Critical normal force .434- 435, 436 Critical sliding velocity, ceramics 814 Critical stress-intensity factor .421 Cross-checking 654 .400 Crossed-cylinder apparatus Cru.~ ID Crush (nip), defined 6 Cryomicroscopy methods 376 113 c-spacing, layer lattice solid lubricants Cubic boron nitride (CBN) cutting speed and work material relationship .. 616 614,617 cutting tool material erosion test results 200 physical properties 192 plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Cumulative erosion-time curve, defined 6-7 Current density, measured 274 Cushion bearing 662 Cut, defined 7 Cutting 184,185 tool steels 738-739 Cutting edge wear 610 Cutting tools and cutting tool materials, 609-619 friction and wear of cutting fluid systems 617-619 application mechanism 618, 619 cutting fluid handling system 618, 619 cutting fluids 618-619 cutting tool failure modes 618 cutting tool material selection guidelines .614-617 cast cobalt alloys 614, 615 cemented carbides 614, 616 ceramic inserts 614, 616-617 high-speed steel (HSS) 614, 615 micrograin high-speed steels 614, 615-616 ultrahard tool materials 614, 617 cutting tool testing 617 machine, cutting tool, and tool wear interactions 613-614 temperatures in the wear zones 611-612
Index / 909
wear environment. 609 wear mechanisms 612-613 classes 612 initial 612-613 steady-state 613 tertiary 613 wear surfaces 609-611 611 motion along the wear surfaces stresses 610-611,612 Cutting velocity 609,610,611,614,615,618 Cutting wear. See Abrasive wear. CVD coatings. See PVD and CVD coatings. CY-IOC, properties 549 Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (RMX), 75 friction coefficient data Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), friction coefficient data 75 Cylindrical magnetron technique, sputtering 841, 842 Cylindrical roller bearings basic load rating 505 11 factors 511 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 Cylindrical roller thrust bearings, basic load rating 505 die materials (stone, resin, and metal), studies 666, 675 material loss on abrasion 675 endodontic instruments, studies 666, 675 human dental tissues 665-666 noble and base metal alloys, studies 673 orthodontic wires 675-676 periodontal instruments, studies 675 pits and fissure sealants, studies 672 porcelain and plastic denture teeth, studies 673-674 friction and wear properties for single-pass sliding 674 interpenetrating polymer network (lPN) 674 674 loss of material on opposing restoration wear studies 666-669 classification of wear situations in dentistry. 666 clinical studies 668-669 failure classification scale (lab) 667 fundamental laboratory studies 667-668 simulation studies 668 Dentin 668 abrasion of dentifrices human teeth, properties 666 Denture acrylics properties 666 666 simplified composition on microstructure Deposition process (electroslag welding) 644 609 Depth of cut Derjaguin approximation .400, 401 Design lubricant film thickness, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Design of friction and wear experiments . .480-488 calculations of elastic contact dimensions and stresses .487-488 a and J3 parameter constants .487, 488 formulas .488 nomenclature .487 categories of tribotests .480-481 conditions of tribotests .480-481 .482-485 design of experiments one-at-a-time approach .482-483 simple complete factorials approach .. .483- 485 evaluation of tribotests .481-482 laboratory friction and wear tests and simulative tribotesting .481, 482 round-robin tests .485 case study, international round-robin sliding wear tests .486-487 general rules .486 terminology .485-486 Destructive cross-section metallography, 369 detection of subsurface cracking 169 Detergency, engine oils Detergents 99, 100-10 I, 102 applications 10 I bases 100, 10 I 100 degree of overbasing detection by infrared spectroscopy 30 I 106 emulsifiers and formation of 100-10 I 100 metals used in formation of. in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations III in soluble by-products 10 I Miller numbers 235 III multifunctional nature neutral, idealized structures 102 as rust and corrosion inhibitors 106 total base number. 100 Detergent additive, defined 7 Detergent/dispersant additives, hydraulic oils 86 Detergent oil, defined 7 Deterministic surface 346, 348 Detonation gun (D-gun) spraying. See also Highvelocity oxyfuel powder spray process 644 coatings for jet engine components 592 Detritus. See Wear debris. Diamond cutting tool material. 617 195 dry abrasive effect on AI-13Si alloy fracture toughness 192 friction coefficient data 75 hardness .433 in dental polishing pastes 666 .42 natural (type la), thermal properties physical properties 192 plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 protective coating against liquid impingement erosion 222 synthetic (polycrystalline), thermal properties . .42 Diamond film. See also Diamondlike film. defined 7 Diamondlike carbon (DLC), coating for titanium alloys 778, 781-782 Diamondlike film. See also Diamond film. defined 7 Diamondlike hydrogenated carbon electroplated coatings 838 .415 Diamond pyramid hardness (DPR) Diatomaceous silicon dioxide, abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666 Dibasic acid esters lubricants for rolling-element bearings 134-135 81 properties Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, dentifrice abrasive 665 Dicing 686-688 Die angle 63 60,61,63,66 Die cone angle Dies and die materials, friction and wear .621-646 die materials for cold extrusion 627-628 die materials for cold heading 627 die materials for hot extrusion 627 die materials for hot forging 622-627 alloy steels for hot-forging dies 622-623 cast steels 625-626 623 comparison of die steels for hot forging maraging steels 625 process variables effect. 623-625 623 rating of die steels for hot forging selection factors 622 shock-resisting tool steels 625 superalloys 626 workpiece properties effect 623-625 die materials for sheet metal forming 628 621 die wear and failure mechanisms abrasive wear 621 adhesi ve wear 621 corrosive wear 621 erosive wear. . . . . . . . . 621 gross cracking. . . . . . 621, 622 mechanical fatigue 621, 622 plastic deformation 621, 622 thermal fatigue (heat checking) 621-622 thermal shock 621, 622 635-641 die wear in hot forging dies abrasive wear characterization factors 635 abrasive wear factors 635-638 catastrophic die failure/plastic deformation .641 mechanical fatigue 640-641 methods of improving resistance to abrasive wear 638-639 thermal fatigue 639-640 factors influencing wear and failure in die-casting dies 631-632 die material considerations 631-632 631 geometric factors heat checking 632 interface considerations 632 processing conditions 632 thermal fatigue 632 621 heat treatment effect lubrication effect 621 materials for die-casting dies 628-629 materials for dies and molds 622 surface treatments and coatings 641-646 641,642 boriding carburizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 ceramic coatings 643-644 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 641, 643, 645,646 electroplating 644 for cold upsetting 646 hardcoatings for cold extrusion 645-646 hardfacing 644-645 ion implantation 642-643, 645 641 ion nitriding MetalLife treatment 643
D
Damage factors 266 Dancer roll 57 376 Debris. See also Wear debris Deceleration period, defined 7 Deep-groove ball bearings 511 applicable load Iv factors for lubrication method 511 y and z factors 511 Defoamers, for metalworking lubricants 141-142, 144, 147 Deformability. See Conformability. .46 Deformation theory of friction (Bikerman) 821 Deformation, thermoplastic composites Deformation wear, defined 7 100 Degree of overbasing .431 Degree of wear .421 Delamination, detection of Delamination test .404 7 Delamination wear, defined Deloro 60, laser cladding components and techniques 869 Demulsitiers 106-107 107 applications formation of 107 moieties 106 107 structures Density, symbol and units 544 Dental composites, single-pass sliding with amalgam material. 669 665-676 Dental materials, friction and wear of composite restorative materials 669-672 abrasion tests 670 aging and chemical softening 670, 671 clinical studies 671-672 correlating abrasion with hardness and tensile data 670 double-pass sliding studies 670 fracture toughness studies 670 fundamental laboratory studies 669-670 671 Leinfelder technique simulation studies 670-671 single-pass sliding studies 670, 671 dental amalgam 669 abrasion tests 669 clinical studies 669 fracture toughness tests 669 friction 669 simulation studies 669 single-pass sliding studies 669 dental cements, studies 673 material loss on abrasion 673 dental feldspathic porcelain and ceramics, studies 674 friction and wear properties for single-pass sliding 674 denture acrylics, studies 666, 674
910/ Index
Dies and die materials, friction and wear (continued) nitriding 641-642, 645 nitrocarburizing 645 PVD 645 vanadizing 645 wear and failure modes in die-casting dies 629-631 chemical attack 629 corrosion 629 erosion and abrasive wear 629-630 erosion due to liquid metal attack 629 gross cracking 629 soldering 629 test for erosion and corrosion evaluation 629-630 thermal fatigue 629, 630-631 thermal shock 629, 631 wear and failure modes in die casting ..629-631 wear reduction methods 629 wear in sheet metal forming dies 632-635 deep-drawing dies 633-635 shallow forming dies 632-633 Difference image 350,351-352 Differential index of plasticity .424, 425 Diffusion, surface property effect. 342 .41 Diffusivity, and average flash temperature Dilatant, defined 7 Diluents, in engine lubricant formulations 111 Dimensionless factor. See Sommerfeld number. Dimensionless load parameter, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Dimensionless material parameter, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Dimensionless speed parameter, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Dioctedecyl disulfide 532 Diode ion plating 840, 844- 845 Direct deformation, liquid impact erosion 224 Dirt content, defined 7 Disk machine. See also Amsler wear machine. defined 7 Dislocation Burgers vectors 387 Dislocation density .468, 469 Dislocation glide .426 Dislocation theory .468 Dispersalloy abrasion resistance 669 material loss on abrasion of dental amalgams .669 Dispersancy, engine oils 169 Dispersant additive 99-100 applications 99-100 defined 7 detection by infrared spectroscopy of lubricants 30 I effectiveness in engine oils 100 formation of 99-100 in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 multifunctional nature 111 Dispersant oil, defined 7 Dispersant-viscosity improvers 99, 109 Displacement mixing 854, 855 Displacements per incident atom (dpa) 851 Distortion Energy Hypothesis (DEH) .476 Distributed impact test, defined 7 Division of heat along the pin, DTHP 280, 282-283 DMT expression .403 DN value 590 defined 7 speed factor of greases 127 Doping, effect on dynamic friction coefficient in silicon and gallium arsenide 688-689 Double-cantilever beam geometry test .404 Dowson and Higginson equation 92 Drawing compound. See also Extreme-pressure lubricant. defined 7 Drawn cup needle roller bearings, basic load rating 505 Drip feed (drop feed) lubrication, defined 7 Driving severity number (DSN) 578, 579 Drop (dropping) point 136, 137 defined 7 Droplet erosion. See also Erosion (erosive) wear. Dry-film lubrication, defined 7 Dry friction, defined 7 Dry lubricant. See Solid lubricant. Dry running, defined 7 Dry sand-rubber wheel test, defined 7 Dry sliding wear. See also Unlubricated sliding. defined 7 Dry wear rate, sliding bearings 515 d-spacing gradient .465, 468 Ductile iron application, internal combustion engine parts .556 galling resistance with various material combinations 596 laser melting 864, 865 laser transformation hardening 862, 863, 864 Ductile Ni-Resist, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT), erosion/corrosion 209 Ductility, resistance to heat checking 631 Duplex alloys, defined 7 Duplex angular-contact ball bearings 500 Dupre equation .400 Durable tools. " 627 Duralumin (AI-Cu: 94-96% AI; 3-5% Cu; trace Mg), thermal properties .42 Durometer reading, defined 7 Dust, blast furnace, Miller numbers 235 Dusting 684 defined 7 Duty, defined 7 Duty cycle 834 Duty parameter. See Capacity number. Dyes 110 applications 110 functions 110 in engine and nonengine lubricant formulations 111 Dynamic coefficient of friction 27 Dynamic friction. See Kinetic friction. Dynamic load, defined 7 Dynamic seal, defined 7-8 Dynamic sliding friction coefficient .478 Dynamic theory 388 Dynamic viscosity. See Viscosity. sliding traction and contact temperature 93 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication theories 80 concentrated contacts and film thickness of bearing steels 727 Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) viscosity-pressure coefficient 83 Electrical contacts, friction and wear of ..682-684 atmospheric effects 684 dusting 684 brush materials 684 "reading" or damage inspection 684 circuit breaking 683-684 contact resistance 682-683 burnout 683 insulating films effect (fritting) 682-683 mechanical factors 683 thermoelastic mounding 683 tunneling 683 development 682 fretting wear 243 Electrical discharge machining (EDM) cemented carbides 796 surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Electrical generator rotors, fretting wear 243 Electrical heating 683 Electrical pitting, defined 8 Electrical resistivity, versus coefficient of friction for n-type silicon after abrasion and doping 689 Electric arc wire spraying (EAW) 829-830, 832 Electric discharge machine (EDM), for cutting cross sections of material for TEM studies .381 Electrochemical interactions between minerals and grinding media 271 Electrocorrosive wear, defined 8 Electroless nickel coatings, resistance to cavitation erosion 217 Electroless plating 834 Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 377, 378, 387, 390, 391 Electron microscopy. See also Scanning electron microscope; Transmission electron microscope 376-391 electron-specimen interaction 377-378 elastic scattering 377 inelastic scattering 377, 387 facets in the investigation of wear 376 SEM and TEM instruments 378-380 electron sources 378 voltage selection 378 specimen preparation 380-382 debris specimens 382 scanning electron microscopy 380-381 transmission electron microscopy 381-382 two societies devoted to the advancement of this field 377 Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) .450 Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 445, 457 alloy identification 305 seal wear 552 Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) .456-458 applications .457-458 detection limit. .456 equipment .456-457 fundamentals .456 spectrum .457 Electron-stimulated desorption-ion energy distribution (ESDIED) .457, 458 Electroplated coatings 834-838 abrasive wear 835 adhesive wear 835 applications, magnetic materials 838 categories 834 coefficients of friction 835, 836, 837 corrosive wear 838 deposition fundamentals 834-835 lubrication 835, 836, 838 precious metal deposits 837-838 titanium alloys 778, 779 tool steels 739 Electroplating bearing materials 756 plated overlays 756
E
Easy-machining steel, impact resistance and abrasion resistance properties 759 Eccentricity, defined 8 Eccentricity ratio 90,523- 524,527,528,532 defined 8 nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart .91 Edge effect 206-207 Edge honing, cemented carbides 796 EDS analysis 387,389-390,391 Effective hardness number .417 Effective leakage area, defined 8 Effective lubricant viscosity, nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Effective penetration distance, x-ray diffraction .464 Effective volume ratio .467 Elastic compliance, defined 8 Elastic contact and stress nomenclature .487 Elastic contact dimensions and stresses, calculations of .487-488 IX and 13 parameter constants .487, 488 formulas .488 nomenclature .487 Elastic deformation average flash temperature .43 friction during metal forming 59 Elastic recovery parameter .422, 427 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD). See also Boundary lubrication; Plastohydrodynamic . lubrication; Thin-film lubrication 89, 92-93, 94, 477 defined 8 film thickness and shape 92-93 gear box applications of ferrography 305 pressure distributions 93
Index / 911
plated silver intermediate layers 756 lead alloys 750 tin alloys 750 tool steels 644 731 Electroslag remelting (ESR), bearing steels Electro-spark deposition (ESD) 645 Elliptical bearing. See Lemon bearing (elliptical bearing). 512-513 Elliptical contact area Embeddability, defined 8 Emery, physical properties 192 Empirical welding factor 540 141 Emulsification process Emulsifiers 99, 106-107 107 applications formation of 107 for metalworking lubricants 141, 142, 143, 144 in engine and nonengine lubricant formulations III moieties 106 107 structures Emulsion, defined 8 Emulsion inversion, defined 8 143 Emulsion stability Enamel, human teeth, properties 666 Encapsulation theory 449 End milling, surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Endodontic instruments, simplified composition on microstructure 666 End seal. See Face seal. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, abrasive wear and lubricant analysis 308 Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) instrumentation, for surface examination .. 291 Energy (frictional work) with respect to kinematics .478 Energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) 390 Engine oil(s) additives 111, 169-170 102 antiwear agents used ASTM sequence 110 engine test to assess 106 corrosion-inhibiting ability defined 8 110 dyes formulation 168-169 base fluids 168-169 physical properties of hydrofinished HVI 169 stocks and synthetic base stocks relationship between properties and hydrocarbon structures 168 friction modifiers used 104 lubrication classification based on end-use 85, 165-167 aviation 166 165 gasoline heavy-duty diesel 165 marine diesel. 165-166 natural gas 166 165 railroad diesel SAE viscosity classification 85 stationary diesel 165 two-stroke cycle 166-167 lubricant-related causes of engine malfunction 167-168 oxidation inhibitors 105 performance package 169-170 performance testing 170 108 pour-point depressants rust and corrosion inhibitors 106 specifications 162-165 automotive diesel engine service engine oil 165 classification service classifications 163 viscosity 163,164 winter (W) viscosity 163 viscosity improvers used 110 Engler viscosity, defined 8 Enhanced corrosive attack 178 Entraining velocity defined 8 symbol and units 544 .403 Environmentally assisted crack growth EP lubricant. See Extreme-pressure lubricant. Epoxy, die material for sheet metal forming ....628 Epoxy resins, additives to carbon-graphite materials 816 8 Equivalent radial load, defined Erosion-corrosion defined 8 versus liquid impingement erosion 223 Erosion (erosive wear). See also Cavitation erosion; Electrical pitting; Erosive wear. defined 8 8 Erosion rate, defined 8 Erosion rate-time curve, defined 228, 229 Erosion resistance number (NER) Erosive wear cemented carbides 798-799 ceramics 814 cobalt-base wrought alloys 767-768 hardfacing alloys 762 jet engine components 588, 592 laser-hardened cast irons 864, 865 metal-matrix composites 805-806, 810 pumps 593, 597-599 seals 549 sliding bearings 742, 743 thermal spray coating applications 833 781 titanium alloys Erosivity, defined 8 Error function complement .464 .451 Escape, probability of (electron) Evaporation deposition 840,841,842-843 definition 842 directionality 843 evaporation coefficient. 843 gas scattering evaporation 843 heat sources 842-843 mean free path 843 841 parameters rate of evaporation 843 Evaporation, titanium alloys 779, 780 Exciton 325 Excrescence, defined 8 Exponential averaging 296 Externally pressurized seal. See also Hydrostatic seal. defined 8 Extreme-pressure (EP) additives antiscuff, for gears 537, 538 for internal combustion engine lubricants ..... 162 for metalworking lubricants .. 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149 for tool steel lubrication 737, 738 305 gear box applications of ferrography 541 gear lubricants gear oils 86 125 grease additives high-vacuum liquid lubricants 157 in gearbox oils to arrest excessive wear 308 Extreme-pressure agents. See Antiwear and extreme-pressure (EP) agents; Extremepressure additives. Extreme-pressure (EP) lubricants defined 8 gear oil for bearing steels 730, 731, 732, 733 to prevent galling in shallow forming dies 633 Extreme-pressure lubrication, defined 8 Extreme-pressure oils, lubricants for rolling-element bearings 133-134 Extinction distance 388 Extrusion, carbon-graphite materials 816 Failure modes, reliability and wear concepts .493-495 dependence of failure rate on operating duration .494-495 relationship between wear and reliability .493 reliability characteristics .493 reliability probability concepts .493 statistical distributions of wear and reliability .493-494 exponential distribution .493 gamma distribution .494 log normal distribution .493 normal distribution .493, 494 Weibull distribution .493-494 wear and failure modes .494 Falex tests chromium electroplated coating applications 835, 836 10 I metalworking fluids False Brinelling 242, 243 defined 8-9 Faraday's law 834 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm .294, 295 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analyzer, motor-current signature analysis 314 Fat, defined 9 Fatigue life, rolling-element bearings 134 Fatigue load limit 508 Fatigue spalling life, bearings 258 Fatigue wear. See also Spalling. defined 9 ion implantation 856, 857, 858 stainless steels 715 surface property effect 342 Fatty acid, defined 9 Fatty oil, defined 9 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 105-75, hydraulic brakes 577 121, air brakes 577 Feedability, defined . 9 609 Feed rate Fermi level .447 Ferrograph, defined 9 Ferrography. See also Lubricant analysis 375 corrosive wear case history 310 lubricant analysis 301-302 to confirm the type of wear debris 310 Fiberfrax, properties 803 Fiber grease, defined 9 FiberMetal, abradable seal material. 589 Filar factors .414 Filar unit .414 File hardness, defined 9 Filler defined 9 for lip seals 550 to reduce seal wear 551 Filling slot ball bearings, basic load rating 505 "Film control," carbon-graphite materials 818 Film resistance. See also Constriction resistance; Contact resistance. defined 9 9 Film strength, defined Film-strength additives, for metalworking lubricants 140-141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147 Film thickness, defined 9 Film thickness across bearing area, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Film thickness parameter, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 .478 Film thickness-to-roughness ratio FINDAP computer program, to obtain tribological Arrhenius constants ..... 280, 281, 283-284, 286 Finite element analysis (FEA), tire tread wear .579 598 Finnie's equation, hard materials Finnie's theory, erosion rates 204 84 Fire point. defined 9 242 Fitting rust Fixed-land bearing. See Fixed-pad bearing. Fixed oil, defined 9
F
FAA requirements, TSO-C26, aircraft brake testing standards Face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structures abrasive wear adhesive wear cavitation erosion cobalt-base wrought alloys Face contact pressure Face opening force Face pressure, defined Face seal, defined ' Fade 574, Fade recovery 586 186 174 216 768 550 550 8 8 575 574
912/ Index
Fixed-pad bearing, defined 9 698 Flake graphite mesh-form 699 microstructure 698-699, 7oo-701 types 698 Widmanstatten 699 259 Flaking. See also Spalling defined , 9 261 Flame hardening, gear materials Flame plating 644 741 Flange bearings Flank wear 610 9 defined .. '" Flash point. 84 defined 9 environmental protection standards for lubricant disposal 87 39-44 Flash temperature defined 9 gears 538 symbol and units 544 loo Fleet testing, dispersant effectiveness Flexible hinge. See Flexure pivot bearing. Flexural rigidity 580 Flexure pivot bearing, defined 9 Floating bearing, defined 9 Floating-ring bearing, defined 9 87 Flock point defined 9 9 Flood lubrication (bath lubrication), defined Flow-assisted corrosion 223 Flow cavitation, defined 9 Flow continuity equation 90 .43 Flow pressure Fluid bearing. See Hydrostatic bearing. Fluid erosion. See Liquid impingement erosion. Fluid-film lubrication 89 Fluid friction, defined 9 Fluidity, defined 9 Fluorapatite, simple model system (single crystals) for human enamel in laboratory studies 667-668 Fluorinated hydrocarbons, as cutting fluid for tool steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738 Fluorinated polyethers, lubricants for rolling-element bearings 136 Fluorine, as addition to carbon-graphite materials 816 Fluorite, hardness .433 Fluorocarbons lubricated friction testing .48 81 properties Fluorocarbon telomer, thickener for grease 157 high-vacuum application lubricants Fluoroelastomer, coating for composite construction against liquid impingement erosion 222 Fluoropolymers, sealing systems for turbochargers 567 Fluted bearing, defined 9 Fluting, defined 9 235 Fly ash, Miller numbers Foaming, defined 9 Foam inhibitor 99, 108 defined 9 108 effectiveness in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 Foil bearing 530 bending-dominated continuous 530, 531 bending-dominated segmented 530-531 commercial varieties 530 defined 9 531 modified bending-dominated continuous surface coatings 532 tension-dominated 530 Follower plate, defined 9 Fomblin Z25 polymer 156 Force-feed lubrication. See Pressure lubrication. Forging, metal forming lubricants 147-148 Forging steels, materials for die- casting dies 629 803 FortafiJ 4R, properties Forward scattering 448 101 Four-ball tests, metalworking fluids Fourier modulus 39, 43, 44 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 3oo Fourier transforms 352 image compression techniques 347 Fractal surfaces 352-353 Fracture/crack, surface property effect. 342 Free radicals, oxidation inhibitors and 141 metalworking lubricants Free rolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 defined 9 Free spread. See Nip. Frenkel-pair defects 853 Fretting 181, 182-183 defined 9 gold electroplating 837 Fretting corrosion, defined ' 9 Fretting fatigue ' 242 defined 9 242-253 Fretting wear 791 aluminum-silicon alloys debris effect on wear 249, 252 defined 9, 242 environmental effects 249-251 aqueous electrolytes 250-251 humidity 250 251 low and high temperature vacuum 249-250 jet engine components 588 materials 248-249 measurement of. 242-253 251 axial distance measurement holographic interferometry 251 profilometry 251 thin-layer activation (TLA) 251 mechanical components 242-244 examples 242-244 251-253 mechanism of parameters affecting fretting 244-248 246-247 contact, type of. frequency 245-246 impact fretting 247 normal load 245, 249 residual stresses 247-248 slip amplitude 244-245, 249 surface finish 247 vibration, type of 247 253 prevention of fretting damage coatings 253 improved design 253 inserts 253 lubricants 253 surface finish 253 stainless steels 714-715 thermal spray coating applications 832, 833 Friction defined 9-10 introduction to 25-26 areas of technological interest and research .. 26 friction angle 25 friction coefficient. 25-26 static friction coefficient 25, 26 "stick-slip" 26 terminology and its origin 25 Frictional energy .........................438 Frictional forces .476, 478 Frictional heating 27, 438, 439, 513, 518 ceramics 814 damage dominated by dissolution or diffusion .181 electrical contacts 683 590 mainshaft bearings in jet engines seals 549 Frictional heating calculations 39-44 correlation of experimental data with calculated values .43 factors limiting the accuracy of calculations .43-44 44 limitations of calculations surface layer effect. 44 transient temperature effect .43-44 frictional heating nomenclature 39-40 39 coefficient of friction heat partition factor 39, 40, 41, 44 heat source time 39 Peclet number 39-40, 43, 44 .40, 41 real area of contact temperature 39 idealized models of sliding contact .40-43 circular contact analysis with one body in motion .41-43 general contact analysis 40 line contact analysis with two bodies in motion .40-41 .489-492 Friction and wear data, presentation transition diagrams .491 determination methodology .491 tribographs .489-491 dependence of tribodata on interaction parameters .491 dependence of tribodata on operational parameters .490 dependence of tribodata on structural parameters .490-491 friction-time master curves .489 wear-time master curves .489-490 tribomaps .491-492 wear regimes .492 Friction and wear of aircraft brakes. See Aircraft brakes, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of aluminum-silicon alloys. See Aluminum-silicon alloys, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of automotive and truck drive trains. See Automotive and truck drive trains, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of automotive brakes. See Automotive brakes, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of bearing steels. See Bearing steels, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of carbon-graphite materials. See Carbon-graphite materials, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of cemented carbides. See Cemented carbides, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of ceramics. See Ceramics, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of cobalt-base alloys. See Cobalt-base alloys, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of dies and die materials. See Die and die materials, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of electrical contacts. See Electrical contacts, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of hardfacing alloys. See Hardfacing alloys, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of internal combustion engine parts. See Internal combustion engine parts, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of medical implants and prosthetic devices. See Medical implants and prosthetic devices, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of semiconductors. See Semiconductors, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of sliding bearing materials. See Sliding bearing materials, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of thermoplastic composites. See Thermoplastic composites, friction and wear of. Friction and wear of tool steels. See Tool steels, friction and wear of. 27 Friction angle Friction coefficient. See Coefficient of friction. Friction damping 531 Friction during metal forming 59-68 67-68 characteristics of friction 65-66 measurement of friction flow through conical converging dies 66 ring forging 65-66 strip rolling 66 59-65 modeling of friction hydrodynamic lubrication 61-65, 68 modeling of flow through conical converging dies 61-63 nomenclature for friction in metal-forming processes 60 steady-state wave model 59, 60, 66-68 Friction factor 60, 61, 66, 67 27,30 Friction force " defined 10 elastomers 36 friction during metal forming 67 31 relation to metal substrate hardness Friction force measurement .435
Index / 913
Friction hill 63, 65 Friction modifiers/antisquawk agents 103-104 applications 104 104 fonnation of for metalworking lubricants 140-141, 142, 143 in engine lubricant fonnulations 111 in nonengine lubricant fonnulations 111 Friction polymer, defined 10 Friction stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 27 Friction work Fritting 682-683 Front axle gear wear rating 566 Frost and Ashby temperature-stress deformation maps .426 10 Frosting, defined Full-film lubrication. See also Elastohydrodynamic lubrication. defined 9 Full-journal bearing, defined 10 Full-scale deflection (FSD) 294 Fully stabilized zirconia (FSZ), x-ray diffraction .467 Fungicides, for metalworking lubricants 142 644 Fusion treatment hydrostatic gas-lubricated bearings 528-529 hydrostatic journal bearings 531-532 journal bearings 523, 525-526 material for gas-lubricated bearings .432 mean free path effect 524-525 mUltiple-pressure sources 529 pivoted-pad journal bearing 527, 528 pneumatic hammer 529 porous bearings 529-530 Rayleigh step bearings 523, 525 surface coatings 532 synchronous whirl 526 three-sector journal bearing 527-528 tilting-pad bearings 523, 524 applications 607 tilting-pad journal bearings 527, 528 pivot circle clearance 527 pivot design 527 yaw stability 527 Gas lubrication. See also Pressurized gas lubrication. 10 defined Gas-metal arc welding process 653 653 Gas-metal arc wire electrode process Gas nitriding tool steels 739 632 to reduce erosive wear in die-casting dies Gas scattering evaporation 843 Gas shielded arc welding (TIG or MIG) 644 Gas torch welding 644 Gaussian distribution 296, 297 G-bronze 549 contributing to corrosion in seals seal materials 550 Gear bulk temperature 538 Gear oils 99 III additives in fonnulations antisquawk additives 104 101 CRC L-37 and CRC L-42 axle tests demulsifiers 107 dispersants used 100 extreme-pressure agents used 10 I lubricant classification 86 AGMA classifications 86 rust and oxidation (R&O) type 86 105 oxidation inhibitors pour-point depressants 108 rust and corrosion inhibitors 106 viscosity improvers used 110 Gears, carburizing 874, 875, 876 Gears: friction, lubrication, and wear of .535-545 application of gear lubricants 542-545 gearbox example, 24-unit speed increaser .. 543 pressure-fed systems. . . . . . . . .542-543 splash lubrication systems. . .. 542 design, factors affecting 535 elastohydrodynamic lubrication 538-541 539-540 Blok's contact temperature theory bulk temperature 539, 540 load-sharing factor 539, 540 mean coefficient of friction 540 scuffing temperature 540-541, 543 semiwidth of Hertzian contact band 539, 540 thermal contact coefficient. 540 gear tooth failure modes 535-538 abrasive wear. . . . . . . . . . . 536, 537 adhesive wear 536-537 carburized gears 536, 537, 541 frosting 536 gray staining 536 Hertzian fatigue 535, 536 lubrication-related 535-538 micropilling 536 nitrided gears 536, 537 nonlubrication-related 535 pilling 536 polishing 536, 537, 538 scuffing 535, 536, 539, 543, 544 sulfur-phosphorus additives 536-537, 538 three-body abrasion 537 two-body abrasion 537 wear 535, 536-537 541 lubricant selection grease 541 oil 541 open-gear lubricants 541 541 solid lubricants synthetic lubricants 541, 542 nomenclature used in friction and wear of gears 544 541 oil lubricant applications oil pumps in internal combustion engines 561 rolling contact wear 257-258 viscosity selection, gear lubricants 541-542 93 Gecim and Winer's model GE diamond, erosion test results 200 Gelling agent. See Thickener. General-purpose steel, impact resistance and abrasion resistance properties 759 Geometric scattering 409- 410 Germanium autocorrelation functions for surface texture 336, 337 carbon-coated, rain erosion applications 222 laser-induced CVD for synthesis 848 liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 Germanium carbon, protective coating against liquid impingement erosion 222 German silver (62% Cu; 15% Ni; 22% Zn), Gibbsian adsorption 854-855 Gilsonite, Miller numbers 235 Glass clean, friction coefficient data 75 204 erosion of steels studied for brake linings 576 for metalworking lubricants 144 incorporation in thermoplastic composites 820 as lubricant during hot extrusion of tool steels 738 as lubricant for hot forging of tool steels 738 properties 80 I tempered, friction coefficient data 72, 73, 75 thin fiber, friction coefficient data 75 Glass-ceramic inlays, properties 666 532 Glass ceramics. .. . Glass fibers, in die material for sheet metal fonning . . 628 Glass ionomers cements (dental) material loss on abrasion 673 properties 666 silver-reinforced. . . . . . 673 simplified composition or microstructure 666 Glass/Si0 2 , methods used for synthesis 802 10 Glaze, defined Glazing, brake pad material .45 Global friction factor 67 Globular oxide, carburizing affected by content in steels 875 Glycols, as couplers 110 158 Gold coating for dental feldspathic porcelain and ceramics 674 coating for SEM specimens 380 electroplate, friction coefficient data 74 electroplating 837 and corrosive wear 837 properties 837-838 71 friction coefficient data high-vacuum lubricant application 153 single-pass sliding with amalgam material 669 stacking fault energy 715 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Gold alloys, versus dental amalgam abrasion rates 669 Gold-nickel alloy, ion-scattering spectrometry with molybdenum contamination .449 Gold-palladium alloy basis for dental crowns 673 coating for SEM specimens 380 Gold-silver-copper, alloy basis for dental crowns 673 Gough model, tire wear rate 580 Gouging abrasion. See also Abrasion; Abrasive wear; High-stress abrasion; Low-stress abrasion. 10 defined Grain boundary energy .400
G
Galena-grinding media combination 276 Galling 10 defined electroplated soft metals 838 591 jet engine components _ prevention in shallow fonning dies 633 pumps 595 stainless steels 715-718, 723 tool steels 737, 739 thennal spray coating applications 831-832 Galling threshold load 595 Gallium arsenide coefficient of friction as a function of temperature and doping 688-689 cracking geometries 687 plastic defonnation 688 p-type, scratch morphology 688 844 Gallium fluoride (GaF2 ), direct evaporation Gall-Tough. See Stainless steels, specific types, S20161. 271 Galvanic coupling Galvanized steel, wear by corrosion and shear fracture 181-182 Gas bearing, defined 10 Gas engine oils, lubricant classification 85 Gaseous uranium hexafluoride, lubricant for pumping equipment bearings 522 10 Gasket, defined Gas-lubricated bearings, friction and wear of 522-532 advantages 522 applications 522, 531, 532 clearance modulus, definition 523-524 compliant-surface bearings 530-531 advantages 530 531 applications bending-dominated continuous foil 531 bearings bending-dominated segmented foil bearings 530-531 531 design analysis hybrid bearings 531-532 modified bending-dominated continuous foil 531 bearings pressurized-membrane bearings 531 surface coatings 532 tension-dominated foil bearings 530 compressibility numbers ..... 522-523, 525, 526, 527,528,529 development of gas lubrication technology 522 disadvantages 522 eccentricity ratio, definition 523-524, 527, 528, 532 friction in gas-lubricated journal bearings .... 526 half-frequency whirl 526-527 helical-grooved journal bearings 528
914/ Index
Gram-force (g), gage calibration for microindentation hardness testers .415 Graphite 113,141,698-700 as antiseize additive 102 75 clean, friction coefficient data coefficient of friction (powder form) 825 filler for seals 551 for brake linings 570 as friction modifier. 104 125 grease additive high-vacuum lubricant application disadvantages 153 in die material for sheet metal forming 628 in metal-matrix composites 803, 804, 807, 808, 810 intercalated, lubricant for thermoplastic composites 823, 826 intercalated, thermogravimetric analysis 823 as layer lattice solid lubricant 114-115, 117 as lubricant for hot forging of tool steels 738 as lubricant in hot extrusion of tool steels 738 lubricated friction testing .48 metal forming lubricant 148 methods used for synthesis 802 75 molded, friction coefficient data outgassed, friction coefficient data 75 polymer additive 154 properties 80 I, 803, 808, 817 138 rolling-element bearing lubricant. solid lubricant for gears 541 spray coating to aid oxide lubrication during hot extrusion 738 structure 113, 114 thermal properties .42 wear particles 305 workpiece coatings for sheet metal forming 738 Graphite-carbon (70%-30%), properties 817 Graphite tiber, for brake linings 570 Graphite tiber-reinforced polyimide (GFRPI) 117-118 Graphite fluoride, as layer lattice solid lubricant 116 Graphitization 584 Gray cast irons 693, 748, 754 as bearing alloys 748, 754 applications 754 mechanical properties 754 microstructure 754 applications internal combustion engine parts .553, 556, 557 in valve train assembly 559 piston ring material 557 for brake drums and disk brake rotors 572 for cylinder blocks of automobile internal combustion engines 553 laser cladding 867-868 Gray iron 695 applications 695, 701 internal combustion engine parts 553 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 for valve seats and guards for reciprocating compressors 604 hardenable, application in valve train assembly 559 laser melting 863, 864, 865 laser transformation hardening 862, 863, 864 microstructure 695, 697-698, 699, 700-701 molybdenum-clad coating and laser cladding .. 867 properties 695 section thickness 698 tensile strength 696 unalloyed, for deep-drawing dies 634 Grease 99, 123-131 additives 111,124-125 applications 123, 125-129 128 adverse conditions American Association of Railroads Specification 942-88 for grade 1'12 nonextreme-pressure grease 125 bearing temperature 126-127 129 centralized systems conditions, environment, and 127 contamination DN value 127 incompatibility 129 low temperature 127 paints 129 pressure 127 pumpability 127-129 seals 129 selection 125, 128 speed 127 viscosity as function of bearing diameter and speed 127, 128 viscosity, speed, and pressure 127, 128 base stocks 123-124 123 composition petroleum 123-124, 125 petroleum, properties 124 synthetics 124, 125 synthetics, temperature ranges and applications 125 white mineral oil 124 classifications 125 125 common heavier 125 thin 125 classifications (NLGI) and consistency grades .127 consistency classification 136 10 defined definition of lubricating grease 123 dispensing methods 129-130 centralized grease systems 130 hand application 129 hand- or air-operated methods 129-130 ferrographic applications for lubricant analysis 307 130-131 frequency of relubrication 131 handling overgreasing 131 rust and corrosion inhibitors 106 131 storage testing 125 types of grease-thickener systems 125-126 effect of thickener type on melting point and typical grease use 126 reasons for use 126 131 undergreasing use as a substitute for oils 123 viscosity improvers used 110 Grease life 504 Grease lubrication, rolling-element bearings 136-137 Green effectiveness 575 795 Green strength, for cemented carbides Greenwood-Williamson (GW) model, surface 28 roughness Griffith criterion for fracture 403 Grinding cemented carbides 796 corrosive effects and abrasive wear 189 surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Grinding wear rate abrasive type dependence 273 force, dependence on 273 galvanic interaction between minerals and metal alloys, dependence on 273-274 localized corrosion role 274 Groove width .433 Group IV divalent oxides, direct evaporation .. 844 10 Guide bearing, defined Gum, defined 10 Gutterway, defined 10 Gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) die material for denture teeth 675 hardness .433 Miller numbers 235 properties 666 Gypsum dies properties .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 simplified composition on microstructure 666 532 Gyro air bearings Gyro bearings 532 Hadamard transforms 347 Hadfield alloys 650, 651 14Mn-IC 651 190 abrasive wear of steels Hadfield manganese steel 714, 716 '" 719 abrasive/corrosive wear 721 adhesive wear resistance applications 702 properties 702 Hafnium carbide properties 795 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Hair grease, defined 10 Half journal bearing, defined 10 Hanning window function 295 Hard chromium plating 644, 645, 646 645 comparison of coatings for cold upsetting Hard elastic systems 193 Hard face, defined 10 716,723 Hard-face coatings, stainless steels Hardfacing alloys, friction and wear .693, 758-765 abrasive wear ..758, 759, 760-761, 763, 764, 765 applications , 758, 759, 760, 761 consumable forms 758-765 corrosive wear 759, 765 definition of hardfacing 758 families (or categories) 758 build-up alloys 758, 759 metal-to-earth abrasion 758,759-760,761 alloys metal-to-metal wear alloys 758-759 758,761-765 nonferrous alloys. " tungsten carbides 758, 760-761 laser cladding components and techniques .... 869 tool steels 644-645 weld overlay material categories 758 weld overlay processes for applying the hardfacing materials 759 Hardfacing coatings, fusible, spray material for oxyfuel powder spray method 830 Hardness. See also Brinell hardness number; Indentation hardness; Knoop (microindentation) hardness number; Microindentation hardness number; Rockwell hardness number; Vickers (microindentation) hardness number. 10 defined versus wear resistance 707-708 Hardness ratio, dies and die materials 621 Hard steels, cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 Harrison number. See also Compressibility number. 10 defined Hartley transform 294 Hastelloy alloys alloy C-276, cavitation erosion 763 alloy X material for jet engine components ... 588, 591 open-faced honeycomb, abradable seal material 589 galling resistance with various material combinations 596 806 Haynes alloy 68, composition Haynes alloy 25 erosion test results 200 for hot-forging dies 626-627 591 material for jet engine components Haynes alloy 93, erosion test results 200 Haynes alloy 188 erosion test results 200 material for jet engine components 588, 591 Haynes Stellite alloy No.1, laser cladding ..... 867 Hazards, material safety data sheet (MSDC) to satisfy hazard communication standard of OSHA 87 HD 430, erosion test results 200 HD 435, erosion test results 200 Heat-affected zone (HAZ), sensitization during welding of cobalt-base wrought alloys .....766 Heat checking 621-622,623,625 defined 10 die wear in hot forging dies 635, 639-640 seals 549 wear and failure in die-casting dies 629
H
Hm 3000, properties 803
Index / 915
Heat conductivity, symbol and units 544 Heat flow, total rate of .43 Heat flux distribution 40 Heathcote slip 510 Heat partition factors 39, 40, 41, 44 Heat-resistant alloys for shallow forming dies 623 hot forging 625 Heat transfer onto slip ring, electrical contacts, friction and wear of 683 Heat-treated steel, machined by high-speed steel cutting tools 615 Heat treatment erosion rate effect. 204 wear resistance versus hardness of materials .. 708 Heavy-duty oil, defined 10 Heavy metals, ion promoting oxidation 105 Helical-grooved journal bearings 528 Helium as cutting fluid for tool steels 738 in plasma arc powder spraying process 830 mean free path value at atmospheric conditions 525 to propel particles in laser melt/particle injection 868 Helium/argon, shielding gas for laser cladding .867 Herbert-Gottwein technique 440 Hercules A, properties 803 Herringbone bearing, defined 10 Hershey number. See also Dcvirk number; Sommerfeld number; Stribeck curve. defined 10 Hertz contact stress state per impact 266, 268 Hertzian conjunction 79 Hertzian contact area, defined 10 Hertzian contact pressure, defined 10 Hertzian contact theory .41, 263 average pressure .40 Hertz-Knudsen evaporation 843 Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals cavitation erosion 216 lower adhesive wear 179 Hexoloy SA (alpha SiC), properties 548 Hexoloy KT SiC, properties 548 Hickory wood, waxed, friction coefficient data .. 75 High-alloy steels, ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305 High-alumina ceramics, properties 548 High-carbon, high-chromium cold-work steels, composition limits 735 High-carbon low-alloy (HCLA) steels, corrosive wear rates in grinding media 274, 275, 276 High-carbon steels 651, 653 Cr-Mo 651 pearlite 651 thermal spray coating material 832 High chrome, alloy composition and abrasion resistance 189 High-chromium alloy steels, erosion resistance for pump components 598 High-chromium/high-carbon stainless steels 649 High-chromium irons austenitic, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 martensitic, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 tungsten-molybdenum, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 High-density polyethylene (HOPE) interfacial zone shear and solid friction 36 wear properties 241 High-energy-rate forming (HERF) machine 636,637,638,639 Highest contact temperatures .438, 440 Highest numerical gear ratio 566 Highest point of single-tooth contact (HPSTC) 543 High-frequency acoustic imaging (HAIM) .406, 409-410, 411 applications .410 principles .409-410 High-lead tin bronzes applications 751 composition 750, 751 designations 751 mechanical properties 752 product form 751,752 Highly deformed layer. See also Beilby layer; White layer. defined 10 Highly oriented pyro1ytic graphite (HOPG), for atomic image used in testing scanning tunneling microscopy performance 395, 396 High-manganese steels 650 High-nickel alloys, abrasive wear 767 High-performance steels, rolling-element bearing material , 508 High-purity (HP) aluminum, fretting wear 243, 244 High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM).389 High-silicon aluminum, cutting tool material selection based on machining operation ....617 High-speed steel (HSS) classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 cutting speed and work material relationship .. 616 for cutting tool material 614, 615 part material for ion implantation 858 physical vapor deposition, critical normal force versus substrate surface roughness .436 surface damage involving gain of material. 182 versus 60-40 brass adhesive wear 237-238 High-strength low-alloy steel, scratch testing . .431 High-strength steels 649 High-stress abrasion. See also Low-stress abrasion. 10 defined High-temperature alloys, cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 High-temperature, high-shear (HTHS) viscosity 85 High-temperature materials, machined by high-speed steel cutting tools 615 High-temperature steel, impact resistance and abrasion resistance properties 759 High-vacuum applications of lubricants. See Lubricants, high-vacuum applications. High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) powder spray process 829, 830, 831, 832 High viscosity index (HVI) 168, 169 HK-40, erosion test results 200 HMX (explosive), friction coefficient data 75 Hohman A-6 wear machine 11 defined 10 Holography .411-412 Homogenizing, die-casting dies 632 Horseshoe thrust bearing, defined 10 Hot extrusion, tool steels 738 Hot forging, tool steels 738 Hot hardness 614, 615, 616 Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cemented carbides 796 formation of Si 3 N4 balls and high-vacuum applications of lubricants 158 micrograin high-speed steels 616 self-lubricating powder metallurgy composites 120 Hot-pressed silicon nitride (HPSN) erosion resistance 205 rolling contact fatigue life 815 scanning acoustic microscopy .408, 409 Hot-rolled mild steel plate, die material for sheet metal forming 628 Hot-work die steels 636-637 for hot-forging dies 626 materials for dies and molds 622 Hot-work tool steels heat checking 630 materials for die-casting dies 629 HRC hardness test .436 HTX composites, wear factors 824 HTX-POX-88599 composition 821 mechanical properties 823 wear and friction properties 822 HVOF thermal spraying, coatings for jet engine components 592 Hybrid ball bearings 503 Hybrid bearings 531-532 Hydrated alumina, dentifrice abrasive 665 Hydraulic fluid 99 biocides 110 defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 demulsifiers 107 industrial hydraulic fluids 99 antiwear 99 fire-resistant 99 rust and oxidation-inhibited (R&D) oils 99 pour-point depressants 108 seal-swell agents 110 tractor hydraulic fluids 99 viscosity improvers used 110 Hydraulic oils, lubricant classification 86 Hydraulic penetration, liquid impact erosion ..224 Hydrocarbon polymers, high-vacuum lubricant applications 156-157 Hydrodynamic journal bearings 559-561 Hydrodynamic lubrication. See also Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Gas lubrication 61-65, 68,89-91,101,516 definition 11, 89 dynamic loads 91 high-speed effects 91 lubricant film thickness 90 reciprocating motion 91 squeeze film action 89-90, 91 thermal effects 90-91 wedging film action 89, 90, 91 Hydrodynamic lubrication theory 516,517 Hydrodynamic seal, defined 11 Hydrogen atmospheric effect helping control dusting .... 684 codeposited with chromium in electroplating .. 835 in plasma arc powder spraying process 830 mean free path value at atmospheric conditions 525 Hydrogenated styrene-diene (STO), as viscosity 109 improvers Hydrogen/argon, shielding gas for laser cladding 867 Hydrogen fuel gas, in high-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process 830 Hydrostatic bearing, defined 11 Hydrostatic extrusion 59, 61 Hydrostatic gas-lubricated bearings 528-529 Hydrostatic journal bearings 531-532 Hydrostatic lubrication. See also Pressurized gas lubrication 89, 91-92 applications 91 defined 11 Hydrostatic seal, defined 11 Hydrolloy, cavitation resistance 600 141 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) required HLB 141 Hydroxyapatite coating for metal porous surfaces on prostheses 658 in composition of human enamel (dental) 667,668,669 Hydroxyapatite ceramic, approximated properties of human enamel (dental) in wear studies ..668 Hypervelocity oxyfuel powder spray process. See High-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process. Hypoid gear lubricant (hypoid oil), defined 11 Hysteresis index .423
Ice, friction coefficient data 75 Image 346 Image analysis. See Surface topography and image analysis (area). Impact fatigue 242 Impaction ratio. See Collection efficiency. Impact wear 263-270 defined 11, 263 experimental background 263 jet engine components 588, 591 linear impact wear 264-265 machine contacts 265-266 measurable wear 266 zero-wear limit 265-266, 268
916/ Index
Impact wear (continued) model for compound impact 264 plotting a wear curve 268-270 solution methods for measurable wear 266-268 computational procedures 267-268 examples 266-267 Impact velocity, defined 11 ImpelIer, centrifugal compressors 606, 607, 608 11 Impingement, defined Impingement attack, versus impingement erosion 223 11 Impingement erosion, defined Impingement umbrella, defined 11 "Impulse response" 600 IN-I00, for hot-forging dies 625, 626 IN909, coefficient of expansion and jet engine applications 589 Incoloy 800, erosion test results 200 Incoloy 800H, erosion test results 200 Incoloy 901, for hot-forging dies 626 Inconel cast ceramic-bonded fluoride coatings for lubricants 118 115 graphite as solid lubricant extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 for valve springs for reciprocating compressors 604 seal materials 550 Inconel 600, erosion test results 200 Inconel 625, laser melt/particle injection 869, 870, 871 Inconel 671, erosion test results 200 Inconel 706, for hot-forging dies 626 Inconel 713C, for press forging heat-resistant alloys, nickel-base alloys 625 Inconel 713LC, for hot-forging dies 625, 626 Inconel 718 for hot-forging dies 626 material for jet engine components 588, 591 Inconel X-750 ceramic-bonded fluoride coatings for 118 lubricants graphite as solid lubricant 115 material for jet engine components 588 Incubation period. See also Cavitation erosion; Impingement erosion. 11 defined Incubation resistance number (NOR) 228 Indentation creep .421 Indentation depth .421, 422 on-load elasto-plastic .422 .421 Indentation fracture technique Indentation hardness. See also Brinell hardness test; Knoop (microindentation) hardness number; Microindentation hardness number; Nanohardness test; Rockwell hardness number; Vickers (microindentation) hardness test. 33, 434 11 defined Indentation size effect (ISE) exponent. .424 Indenter, defined II Index of plasticity .424, 425, 426 Indium 790 as addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 743 compatibility in bearing materials electroplating of bearing materials 756 71 friction coefficient data high-vacuum lubricant application 153 in Cu-Ni-In, thermal spray coating material. .. 832 in electroplated coatings 838 in lead-base alloys 750 28 segregation and solid friction as solid lubricant 31 Induction-hardening, gear materials 261 Inductively coupled plasma emission (ICPE), spectrometric metals analysis 300 Industrial hydraulic fluids, additives in 111 formulation Industrial lubricants, antiwear agents used 102 Industrial oils antisquawk additives 104 gear, demulsifiers 107 .453 Inelastic mean free path Inert gases, shielding gas for laser cladding .... 867 Inertia spike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy .460-461 lubricant analysis 300-301, 311 Initial pitting, defined 11 Initial solidification point 695 Inlet film thickness 94 nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Inner diameter (ID) sawing, semiconductor friction and wear 685-686 Inner raceway .499, 500, 501 Inorganics, as grease thickeners 126 11 Instantaneous erosion rate, defined Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts 682 Integrated intensity ratios .467 Intensity image 346, 347- 348 34 Interface shear strength Interfacial energy 399-400 Interfacial specific free energy .435 Interlocks 589-590 Intermetallics application in future jet engine components 592 compatibility with steel 743 phase contrast imaging 389 Internal combustion engine lubricants 162-170 additives 162,169-170 applications 162 formulation 168-169 base fluids 168-169 physical properties of hydrofinished HVI stocks and synthetic base stocks 169 relationship between wear properties and 168 hydrocarbon structures lubricant classification based on end-use .. 165-167 aviation engine oils 166 165 gasoline engine oils heavy-duty diesel engine oils 165 marine diesel engine oils 165-166 natural gas engine oils 166 165 railroad diesel engine oils stationary diesel engine oils 165 two-stroke cycle engine oils 165, 166-167 lubricant-related causes of engine malfunction 167-168 168 corrosion deposit formation 167 mechanism of deposit formation 167 oil consumption 167-168 167 oil thickening ring sticking 167, 168 wear 167,168 performance package 169-170 performance testing 170 specifications 162-165 163 service classifications viscosity 163, 164 163 winter (W) viscosity types 162 boundary lubrication 162 elastohydrodynamic lubrication 162 fluid-film lubrication 162 hydrodynamic lubrication 162 mixed-film lubrication 162 162 types of internal combustion engines viscosity, speed, and equipment load 162,163 world lubricant market and consumption percentages 162 Internal combustion engine parts, friction and wear of 553-561 abrasive wear 555, 558, 559 adhesive wear 555, 559 applications 553 corrosive wear 555, 556, 558 crankshaft bearings 559-561 engine types and design considerations 553-554 engine types 553 general features 553-554 553 principles of operation valve train designs 560 554 friction and wear of engine components contribution of major components to engine friction 554 emission and fuel economy improvements ..554 engine wear 555 lubrication regimes for friction components 554-555 561 future outlook in-line automotive engine, six-cylinder, cross sectional view 554 lUbrication 555, 556, 557, 558-559, 561 lubrication regimes 555 561 oil pumps oxidational wear 556 pistons and piston ring assembly 555-558 cylinder liner materials 556-557 factors affecting piston ring wear 557-558 piston ring-cylinder liner scuffing 557 piston rings 555-556 pistons 55, 556 typical cylinder bore materials 557 pitting 555, 559 553 schematic of a four-stroke engine cycle scuffing 555, 556, 557, 559 valve train assembly 558-559 valve train designs 560 valve train friction 558-559 valve train wear 559 Internal force spike .47, 48 International Conferences on Jet Cutting Technology 222 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) basic load rating equations for radial ball bearings 505 53 friction test standards instrument calibration specimens for measuring surface texture (5436) 341 lubricant viscosity grade (3448-1975 E) 134 viscosity grades for specifying miscellaneous industrial oils 99 85 viscosity grades of lubricants International Research Group on Wear of Engineering Materials (IRG-OECD), transition diagram determination .491 methodology Interstitial solid-solution strengthening ion implantation strengthening mechanisms 855, 856, 858 postimplantation low-temperature aging treatment 856 11 Interval erosion rate, defined Invar: 36% Ni, thermal properties .42 842 Ion beam deposition Ion implantation 850-858 advantages 850 791 aluminum-silicon alloys applications 857-858 cutting 858 end-use 858 metalforming 858 comparison of coatings for cold upsetting 645 definition 850 dose regimes for effective hardening 858 equipment 856-857 acceleration tube 857 analyzing magnet 857 857 components in schematics ion extractor 856-857 system differences 857 . target chamber 857 limitatIOns 850 microstructural properties of implanted regions 852-855 crystalline-to-amorphous transformation 853-854 displacement mixing 854, 855 Gibbsian adsorption 854-855 854-855 modeling of microstructural changes near-surface region defects 852-853 preferential sputtering 854, 855, 857 radiation-enhanced diffusion 854 radiation-induced segregation 854, 855 secondary phase formation 855 microstructure effect on tribological properties 855 abrasive wear 855-856, 857, 858 855-856,857,858 adhesive wear corrosive wear 856, 857, 858
Index / 917
fatigue wear 856,857, 858 plasma-source ion implantation 850 processes 850-852 basic principles 850-851 defects affecting tribological performance .. 850 851 energy deposition profiles energy transfer 850-851 range 851, 852 sputtering 851-852, 857 resistance to cavitation erosion 217 stainless steels 716 titanium alloys 778-780 tool steels 642-643, 645 use of transmission electron microscopy 381 for surface studies Ion or plasma nitriding 591 jet engine components tool steels 641, 739 Ion plating process 840, 844-845 .448-450 Ion-scattering spectrometry (ISS) applications .449-450, 451 equipment 449 fundamentals 448-449 449 neutralization of ions resolution 449 sensitivity 449 spectrum 449, 450, 451 Ion sputtering 449, 453-454, 455 IRECA stainless steel alloys, cavitation 217,218 erosion IR ferrography, lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities 301 IRG transition diagram .491 11 defined Iron. See also Cast iron. 189 abrasive wear bearing material systems 746 applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 216,217 cavitation erosion cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 201 erosion resistance for laser alloying 866 friction coefficient data 71. 72 in composition of aluminumsilicon alloys 785-786, 787, 788 in Fe-Mo-C, thermal spray coating material .. 832 759-760,763.765 in hardfacing alloys lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 oxygen effect on coefficient of friction 32 pure composition 806 thermal properties .42 secondary phase formation 854 28 segregation and solid friction sintered. for brake linings 570 spectrometric metals analysis 300 substitute for cobalt composition in hardfacing alloys 762 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 wrought 0.5% C. thermal properties .42 Iron-base alloys cavitation erosion 768. 769 fretting wear 248, 250 lubrication of tool steels 738 thermal spray coating recommended 832 Iron-base alloys, specific types Fe-B. laser cladding 867 Fe-Cr-Mn-C laser cladding 867 laser melting 865 Iron-base hardfacing alloys, laser cladding materials 866-867 746 Iron-bronze, bearing material systems applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 Iron-bronze-graphite, bearing material systems 746-747 Iron-carbon, bearing material systems 746-747 Iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloys, microstructure affected by carbon content. 874 Iron-copper, bearing material systems 746-747 Iron ore (or concentrate), Miller numbers 235 Iron oxide (Fe3 0 4 ) and oxidational wear 287,288 presence with O-ring corrosion 549 82 Isentropic secant bulk modulus Isostatic pressing, carbon-graphite materials 816 Isothermal secant bulk modulus 82 Isotropic elasticity theory .469 and lubrication 58 Kinetic stability 143 Kingsbury bearing. See Tilting-pad bearing. Kish 698 11 Knock, defined Knoop (microindentation) hardness number, defined 11 Knoop indentation hardness .433 .416 Knoop microindentation equation Knoop microindentation tests . .415, 416, 417, 418 proportionality constants as a function of hardness, force, and diagonal length ... .416 Knotek-Feibelman (KF) model, electronstimulated desorption (ESD) .456, 457 Knudsen's cosine law 843 524 Knudsen number Kolbe's process, alkylsalicylic acid formation .. 100 Kurtosis 348 Kurtosis coefficient 296, 297
J
Jacketing 738 Jacking oil 518, 519 Japanese Automotive Standards Organization, 170 performance testing of engine oils JCL-4036 821 composition wear and friction properties 822 JCL-4063 821 composition wear and friction properties 822 JFL-4036 821 composition wear and friction properties 822 Jernkontoret system 875 Jet engine components, wear of 588-592 abrasive wear 588, 590 adhesive wear 588, 590 blade midspan stiffeners and tip shrouds .. 589-590 591 combustor and nozzle assemblies compressor airfoil erosion 591-592 discussion and summary 592 591 dovetails erosive wear 588, 592 fretting wear 588 gas path seals 588, 589 abradable seal materials 589 abrasive coatings for clearance control 589 . 588, 591 impact wear. . . . . . . lubrication 588 mainshaft bearings 590-591 major engine subsystems 588 oxidational wear 588, 591 particle erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . 588 rolling contact fatigue 588, 590 sliding wear 588, 591 Jethete M152, self-shielding blade alloy to protect against liquid impingement erosion 222 Jet plating 835 11 Jewel bearing, defined JKR theory of pull-off .403 Jominy hardenability bands, carburizing steels 875 Journal, defined 11 Journal bearing 523, 525- 526, 741 defined 11 wedging film action of hydrodynamic lubrication 89 Judder. See also Spragging. 11 defined Junction growth theory 33
L
L IO life. See Rating life. Laboratory characterization techniques, introduction 333 Laboratory testing methods for solid friction .45-58 friction databases 57-58 friction measurements 56-57 friction models .46 friction nomenclature .47-48 .47, 48 kinetic coefficient of friction lubricated friction .47, 48 static friction .47-48, 57 stick-slip behavior .47, 48, 56, 57 friction testing techniques .46-47 capstan test .46 inclined plane test .46 historical development of techniques .45-46 f, 53-55 performing a valid test material documentation 54-55 55 surface condition system modeling 53-54 reporting system losses 57 standard friction tests." .48-53 ASTM standards and specifications .48-53 53 non-ASTM standards test parameters 55-56 Lacquer, defined 12 Lambda ratio 30,260,517,518 Langmuir-Blodgett deposition .401 Lanthanum adhesion and solid friction 33 in composition of cobalt-base wrought alloys .766 Lap joint test .404 .400 Laplace pressure, negative Lapping cemented carbides 796 12 defined Large-end bearing. See Big-end bearing. 685-689 Large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits Laser ablation deposition 844 Laser boriding, titanium alloys 781 Laser cladding, aluminum-silicon alloys 791 Laser confocal scanning microscope (LCSM) .357 diagram 359 hardware configurations 358 Laser-enhanced plating 835 Laser hardening aluminum-silicon alloys 791 resistance to cavitation erosion 217 Laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) 846, 848 photolytic 848 pyrolytic 848 Laser-jet plating 835 Laser metrology systems, seal wear 552 Laser nitriding, titanium alloys 781 Laser photoacoustic shockwave test .434 Laser surface processing 861-871 laser alloying 865-866 applications 866 examples of laser-alloyed surface microstructures 866
K
Kaolin, Miller numbers 235 Kaolinite, recrystallized, abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666 Kel-F, material for surface force apparatus .402 Kerf 686 Kerosine oil, addition to titanium alloys as 778,780 lubricant Kikuchi diffraction pattern 386 Kinematic theory 388 Kinematic viscosity. See Viscosity. 11 Kinematic wear marks, defined Kinetic energy (ejected electron) .. .445, 446, 447, 452,454 Kinetic friction, defined 11 Kinetic friction coefficients for selected materials 27, 46, 47, 48, 70-75 11 defined (as kinetic coefficient of friction) factors affecting relative contributions 70
918/ Index
Laser surface processing (continued). laser gas alloying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866 processing 865-866 wear behavior of laser-alloyed surfaces 866 laser characteristics 861 laser cladding 861, 866-868 applications 868 examples of layer microstructures 867 processing 866-867 wear behavior of layers 867-868 laser melting 863-865 applications 865 examples of laser-melted surface microstructures 864 processing 863-864 wear behavior of laser-melted surfaces. 864-865 laser melt/particle injection 868-871 applications 871 microstructures of layers 869 processing 868-869 wear behavior of layers 869-871 laser surface modification techniques 861 process variables and methods of measuring 861 laser transformation hardening 861-863 applications 863 examples of laser-hardened surface microstructures 862 processing 861-862 wear behavior of laser-hardened surfaces 862-863 Lateral outflow jetting, liquid impact erosion .. 224 Laves phase, in cobalt-base wrought alloys ....766 Laves-type alloy compositions 762-763 compositions 762 microstructure 762-763, 764 properties 762, 763 Layer bearing. See also Bimetal bearing; Trimetal bearing. defined 12 Layer-lattice material, defined 12 LID ratio, defined 12 Lead addition to aluminum-base bearing alloys 752 addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 790 aluminum-silicon-lead alloys, mixed bearing microstructure 744 codeposited with silver for electroplated bearings 838 commercially pure, corrosive wear 744 compatibility in bearing materials 743 conformability and embeddability 743 electroplated coatings for bearings 838 electroplating of bearing materials 756 ferrographic analysis 306 friction coefficient data 71 high-vacuum lubricant application 153, 154 in carbon-graphite materials 816 in copper-base alloys 750 in flake graphite composition 699 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 produced by laser alloying 866 as solid lubricant inclusion for stainless steels.716 spectrometric metals analysis 300 thermal properties .42 to collimate or shield sources for storage and shipment 325 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Lead azide (Pb(N 3 h) (explosive), friction coefficient data 75 Lead babbitt 748,749-750 bearing material microstructure 743, 744 casting processes 754-755 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 in trimetal bearing material systems 748 Lead-base alloys as bearing alloys 748,749-750 applications 750 composition , 749, 750 corrosion resistance from additions 750 designations 749, 750 electroplated overlays 750 mechanical properties 749 microstructure 749 corrosive wear 744 heat and temperature effects on strength retention 745 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 Leaded bronzes. See Bearing bronzes. Leading 574 Lead monoxide, rolling-element bearing lubricant 138 Lead-tin alloys, as overlays for aluminumsilicon alloys 791 Lead zirconium titanate (PZT), for piezoelectric positioners for scanning tunneling microscopy 394 Leaf spring, fretting wear 243 Leakage 295 Leather, friction coefficient data 75 Ledeburite 697 from laser melting 864 Leinfelder technique 671 Lemon bearing (elliptical bearing), defined 12 Length of recess, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Leveling 347 Life-limit criterion 177 Light fraction, defined 12 Light interferometry, spectral, laser, and monochromatic to determine temperatures in seal wear 552 Light microscopy 370-375 analytical procedures 370-371 equipment 370 metallographic sections 374-375 specimen preparation 371-373 surface replication 373-374 acetate cement films 374 examples 374 film replicas 373-374 taper sectioning 373 wear debris 375 Lignite, Miller numbers 235 Limestone, Miller numbers 235 Limiting shear modulus 93 nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Limiting shear stress 93 nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Limiting static friction .47-48, 57 defined 12 Limonite, Miller numbers 235 Lincoln ventmeter test. 128 Linear absorption coefficients .463, 466 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 336-337 Linear wear 239 abrasive sliding process 264 Line-shafting 595 Line stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Lining cure effect 571 Linishing, defined .12 Liquid impact erosion. See Erosion (erosive wear). Liquid impingement erosion. See also Erosion (erosive wear) 221-230 conjoint chemical action 221 definition 221 factors affecting erosion severity '1:27-229 dependence on droplet size 227-228 dependence on impact angle 227 dependence on liquid properties 228 dimensionless parameters for describing erosion 227 erosion resistance 228 velocity dependence/threshold considerations 227 liquid impact erosion mechanisms 223-225 corrosion interactions 225 liquid/solid interaction-impact pressures 223-224 material response-development of damage 224-225 means for combatting erosion 230 material selection 230 materials used for protection 230 modification of impingement conditions 230 protective shielding 230 occurrences in practice 221-222 aircraft rain erosion 222 coating applications 222 moisture erosion 221-222 rain erosion '" 221,222 stearn turbine blade erosion 221-222 relationship to other erosion processes 222-223 cavitation erosion 222, 225-226 222 continuous jet impingement. erosion-corrosion 223 impingement attack 223 solid particle erosion 222-223 test methods for erosion studies 229-230 time dependence of erosion rate 225-227 implications for testing and prediction .226-227 qualitative description 225-226 reasons for time dependence 226 Liquid lubricants 81-88 functions 81 health, safety, and environment 87 toxicity 87 lubricant classification 85-87 API engine service classifications 86 automotive manual transmissions and axles, API system of lubricant service designations 86 circulation oils 87 compressor lubricants 86-87 energy conserving classification 85 engine oils 85 engine tests for API classification 86 gear oils 86 hydraulic oils 86 misting oils 87 transmission and torque-converter fluids 85 turbine oils 86 viscosity grades 85 methods of lubricant application 87-88 drop oilers 87 manual application 87 mist lubrication 88 oil carrier 88 pressurized feed 88 splash lubrication 88 properties 81-85 acidity 84 alkalinity 84 ash 84 color 82 corrosivity 84 density 82 detergency 84-85 gravity 82 oxidative stability 84 of specific lubricants 82 stability 84 thermal stability 84 viscosity 82-84 volatility 84 Liquid metals, fretting wear 248 Liquidus temperatures, cast irons 695, 698, 701 Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) 85 Litharge 572 Lithium carbonate, to control dusting 684 Lithium complex soap 126,129 Lithium fluoride impregnation effects on typical carbongraphite base material 817 rolling-element bearing lubricant. 138 Lithium 12-hydroxystearate 129 Lithium 12-hydroxystearate soap 136, 137 Lithium soap 126, 129 grease lubrication for rolling-element bearings 503-504 Little-end bearing. See also Big-end bearing. defined 12 Load defined 12 nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Load-bearing additives, for metalworking lubricants 140-141, 142, 143 Load-bearing area .432, 433 Load-carrying capacity (of a lubricant) 12 Load factor 10 I, 104 Loading, defined 12 Loading rate .436
Index / 919
Load per unit projected bearing area, nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Load ratio 94 Load sharing factor 539, 540 symbol and units 544 Lobed bearing, defined 12 Local asperity contact pressure, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Local asperity contact shear stress, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Local asperity contact temperature rise, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Local friction factor, friction during metal forming 67 Local seizure, and wear measurement 367 Lomakin effect 594, 595 Low-alloy special-purpose tool steels, composition limits 736 Low-alloy steels ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305, 306 materials for die-casting dies 629 materials for dies and molds 622, 625 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Low-alloy tool steels, for hot-forging dies 622-623, 624 Low-carbon steel cavitation resistance 600 galling in shallow forming dies , ..633 Low-carbon mold steels, composition limits 736 Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) .450 Low-energy ion-scattering spectrometry (LEISS) 449 Lowest point of single-tooth contact (LPSTC) 543 Low-lead tin bronzes applications 750, 751 casting processes 754, 755 composition 751 designations 751 mechanical properties 750, 752 product form 751,752 Low-stress abrasion. See also High-stress abrasion. defined 12 Lubricant(s). See also Liquid lubricants; Solid lubricants. . bearing steels 727-728, 730, 731, 732, 733 carbon-graphite materials 818 cemented carbides 796 of deep-drawing dies 635 defined 12 diagnostic guidelines for detecting and rectifying service lubricant deterioration 300 dry helical lobe rotary compressors and wear 605, 606, 608 effect on friction .45-46 effect on surface condition in tests for solid friction 55 for centrifugal compressors 607, 608 for shallow forming dies 633 gears 537 gray cast irons for bearing materials 754 high-temperature, to modify steel brakes 583 hot-forging dies and wear resistance 637 hydrodynamic 516 included in microscopic analysis 376 internal combustion engine parts .. 555, 556, 557, 558-559, 561 introduction to 79-80 application methods 79 basic geometries for surfaces 79 jet engine components 588 nitrided surfaces and wear resistance 879-880 nonmetallic bearing materials 754, 755 pumps '" 595,597 recommended inspection intervals for selected engines, drive systems, and power generating units 299 rolling contact wear 257, 259, 260, 261 semiconductors 685, 686, 687 silver reinforcement of glass ionomers 673 sliding bearing materials 744,747,750 surface texture 336, 342-343 thermoplastic composites 820, 822-826 thin-film, compatibility 743 titanium alloys 778, 780, 781-783 to improve PV capability and reduce wear rate of metallic bearings 515, 516 to lessen fretting wear of aluminum wire wound on steel support rope 243 tool steels 736, 737-739 cutting 738-739 hot extrusion 738 hot forging 738 sheet metal forming 737-738 to prevent fretting damage 253 to reduce wear of die-casting dies 629 valve train friction analysis characteristics 559 and wear measurement 365, 367, 369 Lubricant additives and their functions 98-111 additives 99-111 antiwear and extreme-pressure (EP) agents 99, 101-103, 111 biocides 110, 111 couplers 110, 111 demulsifiers 99, 106-107 detergents 99, 100-101, 102, 111 dispersants 99-100, 111 dyes 110, 111 emulsifiers 99, 106-107, 111 foam inhibitors 99, 108, 111 friction modifiers/antisquawk agents .. 103-104, 111 oxidation inhibitors 99, 101, 104-105,106,111 pour-point depressants 99, 107-108, III rust and corrosion inhibitors .. 99, 105-106, 111 seal-swell agents 110, 111 viscosity improvers 99, 108-110, 111 base fluid 98 engine lubricants 111 formulations 111 performance specifications 98 subcategories 98 functions of lubricants 98 lubricant formulation 111 introduction of a new additive 111 multifunctional nature 111 nonengine lubricants 98, 111 formulations 111 gear oils 99 greases 99 hydraulic fluids 99 metalworking fluids 99 miscellaneous industrial oils 99 performance specifications 98 power steering fluid 98 shock absorber fluids 98-99 98 subcategories transmission fluid 98 performance package 98 Lubricant analysis 299-311 case histories 307-310 abrasive wear 308 cast iron wear in a diesel engine 308-309 corrosive wear 309-310 gearbox wear 307-308 nonferrous metal wear in a marine engine .. 310 water in the oil in a reduction gearbox 308 failure analysis programs 310-311 causes of machine failure 310 ferrography, applications of. 305-307 aircraft gas turbine engines 306-307 compressors 307 diesel engines 306 gasoline engines 307 gear boxes 305-306 grease 307 hydraulic systems 307 oil/wear particle analysis methods 299-302 applications and purposes 299 ferrography 301-302,310 infrared (IR) spectroscopy 300-301, 311 magnetic plug/chip detection (MCD) 301 particle counting 30 I physical inspection 299-300 physical testing 300 sampling of service lubricants 299 spectrometric metals analysis 300 preventive maintenance programs 310 guidelines for establishing a conditionmonitoring program 310 types of wear particles 302-305 alloy identification: heat treatment of slides .305 black oxide particles ~ 303, 304 corrosive wear particles 304 cutting wear particles 302, 303, 308 dark metallo-oxide particles 303, 304 fatigue spalls and chunks 302, 303 fibers 305 friction polymer 304 glass fibers 304, 305 inorganic crystalline minerals 304 laminar particles 302-303 organic crystalline materials 304 other particles 304, 305 304 red iron oxide (Fe Z0 3) particles red oxide sliding wear particles 303-304 rubbing wear particles 302, 303 sliding wear particles 302, 303 spheres 303 Lubricant compatibility. See Compatibility (lubricant). Lubricant film thickness (h) 146 Lubricant flow, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Lubricant parameter 83 Lubricants for rolling-element bearings .. 132-138 functions 132 grease lubrication 136-137 advantages 136 base fluid viscosity 136 compatibility 137 composition 136 consistency 136 corrosion prevention behavior 137 load-carrying ability 137 penetration grades 136 regreasing procedures 137 relubrication intervals 136-137 136 speed limits temperature range 136, 137 liquid lubricants 132-134 extreme-pressure oils 133-134 fluid lubrication for rolling bearings 132-133 methods (containment systems) 132-133 mineral oils 133-134,135,136,137 rust and oxidation (R&O) inhibited oils 133-134 synthetic hydrocarbon fluids 132, 134 viscosity 134, 135 polymeric lubricants 137 markets 137 solid lubricants 137-138 types and properties of nonpetroleum oils. 134-136 dibasic acid esters 134-135 fluorinated polyethers 135, 136 phosphate esters 134 polyglycols 134, 135 silicone fluids 135-136 Lubricants, high-vacuum applications 150-159 grease 157 channeling 157 slumping 157 ideal tribological situations and considerations 151-152 acceptable creep or migration 151 long life 151 low friction and wear 151-152 low vapor pressures 151 no wear/no significant deformation 151-152 suitable electrical conductivity 151, 152 temperature insensitivity 151, 152 liquid lubricants 152, 154-157 additives 157 advantages 154 application methods 155 disadvantages 154-155 hydrocarbon polymers 155-156 mineral oils 155 perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) 156, 157, 158, 159 poly-a-olefin 155, 156-157
920/ Index
Lubricants, high-vacuum applications (continued) 159 polyimide polymers polyolester " 155, 156 properties 154-155 polyimide polymers 159 silahydrocarbons 156, 157 silicone oils 155, 157 scope of the problem 150-151 boundary contact 150 electrical conductivity 151 performance range 150 volatility problem 150 solid lubricants 152-154 advantages 152 application methods 152-153 disadvantages 152, 153 fluorides 152 lamellar solids 152, 153-154 nonpolymer-based composites 154 oxides 152, 154 polymers 152, 154 soft metals 152, 153 sulfides 152 versus liquid 152 space environment applications 158, 159 surface modification with and without lubrication 157-158 ceramic and hard coat contact 158 ion implantation 158 terrestrial ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) 159 environments (chambers) types of vacuum lubricants 152-158 Lubricant-speed parameters 83 Lubrication viscosity, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Lubricated friction .47, 48 Lubricated rollers, wedging film action of hydrodynamic lubrication 89 Lubrication 12 defined electroplated coatings 835, 836, 838 thermal spray coating applications 832 Lubrication regimes. See also Boundary lubrication; Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Full-film lubrication; Hydrodynamic lubrication; Quasi-hydrodynamic lubrication. . 89-96 boundary lubrication 89, 94, 96 defined 12 for internal combustion engine parts 555 thick-film lubrication 89-94 elastohydrodynamic lubrication 89, 92-93 hydrodynamic lubrication 89-91 hydrostatic lubrication 89, 91-92 plastohydrodynamic lubrication 89, 93-94 thin-film lubrication 89, 94-96 modes of asperity lubrication 94-96 12 Lubricious (lubricous), defined Lubricity, defined 12 Lubricomp O-BG 821 composition material of choice for wear and friction applications 826 mechanical properties 823 wear and friction properties 822 wear factor 824 128 Lubriquip Houdaille grease test. Magnesium addition to aluminum-base alloys 752 friction coefficient data 71 in composition of aluminum-silicon alloys 786, 787, 789 in nodular graphite composition 699 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 pure, thermal properties .42 spectrometric metals analysis 300 used to make detergents 100 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Magnesium alloys lubrication of tool steels 738 materials for die-casting dies 629 recommended hot extrusion tool steels and hardnesses 627 thermal properties of Mg-AI (electrolytic) .42 Magnesium fluoride, direct evaporation 844 Magnesium hydrate, Miller numbers 235 Magnesium oxide (MgO) erosion of ceramics 205 erosion of steels 204 properties 801 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 MgO partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), heat-treatable ceramic 814 Magnesium zirconate, ceramic coatings for dies 643, 644 Magnetic bearing 12 defined for centrifugal compressors 607 Magnetic materials, in electroplated coatings .. 838 12 Magnetic seal, defined Magnetite, Miller numbers 235 Magnetohydrodynamic lubrication, defined 12 Magnetostrictive cavitation test device, defined .12 Magnetron deposition 841, 842 Main bearing, defined 12 Malleable iron application, internal combustion engine parts 553, 556, 557 application, piston ring materials 557 gear materials, surface treatment and minimum surface hardness 261 microstructure 695, 700-701 properties 695 Malleable/nodular iron, application, piston ring materials 557 Manganese erosion resistance 228 gamma spectrum radionuclide 326 in aluminum-silicon alloys 786, 788 in hardfacing alloys 759,760 in laser cladding material. 867 in stainless steels 712, 714 in tool steels 734, 735-736 wear resistance of austenitic steels related to content 708 Manganese dioxide (Mn02 ), XPS spectrum 447 Manganese steels abrasive wear 190, 705 applications 759 austenitic, properties 759 fretting wear (1.5%) 250 hardfacing material for mining and mineral industry applications (14 wt%) 653 impact resistance and abrasion resistance properties 759 wear resistance relation to toughness 707 Manganese steels, specific types 16MnCr5 steel carburized 864 case-hardened 864 nitrided ..' 864 20MnCr5, nominal compositions 725 Mannich products, dispersants 99, 100 Manual arc welding " 644 Many-beam theory 388 Maraging steels for hot-forging dies 625 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Marginal fracture 669 MAR-M-509, material for jet engine components 588 Martensite, fretting wear 248 Martensitic alloy irons, specific types Cr-Mo, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing .. 650 CroW, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, bUild-Up, and hardfacing ..650 Martensitic alloy steel, classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 Martensitic ductile iron, grinding media material, mining industry 654 Martensitic iron, classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 Martensitic stainless steels. See Stainless steels, wear of. Martensitic steels, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 Martensitic steels, specific types, medium-carbon Cr-Mo 651 Mass concentration (in a slurry), defined 12 Mass loss, brake linings 571 Material removal rate (MRR), and polishing wear 191,194,195,197 Material safety data sheet (MSDS), for lubricants to satisfy hazard communication standard 87 Materials for friction and wear applications introduction 693-694 adaptation of tools 693 material state 693-694 selection guidelines 693 Maximum available engine torque 566 Maximum available skid torque 566 .40 Maximum contact temperature Maximum erosion rate, defined 12 Maximum flash temperature .40, 41 Maximum flash temperature of test gears, symbol and units 544 Maximum Hertzian contact pressure .41 design chart 91 Maximum load, nomenclature for RaimondiBoyd design chart 91 Maximum rate period, defined 12 Mean coefficient of friction, symbol and units .544 Mean contact temperature .438, 440 Mean effective pressure (MEP) 554 Mean peak spacing 334, 335 Mean rubbing interfacial temperature 572 Mean square roughness 335 Mean square strain .468 Mean surface extrusion distance .465 Mean time to failure (MTTF) .493-494 Measurement of surface forces and adhesion 399-405 401,402 atomic force microscopy basic concepts 399-400 interfacial energy 399-400 surface energy 399-400 surface energy and surface forces 399 surface forces 399 work of adhesion .400, 403, 404, 405 measuring adhesion .402-404 adhesion between curved surfaces 403 fracture experiments .403 fundamental adhesion measurements .403 history dependence and sample preparation .403 modes of separation .404 practical adhesion measurements .403-404 rate-dependent effects .403 measuring surface forces 400-402 Derjaguin approximation .400, 401 environments .402 instrumental requirements .400 other measurements (adsorption, friction, refractive index, viscosity) .402 preparation of surfaces and fluids .402 pull-off force .401, 403 substrate materials .401 techniques .400-401 state of the art .404-405 Measurement uncertainty (0') 296 Mechanical activation, defined 12 Mechanical seal. See Face seal.
M
MacCoull-Walther equation Machinability Machinability testing Mack EO-K/2 specification, engine oil requirement by an OEM Mack T-6, multicylinder engine tests Mack Truck GO-H, gear oil specifications Macrohardness test. See also Microindentation hardness number. defined Macroslip. See also Microslip. defined Magnesia, properties 83 617 617 165 101 86 12 12 814
Index / 921
Mechanical stability (of a grease), defined 12 Mechanical wear, defined 12 Medical implants and prosthetic devices, 656-662 friction and wear of alternative materials 662 future prospects 662 historical background 656-658 alternative metals 657 Austin Moore femoral implant 657 ceramics 657-658 658 compositions of implant materials current status 658 early excision arthroplasty 656 femoral head replacements 656-657 interposition arthroplasty 656 Judet prosthesis 657 metal-on-metal implants 657 metal-on-polymer implants 657 physical and mechanical properties of materials 659 replacement arthroplasty 657-658 total hip replacements 657 implant material properties 658-662 ceramics 658, 662 metals 658, 661, 662 ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene 658, 662 ion-implanted Ti-6AI-4V in contact with UHMWPE 779 wear lives of implants 662 Medium-alloy steels, ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305 Medium-lead tin bronzes applications ....................... 750, 751 casting processes 754, 755 751 composition designations 751 mechanical properties 752 751,752 product form Melt lubrication (phase-change lubrication), 12 defined Menzel-Gomer-Redhead (MGR) model, electron-stimulated desorption .456 Mercury, in dental amalgam 669 Metal halides, as additive to metalworking 141 lubricants Metallic wear. See also Adhesive wear; Severe wear. defined 12-13 643 MetalLife treatment, tool steels Metallography 371, 372 13 Metallurgical burn, defined Metallurgical compatibility. See Compatibility (metallurgical). Metal-matrix composites, friction and wear of 693, 801-810 applications 80 I in future jet engine components 592 801 composition friction coefficient 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808-809, 810 from aluminum-silicon alloys 789-791 in steel brakes 583 mechanical properties 801-803 801 synthesis techniques tribological behavior of fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites 807-809 abrasive wear conditions 808 adhesive wear conditions 807-808 fiber type effect. 808-809 orientation effect. 808-809 tribological behavior of metal-matrix particulate composites 803-807 contacting conditions effect. 807 friction and abrasive wear 804-805, 806, 807 friction and erosive wear 805-806 friction and sliding wear 803-804, 806, 807 particle size effect 806 testing parameters effect. 806-807 wear mechanisms 809-810 abrasive wear with hard particles 809 sliding wear with hard particles 809 sliding wear with soft particles 809-810 Metal oxides 144 141 as additive to metalworking lubricants polymer additives 154 Metal powders, as additive to metalworking 141 lubricants Metals electronegative, polishing wear without 197 abrasives erosion of 201-204 203 embedding of erodent fragments mechanisms 201-203 micromachining 202, 203 particle flux 204 particle hardness 203-204 particle shape 203 particle size 203 platelet mechanism 199-203 rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199-203 resistance 201, 202 sequential observation technique 202 temperature 204 75 friction coefficient data material parameters that should be documented to ensure repeatability when testing tribosystems 55 metal wear generated by plastics 240 200 particle size effect of erosion rate 201 relative erosion factors sliding and adhesive wear 237-239, 241 standard conditions for sliding 236 wear generated by plastics 239-240 758, 759-760 Metal-to-earth abrasion alloys applications 760 759,760,761 compositions microstructure 760 primary function 758 properties 760 758, 759 Metal-to-metal wear alloys abrasive wear 759 applications 759 compositions 759 properties 759 Metalworking fluids 99 111 additives in formulation biocides 110 emulsifiers 107 extreme-pressure agents used 10 I 10 I Falex tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 101 four-ball tests . . . . . . . friction modifiers . . . . . 104 rust and corrosion inhibitors 106 Timken tests 101 Metalworking lubricants 139-149 additives 140-142 141-142,144,147 antifoams antimicrobial agents 142,143-144 antioxidants 141, 143 antiwear additives 141 biocides 142, 143, 144 boundary additives 140-141, 142, 143 corrosion inhibitors 141, 143,144,147 defoamers 141-142, 144, 147 emulsifiers 141, 142, 143, 144 extreme-pressure (EP) additives .141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149 film-strength additives .140-141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147 friction modifiers ..... 140-141, 143, 144, 145, 146,147 fungicides 142 140-141,142,143 load-bearing additives oiliness additives 140-141,142,143 oxidation inhibitors 141, 143, 147 passive extreme-pressure (PEP) additives ... 141 surfactants 141,142,143,144 suspended solids 141 common functions 139 i 139-140 formulations mineral oils 139 petroleum oils 139, 140, 142 synthetic fluids 139-140 metal forming lubricants 146-148 148 control. friction 146-147 148 handling lubricant films 146 lubrication regimes 146 reversing mill lubricants 147 selection 147-148 metal removal lubricants 144-146 built-up edge 145 disposal 145-146 lubricant application 145 lubricant maintenance 145 reclamation 145-146 145 selection metal removal operations 139 metals subjected to either removal or forming processes 139 quality 148-149 control charts 148 histogram 148-149 Pareto diagram 148, 149 scatter diagram 148, 149 statistical methods 148, 149 total quality management. 149 requirements, special 139 types 142-144 emulsions 142, 143-144, 145, 146, 147 micellar solutions 142, 144, 145, 146, 147 microemulsions 142, 144, 145, 146, 147 solid-lubricant suspensions 144 staining oils 142-143 straight oils 142-143, 144, 145, 147 true solutions 144 viscosity 140, 147 factors in estimating the optimum viscosity .140 kinematic viscosity measurement 140 Metric-conversion guide 884 Meyer index .424 Mica 144 141 as additive to metalworking lubricants cleaved, friction coefficient data 75 contaminated, friction coefficient data 75 properties 80 I surface force measurement material .401 Mica/talc, methods used for synthesis 802 551 Michells pockets Microcracking. See also Microfracture 184, 185-186 deformation zone friction and polymers 36 rolling contact wear 259-260 semiconductors 685-689 tool steels 737 MicrodilTraction modes 386, 387 Microfracture. See also Microcracking 184, 185-186 13 defined Micrograin high-speed steels, for cutting tool materials 615-616 13 Microhardness number, defined Microindentation hardness number. See also Knoop (microindentation) hardness number; Nanohardness test; Vickers (microindentation) hardness number. 13 defined Microindentation hardness testing .414-418 common uses .414 correlation of microindentation hardness numbers with wear .418 microindentation hardness numbers of materials .416 .416-417 microindentation testing of coatings multilayer coating systems .417 single-layer coated surfaces .416-417 principles of microindentation testing .. .414- 415 factors affecting accuracy and reliability 414 .414 procedure, steps in relation of force and pressure to microindentation hardness units ..... .415 standard reference materials for microindentation hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Vickers microindentation hardness test. .415-416, 417 proportionality constants as function of hardness, force, and diagonal length . .416 Vickers indenter versus Knoop indenter .415-416 wear measurement using microindentations 417-418 Micromachining erosion mechanism 202, 203
922/ Index
Micromachining (continued) metal-matrix composites 809, 810 Microslip. See also Macroslip; Slip. defined 13 Microsphorite, Miller numbers 235 Microwave excitation 840 Mild steel abrasive wear 189 erosion test results 200 laser cladding 867, 868 laser melting 865 as lubricant during hot extrusion of tool steels ............................. 738 wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor bottoms 720 Mild wear. See also Normal wear; Severe wear. defined 13 Military specifications aircraft brake testing standards (MIL-W-5013) 586 automotive diesel engine services engine oil classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 165 engine oils 162-163, 164, 165 gear oils (MIL-L-2105C; MIL-L- 2105D) .....86 lubricant selection for aviation engine oils (MIL-L-7808G; MIL-L-23699C) 166 Miller indices .465-466 Miller numbers. See also Slurry abrasion response number 234-235 abrasivity of a fluid 597 defined 13 Mindlin analysis, partial slip 244 Mineral oil approximate temperature exposure limits 84 critical temperature 96 defined 13 for bearing steels 732 for tool steel lubrication 737, 738 high-vacuum lubricant applications 155 lubricant for tool steels 738 lubricants for rolling-element bearings 133-134, 135, 136, 137 as metalworking lubricants 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 147 properties 81 thermal expansion 83 Minimum contact length, symbol and units 544 90,92,539 Minimum film thickness nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart .91 symbol and units 544 Minimum friction force, nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Minimum required speed 65 Minimum specific film thickness, symbol and units 544 Minimum wafer thickness 686 Mining and mineral industries, friction and wear in 649-654 ball and rod grinding media 654 damage, types of. 649-651 abrasive wear 649-650, 651, 652 649,651 adhesive wear corrosive wear " 649, 650-651 testing for types of wear damage 651 methods to improve wear resistance 651-654 design use 653-654 ferrous materials for grinding mill liners ... 651 hardfacing deposition 652, 653 material selection 651-652 wear plate use 652-653 Miscellaneous industrial oils 99 Miscibility, between oil and refrigerant. 87 Mises criterion .476 Mist lubrication, defined 13 Mitchell bearing. See Tilting-pad bearing. Mixed-film lubrication 518 Mixed lubrication. See Quasi-hydrodynamic lubrication. Mobile ridge concept 66 Modmor I, properties 803 Modulus of elasticity of gears 539 symbol and units 544 Modulus of elasticity of pinions 539 symbol and units 544 Mohs hardness, defined 13 Mohs hardness number .433 Mohs hardness scale .433 159 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system Molecular seal, defined 13 Molybdenite 113 Molybdenum addition to cylinder liner materials for strength 556 as addition to cemented carbides 800 bond coatings 831 codeposited with nickel in electroplating 836 dichalcogenides .113 erosion resistance 201 erosion test results 200 for laser alloying .--< 866 friction coefficient data 71 in cobalt-base alloys 766 in hardfacing alloys 759-760, 762 in laser cladding material 867 in stainless steels 710, 712 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I nitride-forming element 878 oxidational wear 287 paint for laser-alloyed stainless steel. 866 plasma-spray coating for piston rings 556 relative erosion factor 200 secondary phase formation 854 spectrometric metals analysis 300 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 thermal properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 thermal spray coating recommended 832 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 wear resistance of die material. 635-636 x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 Molybdenum carbide (Mo2 C), properties 795 Molybdenum-chromium-nickel, plasma-spray coating for pistons 556 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) as addition to carbon-graphite materials 816 as additive to metalworking lubricants 141 as antiseize additive 102 coating for titanium alloys 781, 782-783 806 effect of testing parameters ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305, 307 grease additive 125 high-vacuum lubricant applications .. 153-154, 159 in metal-matrix composites, friction coefficient. 804 as layer lattice solid lubricant 115-116 lubricated friction testing .48 591 lubrication for thermal spray coating methods used for synthesis 802 oxidation 591 properties 80 I rolling-element bearing lubricant. 138 sliding wear mechanisms in metal-matrix composites 809-810 solid lubricant for gears 541 to control dusting 684 wear particles 305 Molybdenum high-speed steels, composition limits 735 Molybdenum hot-work steels composition limits 735 for hot-forging dies 623 resistance to thermal fatigue 640 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Molybdenum selenide (MoSe2 ), methods used for synthesis 802 Molybdenum sulfide, coatings for gas-lubricated bearings 532 Molydisulfide filler for lip seals 550 filler for seals 551 Monel contributing to corrosion in seals 549 seal materials 550 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 "Morning sickness," in carbon aircraft brakes 585 Morpholine derivatives, as biocides 110 Morrison-Miller effect 233 Motifs 346, 347 Motor-current signature analysis (MCSA) 313-318 application to motor-operated valves 314-318 actuation of wedge-gate valves under differential pressures 317-318 degraded worm and worm-gear lubricati9n .316 gate-valve unseating 317 gear-tooth wear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 stem-nut wear 314-316 stem taper effect on packing friction 316 equipment 313-314 signal acquisition and recording 313-314 signal analysis 313-314 signal processing 313-314 future trends 318 method 314 operating principles 313 Motor-operated valves (MOVs), motorcurrent signature analysis 313-318 Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association, performance testing of engine oils 170 Mottled iron 695, 700, 701 Mud, drilling, Miller numbers 235 Mullite for brake linings 570 heat treatments 814 Multicylinder engine tests, NTC-400, Mack 101 T-6 Multigrade oil, defined 13 Multiple internal reflectance (MIR) 461 spectroscopy Multiple-pressure sources 529 Multiple-alkylated cyclopentane (MAC), high-vacuum lubricant applications 155, 156 molecular structures 156 properties 155 MY-lOB, properties 549 MY-10K, properties 549
N
Nanohardness test, defined 13 Nanoindentation .419-427 correlation (in practice) between continuous depth recording (CDR) and micro/nanoindentation .419 definition .419 future trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 information, type obtained .419 instruments .419-421 basic requirements .420-421 commercial specifications .420 options .420, 421 other physical measurements .421 test procedures .421-427 averaging of multiple tests .423-424 deformation measurement choice .421-422 flow behavior .426-427 flow measurement choice .421-422 hardness and modulus .424-426 slow-loading test .422-423, 426 Napkin ring test 404 Nascent surface, defined 13 National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency grades of greases 99 grease classification grades defined in specification lID 125 grease consistency classes 136 service classifications of greases 99 National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) oil certification 85 performance testing of engine oils 170 Navier-Stokes equations, defined 13 NBDlOO, mechanical properties 774 NBD200, rolling contact fatigue properties .260-261 Neat oil, defined 13 Needle bearing, defined 13 Needle roller bearings 511 Iv factors for lubrication method 511
Index / 923
Needle roller with machined rings bearings, basic load rating 505 Neon, mean free path value at atmospheric conditions 525 Neopentyl polyester low vapor pressures 151 properties 81 Net positive suction head (NPSH) 5 defined 13 pumps 597, 599 Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) 599, 600 Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) " 599,600 Net scale growth rate 208 Neutral oil, defined 13 Neutral point 147 Neutral radius 60, 65 Newt, defined 13 Newton (N), ISO unit for force .415 Newtonian fluid, defined 13 Newtonian viscous shear 526 New True Dentalloy, material loss on abrasion of dental amalgams 669 Nicalon, properties 803 3% Ni cast iron, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Nickel addition to aluminum-base alloys 752 addition to cylinder liner materials for strength 556 adhesion and solid friction 32 coating for seals 551 corrosive wear testing of stainless steels in mines of 717 electroless abrasive wear 837 applications 837 coefficients of friction 837 corrosive wear 837 in electroplated coatings 835, 837 magnetic electroplated coating 838 properties 837 reducing agents 837 wear rates 835, 836 electroless deposits, specific types EN 835, 836, 837 EN400 835, 836, 837 EN600 835, 836, 837 electrolytic plating in roll bonding of bearing materials 756 electroplated applications 836 corrosive wear 837 in electroplated coatings 835, 836-837 properties 836 wear rates 836 electroplating of bearing materials 756 erosion-enhanced corrosion 208 erosion mechanisms 202, 203 erosion resistance 228 for laser alloying 866 friction coefficient data 71, 74 in cemented carbides 795 inclusion in white irons 697 in cobalt-base alloys 766, 769, 770 in hardfacing alloys 759, 763-764 in jet engine mainshaft bearings 590 in laser cladding material. 867 in stainless steels 710, 712, 713, 716, 721 in thermal spray coating materials 832 laser cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 Miller numbers 235 near-surface region defects 852-853, 854 plating for tool steels 739 properties 795 pure (99.9%) .42, 73, 74 reference specimens for optical reading of microindentation testing .414 secondary phase formation 854 spectrometric metals analysis 300 stacking-fault energy 715 substitute for cobalt composition in hardfacing alloys 762 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Nickel, specific types 213, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 270, erosion-enhanced corrosion 208 305, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Nickel alloys fretting wear 248, 250 gold with molybdenum contamination, ionscattering spectrometry 449 material for jet engine components 588 oxidational wear 287 Nickel alloys, specific types Ni-AI bronze, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Ni-Cr-Allbentonite, abradable seal material 589 Ni-Cr-Alinickel-graphite, abradable seal material. 589 70Ni30Cr, laser melting and wear behavior 866 Ni-P-SiC, coatings 836 Ni-Th02 , coevaporation or cosputtering using multiple sources 843 Nickel aluminide alloys, friction and wear of ordered intermetallics 772-777 composition 772 future outlook 777 mechanical properties 772-773,774 physical properties 772, 773 pin-on-disk friction and wear data 775,776 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 structure 772 Nickel aluminide alloys, specific types IC-15 abrasive wear 774 sliding wear 774 IC-50 abrasive wear 774 as-formed cavitation erosion rate 774 cold worked, cavitation erosion rate 774 composition 772 772,773,774 mechanical properties pin-on-disk friction and wear data 776 plasma weld overlay cavitation erosion rate. 774 reciprocating ball-on-flat friction and wear data 776 solid-particle erosion data 773,774 unlubricated reciprocating cylinder-on-flat friction and wear data 776 IC-74M composition 772 pin-on-disk friction and wear data 776 sliding wear 775, 776 IC-218 abrasive wear 774 cavitation erosion rate 774 composition 772 mechanical properties 774 pin-on-disk friction and wear data 776 sliding wear 774 solid particle erosion 773, 774 IC-218 LZr composition 772 mechanical properties 773,774 pin-on-disk friction and wear data 776 sliding wear 775,776 IC-22 I abrasive wear 774 cavitation erosion rate 774 composition 772 mechanical properties 774 pin-on-disk friction and wear data 776 IC-357, composition 772 IC-396M composition 772 mechanical properties 774 reciprocating ball-on-flat friction and wear data 776 unlubricated reciprocating cylinder-on-flat friction and wear data 776 Type 304H stainless steel, solid-particle erosion data 773, 774 Nickel-aluminum alloys abradable seal material. 589 301, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Nickel aluminum coatings, bond coatings 831 Nickel-base alloys cavitation erosion 768, 769 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 fretting wear 251 lubrication of tool steels 737, 738 material for jet engine components 591 slurry erosion 768, 770 thermal spray coating recommended 832 Nickel-base alloys, specific types Ni-Cr, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing ..650 80% Ni; 20% Cr, thermal properties .42 90% Ni; 10% Cr, thermal properties .42 Ni-Cr-B advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardening ....650 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 Ni-Cr-Mo, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 Ni-Cr-Mo-W advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardening .... 650 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 Ni-25Cralloy, abrasive wear 189-190 Ni-Ti-Co, orthodontic wires, properties 666 Nickel-base/boride-type alloys 762, 763-765 compositions 762, 763 corrosion resistance 765 galling 764-765 microstructure 763,764 phases formed 764 properties 764 spray-and-fuse process 765 Nickel-base hardfacing alloys, laser cladding materials 866-867 Nickel-base superalloys, extreme-temperature solid lubricants 118 Nickel-boron, electroless coatings 837 Nickel-chromium alloys alloy basis for dental crowns 673 fretting wear 251 galling resistance with various material combinations 596 laser cladding components and techniques 869 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process 829 Nickel-chromium superalloys, ceramic-bonded fluoride coatings for lubricants 118 Nickel-copper alloys, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Nickel-graphite (75/25, 80120, and 85/15), abradable seal material. 589 Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys comparison to nonferrous alloys using vibratory cavitation test 763 galling 763 Nickel-silicon alloys, radiation-induced segregation 855 Nickel steel, thermal properties .42 Nickel-titanium orthodontic wires 666, 675-676 resistant to cavitation erosion as a coating ....217 Ni-Hard applications, erosion resistance for pump components 598 ball and rod grinding media, mining industry .654 NiHard I, alloy composition and abrasion resistance 189 NiHard IV, alloy composition and abrasion resistance 189 Nikasil treatment 791 Nimocast 80, for hot-forging dies 626 Nimocast 90, for hot-forging dies 626 Nimonic 90, wear resistance 636 Nimonics, laser cladding components and techniques 869
924/ Index
Niobium friction coefficient data 71 in hardfacing alloys 759 in stainless steels 710,712, 713 tantalum/niobium as dopant for tungsten carbide 795 tantalum/titanium/niobium carbides in cemented carbides 795 x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 Niobium carbide coating applied to die-casting dies 632 friction coefficient data for coating 74 in cemented carbides 795 properties 795 Niobium selenide (NbSe z), high-vacuum lubricant application 153-154 Nip (crush), defined 13 Ni-Resist (types 1,2), galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Nitralloy 135M, for gears, resistant to scuffing .538 Nitrides, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Nitriding 878-882 advantages 878 bath 881 characteristics of nitrided surfaces 878-879 comparison of coatings for cold upsetting 645 for valve train assembly components 559 galling resistance with various material combinations 596
g~
gl
gear materials 261 influence on wear behavior 880 lubrication and wear resistance 879-880 nitriding potential effect on decarburizing .... 878 optimization of wear by process technology .. 880 881 plasma shallow forming dies 633 stainless steels 715, 716, 723 surface finish affected by 880 surface topography affected by 880 thermal spraying limitations 831 titanium alloys 780-781, 866 641-642,645,739 tool steels to reduce erosive wear in die-casting dies 632 to reduce thermal and mechanical fatigue 640 to reduce wear of die-casting dies 629, 630 to surface harden wear-resistant tool steels for sheet metal forming 628 use of transmission electron microscopy for surface studies 381 variable influence on wear resistance of parts 879-880 compound layer 879-880 diffusion layer 880 879 wear resistance of materials abrasive wear 879,880,881,882 adhesive wear 879, 880, 881, 882 corrosive wear 882 surface fatigue 879,880,881-882 tribo-oxidation 879, 880, 881 welding factor. 541 Nitrile rubber, corrosion against mild steel in seawater 549 Nitrites, as corrosion inhibitors 277 Nitrocarburizing 878, 879, 880 advantages 878 carbon potential effect on decarburizing 878 comparison of coatings for cold upsetting 645 influence on wear behavior 880 tool steels 645 wear resistance of materials 879 Nitrogen as cutting fluid for tool steels 738 for laser alloying 866 incident-ion energy 851, 852, 854 in composition of stainless steels 710, 712 in plasma arc powder spraying process 830 ion implantation of alloys 779, 783 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 Nitronic 30 abrasive wear 719 composition 711 corrosive wear 719
Nitronic 50 cavitation resistance 600 galling threshold load 595 Nitronic 60. See Stainless steels, specific types, 521800. Ni-Vee bronze A, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Ni-Vee bronze B, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 Ni-Vee bronze D, galling resistance with various material combinations 596 NGLI number, defined 13 Noble metals, polishing wear without abrasives .197 Nodular iron application, piston ring material 557 for valve seats and guards for reciprocating compressors 604 gear materials, surface treatment and minimum surface hardness 261 laser melting 864 metallographic sections 375 695, 698 Nodular or spheroidal graphite iron applications 695, 700, 701 microstructure 699-70 I properties 695 Nomarski contrast illumination 371, 372, 374 Nominal area (of contact). See also Area of contact; Apparent area of contact. 13 defined Nominal normal stress on the contact path 682 Nomographs to predict minimum oil film thickness for steadily loaded bearings 517 to predict power loss in steadily loaded bearings 519 Nonasbestos organic (NAO), for organic brake linings 569, 570, 572 Nonconformal surfaces, defined 13 Noncontact bearing. See also Gas lubrication; Magnetic bearing. defined 13 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) .406, 412 Nondeterministic surface 346, 348 Nonferrous hardfacing alloys 758,761-765 applications 758, 759, 762 bronze-type 761, 765 cavitation erosion 762, 763 classifications 758 cobalt-base/carbide-type alloys 761-762,764 corrosion resistance 762 galling 763,765 high-silicon stainless steel alternate material ..762 iron and nickel substitutes for cobalt compositions 762 Laves-type alloy compositions 762-763 nickel-base/boride-type alloys 763-765 properties 758-762, 763 spray-and-fuse process 765 Nonmetallic bearing materials 748,754 advantages 754 applications 754 disadvantages 754 mechanical properties 754 Non-Newtonian viscosity, defined 14 Nonsoap grease, defined 14 Norbide, erosion test results 200 NOREM alloys, applications 723 Normal force. See Load. Normalized erosion resistance, defined 14 Normalized pressure 281 Normalized velocity 281 Normalized wear rate 281 Normal load. See Load. Normal operating load, symbol and units 544 Normal relative radius of curvature 539 symbol and units 544 Normal stresses, cutting tools 610-611 Normal unit load, symbol and units 544 Normal wear, defined 14 Noroc 33, erosion test results 200 NTC-400, multicylinder engine tests 101 Nuclear reactors fretting wear in the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) 250 impact fretting wear 247
Nylon die material for sheet metal forming 628 thermal properties .42 Nylon 6 (cast) and extruded, friction coefficient
~a
Nylon 6/6 friction coefficient data wear factor Nylon 6/6 (+ PTFE), friction coefficient data Nylon fibers, friction coefficient data Nyquist frequency
73 824 73 75 294
o
OCL-4036, mechanical properties 823 Octadecenoic armide 532 Ocvirk number, defined 14 Offshore oil rigs, fretting wear 250 OFL-4036, mechanical properties 823 Oil, defined 14 Oil bath lubrication 132-133 Oil cup, defined 14 Oil film whirl (whip), sliding bearings 520 Oil flow quantity 543 Oil flow rate, symbol and units 544 Oil fog lubrication. See Mist lubrication. Oil groove, defined 14 Oil-hardening cold-work steels, composition limits 735 Oiliness. See Lubricity. Oiliness additives, for metalworking lubricants 140-141,142,143 Oil-in-water microemulsions 144 Oil jet lubrication 133 Oil mist lubrication 133 Oil pocket, defined 14 Oil ring lubrication, defined 14 Oil starvation, defined 14 Oil/wear particle analysis methods. See also Lubricant analysis 299-302 applications and purposes 299 ferrography 301-302 infrared (lR) spectroscopy 300-301 301 magnetic plug/chip detection (MCD) particle counting 301 physical inspection 299-300 physical testing 300 sampling of service lubricants 299 spectrometric metals analysis 300 14 Oil whirl, defined Olefin copolymers (OCP) hydrocarbon moiety of dispersants 99 as viscosity improvers 109, 110 Olefin polymer, properties 81 "One-body wear" 263 Onset of recirculation 594 644 Open arc welding Open-die extrusion, schematic 59, 61 Operating pitch diameter of pinion, symbol and units 544 Operating pitch line velocity 542 symbol and units 544 Optical interferometry technique 396, 397, 402 Optical microscopy .435 Optical sections 357 Optimal die angle 66 Optoelectronic materials, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Organic materials, in aircraft friction materials. 582 Organic-matrix composites, application in future jet engine components 592 Orifice restrictor area, hydrostatic gaslubricated bearings 528 Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) engine oil requirements 162-163, 165 lubricant performance establishment 166 performance requirements for lubricants 98-99 Orthoclase, hardness 433 Orthodontic wire, simplified composition or microstructure 666 Orthopedic devices, fretting wear 244, 250 Osprey processing, aluminum-silicon alloys ....791 Outer raceway .499, 500, 501 Overbasing, defined 14
Index / 925
Oxidational wear 280-288 application to practical tribosystems 287-288 282-283 calculation of heat flow definition 280-281 FINDAP computer program 280, 281, 283-284, 286 future trends 288 jet engine components 588, 591 281-282 mechanism of mild oxidational wear 281 mechanisms of wear mild oxidational wear theory 282 280,283, OXYWEAR computer program 285-286, 288 piston rings 556 theory and experimental results comparison 283-287 tool steels 739 Oxidation inhibitors 99, 101, 104-105, 106 105 applications decomposition 104-105 for metalworking lubricants 141, 143, 147 111 in engine lubricant formulations in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 oxidation mechanism 104 Oxidative stability 84 Oxidative wear. See also Oxidational wear. 14 defined Oxides, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Oxyfuel detonation process. See High-velocity oxyfuef powder spray process. Oxyfuel gas welding, hardfacing deposition in mining and mineral industries 653 Oxyfuel powder (OFP) spray . method 829, 830, 832 spray materials 830 Oxyfuel wire (OFW) spray process .829, 830, 832 spray materials 829 Oxygen influence on friction coefficient of clean iron surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 in high-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process . 830 Oxygen acetylene powder method 644 Oxygen acetylene rod method. . . . . . . . . .. .644 280,283, OXYWEAR computer program 285-286, 288 Particulate erosion jet engine components 588 pumps 597-599 Passive clearance control, blade tips of jet engines 589 Passive extreme pressure (PEP) additives, for 141 metalworking lubricants Path length factor .464 Peak averaging 296 Peak contact temperature .438, 440 Pearlitic gray iron, application, internal combustion engine parts 556 Pearlitic steels, specific types low-alloy steels, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 mild steels, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 851 Pearson IV distribution function Peclet number 39-40, 43, 44 14 Pedestal bearing, defined Peg topple test .404 Peeling 259 Peel test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .404 14 Peening wear, defined "Pendellosung" fringes 386 Penetration (of a grease), defined 14 Penetration degree of. 185 depth of. 185 Penetration distance .463, 467 x-ray diffraction .464, 470 136 Penetration grades (greases) Penetration hardness number, defined 14 Penetrometer. See also Penetration (of a grease). 14 defined Pentaerithritol tetranitrate (PETN), friction 75 coefficient data Percent of large particles (PLP) 302 Percent oil 143 Pertluorinated polyalkylether oils, creep or 151 migration Pertluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) high-vacuum lubricants 156, 157, 158 factors influencing fluid degradation 156 molecular structures 156 properties 155, 156 Performance package II I Perishable tools 627 Permalloy (Ni-Fe), application, advanced magnetic storage 838 Permanent viscosity loss 84, 110 PETN (explosive), friction coefficient data 75 14 Petroff equation, defined Petrov equation, friction coefficient .45, 46 Petrolatum, packing for seals 551 Petroleum oil. See Mineral oil. PH 13-8 Mo. See Stainless steels, specific types, S138OO. PH 17-7. See Stainless steels, specific types, SI77oo. Phase-change lubrication. See Melt lubrication. 389 Phase contrast imaging Phase transformations, ion implantation strengthening mechanisms 855, 856, 857 Phenolic/carbon microballoons, abradable seal material 589 Phenolic compounds, lubricant analysis 300 Phenolic resins 816,817 additives to carbon-graphite materials die materials for sheet metal forming 628 fabric reinforced, cage material for rollingelement bearings 503 impregnation effects on typical carbongraphite base material 817 impregnation effects on typical graphite-base material 817 Phosphate coatings for valve train assembly components .559 Miller numbers 235 541 Phosphated steels, welding factor Phosphate esters lubricants for rolling-element bearings 134, 135 properties 81 Phosphating 62 Phosphonic esters, dispersants 99, 100 Phosphor bronzes. See Bearing bronzes. Phosphorus as addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 788 as addition to carbon-graphite materials 816 in cast iron composition 695 in magnetic electroplated coatings 838 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 spectrometric metals analysis 300 324, 325 Photoelectric absorption Photoelectric effect, as basis of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis 445-446 Photolithography 835 Photolytic laser-induced chemical vapor deposition 848 Photon excitation 840 Photovoltaic materials, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Physical vapor deposition. See also PVD and CVD coatings 840-846 activated reactive evaporation 840, 844, 845 alloy deposition 843 ARE (BARE) process 845, 848, 849 cemented carbides 796 coatings for jet engine components 592 coating method for valve train assembly components 559 843-846 decomposition of compounds diode ion plating 840, 844-845 direct evaporation 844 hybrid PVD processes 844-846 ion plating 844-845 laser ablation deposition 844 molybdenum disulfide application to surfaces .114 parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841 plasma-assisted reactive evaporation .840, 843-844 processes 840-843 PVD-TiX, comparison of coatings for cold upsetting 645 840, 844, 845-846 reactive ion plating reactive PVD processes 844 reactive sputtering (RS) 840, 844, 848 single-element species deposition 843 techniques for deposition of metals, alloys, and compounds 843-846 titanium alloys 778-780 titanium nitride coatings, critical normal force versus substrate surface roughness .436 tool steels 645, 739 unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition 849 Pinion speed, symbol and units 544 Pin-on-disk bench tests 117 14 Pin-on-disk machine, defined Pin-on-disk tests 116, 119, 120 669 abrasion of dental amalgams 241 adhesive wear of ceramics molybdenum disulfide in high-vacuum 153 lubricant applications x-ray characterization of surface wear .470 Piston-pin bearings. See Little-end bearing. Piston speed, average 603 Pit and fissure sealants properties 666 666 simplified composition on microstructure Pitch, for carbon aircraft brakes 584, 585 Pitch line speed, gears 542 Pitting 257-258, 259 gears 257-258 internal combustion engine parts 555, 559 rolling-element bearings 258 14 Pivot bearing, defined Pivoted-pad bearing. See Tilting-pad bearing. Plain bearing, defined 14-15 15 Plain journal bearing, defined Plain thrust bearing, defined 15 Planar diode glow discharge deposition 841 Planar magnetron sputtering technique .. 841, 842 Planck constant 441 Planck's law 441 33 Plane stress modulus Plasma arc (PA) powder spray 829, 830, 831, 832 Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) 840, 846, 847-848
p
P-658RC (carbon-graphite), properties 549,551 P-692, properties 549 Pack carburizing 873 Pad lubrication, defined 14 Pads 569 Palladium electroplating properties 838 837 substituted for gold in electroplating Palladium-gold, coating for TEM specimens 382 Palladium-nickel electroplating properties 838 substituted for gold in electroplating 837 Palladium-silver, substituted for gold in electroplating 837 Paper, copier, friction coefficient data 75 Para-aramid, for brake linings 569, 570, 576 Parabolic oxidation 208 208 Parabolic rate constant Partial Gournal) bearing, defined 14 Partial hydrodynamic lubrication. See Quasihydrodynamic lubrication. Partially deterministic surface 346 Partially stabilized zirconia application, internal combustion engine parts .558 cubic debris particles, x-ray diffraction ..... .469 dependence of wear on velocity and temperature .490 erosion resistance 205 heat treatments 814 mechanical and physical properties 813 x-ray diffraction .464, 465-466, 467 Particle size analysis, lubricant indicators and 301 range of sensitivities
926/ Index
Plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) (continued) advantages over CCVD 848 compounds and synthesized deposition rates .. 848 definition 847 ion bombardment energy 848 limitations 848 neutral radicals 847 substrate temperature 848 Plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition (PAPVD) 840 compounds and synthesized deposition rates .. 848 Plasma-assisted reactive evaporation.840, 843-844 Plasma source ion implantation (PSII) 642 Plasma spray coatings molybdenum for piston rings 556 resistance to cavitation erosion 217 titanium alloys 778, 780 Plasmon peaks 390 Plastic deformation 176, 181, 183 and average flash temperature .43 surface property effect 342 theory 281 Plastic denture teeth properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 simplified composition on microstructure .....666 Plastic hysteresis index .422, 426 Plastics cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 for valve plates for reciprocating compressors .604 friction and wear data tested against polycarbonates 58 material for jet engine components 588 material parameters that should be documented to ensure repeatability when testing 55 tribosystems Plastic tooling, die material for sheet metal fonning 628 Plastic work .422, 423, 427 Plastohydrodynamic lubrication (PHL) .89, 93-94 defined 15, 94 lubricant film thickness 94 mixed-film , 94 Plateau honing process 336 Plate glass, erosion of steels 204 Plating efficiency 834 Platinized titania Auger electron spectroscopy application 449-450, 451 ion-scattering spectrometry application ..449, 450 Platinum friction coefficient data 71 polycrystalline on a titania substrate, ionscattering spectrometry application 449 Platinum-iridium alloys, for tip materials for scanning tunneling microscopy 395 Platinum-rhenium alloys, for tip materials for scanning tunneling microscopy 395 Plowing (ploughing) 34, 35, 184-185, 186 component of friction 432 defined 15 stress .432, 433 tenn (F p ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Pneumatic hammer 529 Pocket, defined 15 Pocket pressure, hydrostatic lubrication 91 Pocket pressure in hydrostatic bearing, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Pocket-thrust bearing, defined 15 Poise, defined 15 Poisseuille, defined 15 Poisson's ratio of gear, symbol and units 544 544 Poisson's ratio of pinion, symbol and units Polarization potential. 274 Polarization resistance techniques 274,275 Polishing, defined 15 Polishing wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191-197 defined 15, 191 with abrasives 191-197 chip machining mechanism 194 delamination mechanism 195-196 erosion mechanisms 196 fracture toughness 192-193, 196 indentation hardness 192 melting point 193 multiple-pass mechanisms 195-196 parameters required to generate specu1arly reflecting topographies 193-194 property requirements 191-193 summary 196 wear rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196-197 without abrasives 197 chemical-mechanical mechanisms 197 surface flow 197 Polyacrylates as dispersants 111 as foam inhibitors 108 hydrocarbon moiety of dispersants 99 as pour-point depressants 111 as viscosity improvers 109, 11 0, 111 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), for carbon aircraft brakes 584, 585 Polyalkylene glycol, properties 81 Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Ouids 134 Polyamide (PA) nylon 6/6 cage material for rolling-element bearings .. 503 friction coefficient data 73 nylon 6/6 + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene 73 (PTFE), friction coefficient data nylon 6/6 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, 73 friction coefficient data wear properties 241 Polycarbonate (PC) defonnation zone friction 36 friction and wear data 58 Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting speed and work material relationship .. 616 614,617 cutting tool material Polyester, die material for sheet metal fonning .628 Polyester polybutylene terephthalate (PDT), friction coefficient data 73 Polyester resins, additives to carbon-graphite materials 816 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), friction coefficient data 73 coefficient of friction 824, 825, 826 compositions 821 for valve plates for reciprocating compressors .604 73 friction coefficient data lubricant effect on wear factors 823, 824 mechanical properties 823 piston ring materials, reciprocating compressors 603 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, friction coefficient data 73 wear and friction data 821, 822-823 wear factors of various composites 823-824 Polyetherketone coefficient of friction 826 liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 wear factors 824 Polyetherimide (PEl) + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), friction coefficient data 73 friction coefficient data 73 liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, friction coefficient data 73 Polyethersulfone, liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 Polyethylene (PE) for tool steel lubrication 737-738 friction coefficient data 73 Polyethyleneterephthalate + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), friction coefficient data 73 controlled indent as useful general cleaning procedure .424 friction coefficient data 73 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, friction coefficient data 73 Polyglycols, lubricants for rolling-element bearings 134, 135 Polyimides, high-vacuum lubricant applications .159 Polymer-base bearing material, SP-21M Vespel, properties 549 Polymeric lubricants, rolling-element bearings .137 markets 137 Polymers 693 abrasion resistance .490 additives to carbon-graphite materials 816 damage dominated by tearing 180 fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 grease additives 125 inserts for automotive transfer cases 566-567 seal materials 550 sliding and adhesive wear 237, 239-240, 241 break-in period 240 linear wear 239 PV limit 239 rubber '" 240 sliding severity 240 241 wear properties of selected polymers sliding bearings and their applications 516 standard surface conditions for sliding 236 work material for ion implantation 858 Polymethacrylates (PMA) as viscosity improvers 109, 110 infrared spectroscopy data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 pour-point depressants, detection by infrared 301 spectroscopy of lubricants Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) defonnation zone friction 36 friction coefficient data 73 liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 Poly-a-olefin (PAO) oils critical temperatures 96 high-vacuum lubricant applications .. 155, 156-157 156 molecular structures properties 155 low vapor pressure 151 Polyolester (POE) high-vacuum lubricant applications 155, 156 molecular structures 156 properties 155 Polyoxymethylene (POM) + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), friction 73 coefficient data + polytetrafluoroethylene composite, wear properties 241 friction coefficient data 73 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, friction coefficient data 73 sliding bearings, thick bonded to porous bronze with steel backing 516 wear properties 241 PolyperOuoroalkylether (PFPE), addition to titanium alloys as lubricant. , .778,779 Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) + 15% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), friction coefficient data 73 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass, friction coefficient data 73 wear factor 824 Polyphenyl ether, properties 81 Polystyrene, friction coefficient data 73 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as additive to metalworking lubricants 141 as bearing material 754,755 bronze-filled 253 chemical compatibility of seals 550 coating for gears, lubrication 541 codeposited in electroplated coatings 834-835 coefficient of friction 824, 825 damage caused by chip fonnation 182 damage dominated by tearing in a piston pump 180 effect on wear factors 824 filler for lip seals 546, 550-551 filler for seals 551 films 117 for tool steel lubrication 737-738 friction coefficient, tribotest example .483, 484, 485 friction wear of metals 239 high-vacuum lubricant applications 154 incorporation in thennoplastic composites 820, 822-823 interfacial zone shear 36
Index / 927
liquid impingement erosion protection applications 222 methods used for synthesis 802 properties " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801 sliding bearings 516 sliding wear mechanisms in metal- matrix composues 809-810 thermogravimetric analysis 823 use in metal-on-polymer total hip replacements 657,661 Polyurea .. " 126, 129 Polyurethane coating for composite constructions against liquid impingement erosion 222 damage dominated by tearing 180 friction coefficient data 73 Polyvinylchloride (PVC), for tool steel lubrication 738 .481 Population mean Population parameters .481 Population standard deviation .481, 482 Porcelain composite restorative material (dental), combined with " 670 fused-to-metal, for crowns (dental) 673 666 properties (PFM) ., simplified composition or microstructure (PFM) 666 versus acrylics for denture teeth 673-674 Porcelain denture teeth properties .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 simplified composition or microstructure 666 Porous bearing 529-530 defined 15 Positive-contact bushing, defined 15 Positive-contact seal. See also Face seal. defined 15 Potash, Miller numbers 235 Potassium lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 spectrometric metals analysis 300 Pour point. 83, 86 defined 15 engine oils 169 gear lubricants 542 Pour-point depressant 99, 107-108 applications 108 characteristics 107 defined 15 in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations III multifunctional nature 111 performance range 108 structural features 108 tests of performance 108 Powdered metals, cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 Powder metallurgy (P/M) processes Alloy 2024, blended with aluminum-silicon alloys 791 aluminum-silicon alloys 785, 791 bearing materials 755 for micrograin high-speed steels 615-616 mainshaft bearings of jet engines 590 self-lubricating, composites 120 steel applications, internal combustion engine parts 553 wear resistance and cost effectiveness 706 Power spectral density (PSD) 335, 336 antiwear agents used 101 dispersants used 100 friction modifiers 104 viscosity improvers used 11 0 Power-train efficiency 566 Precious metals, in electroplated coatings .. 837-838 Precipitation-hardening alloys, wear resistance versus hardness of materials 708 Precipitation-hardening steels, materials for die-casting dies 629 Preferential sputtering 854, 855, 857 Presentation of friction and wear data .. .489-492 transition diagrams .491 determination methodology .491 tribographs .489-491 dependence of tribodata on various parameters .491 friction-time master curves .489 wear-time master curves .489-490 tribomaps .491-492 wear regimes .492 Pressure average according to Hertzian contact theory .. .40 friction during metal forming 59, 60 Pressure lubrication, defined 15 Pressure plating 843 Pressure-viscosity coefficient 79, 539, 540 defined 15 nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 symbol and units 544 15 Pressurized gas lubrication, defined Primary-beam transmitted electrons 377 Primary knock-on atom (PKA) 851, 852 Primary leakage, defined 15 PrimarYI shear angle 610, 611 Primary shear zone 609, 610, 611 Probability density function (PDF) 296 Probability of escape (electron) .451 Propane, in high-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process 830 Propylene, in high-velocity oxyfuel powder spray process 830 Protective scale growth rate 208 Protuberances. See Asperities. Prow formation. See Wedge formation. Pseudoplastic behavior, defined 15 Pulse-height analysis 325 Pulse plating deposition 834, 835, 836 titanium alloys 781 Pumice abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste ...666, 668,669 in dentifrices 668 IS Pumping efficiency, defined Pumps, wear of 593-600 abrasive wear 595, 597-598, 599 cavitation erosion 593,597,599-600 centrifugal pumps 599-600 reciprocating pumps 600 corrosive wear 593 erosive wear 593, 597-599 lubrication 595, 597 mechanisms causing loss of surface material from component parts 593 particulate erosion 597-599 rubbing wear 593-597 Pure adhesion term (1-'-.) 35 Pure plasticity theory .435 Pure plowing term (I-'-p)' 35 Pusher-type seal, defined 15 PVD and CVD coatings. See also Physical vapor deposition 840-849 chemical vapor deposition processes 840, 841, 846-848 advanced techniques 848 applications 846 classification of reactions 846 complex reactions 846 conventional (CCYD) 840, 846-847 definition 840, 846 hot-filament CYD 848 laser-induced (LCYD) 846, 848 low-pressure (LPCYD) 847 metal-organic (MOCYD) 846 microwave excitation 840, 847 organic-metallic (OMCYD) 846 parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841 photon excitation 840 plasma-assisted (PACYD) 840, 846, 847-850 rate-limiting steps 846 reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .846-847 rf excitation 840 thermal 840, 846-847 classification of processes on basis of material deposited on substrate 840 future outlook 849 materials deposited by techniques 848 modeling steps 840 physical vapor deposition processes 840-843 evaporation deposition 840,841,842-843 sputter deposition 840-842 unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition ... 849 PYD techniques for deposition of metals, alloys, and compounds 843-846 activated reactive evaporation (ARE) 840, 841-845 alloy deposition 843 ARE (BARE) process 845 decomposition of compounds 843-846 definition 840 diode ion plating 840, 844-845 direct evaporation 844 hybrid PYD processes 844-846 ion plating 840, 844-845 laser ablation deposition 844 plasma-assisted reactive evaporation 840, 843-844 reactive evaporation process 844 reactive ion plating (RIP) .. 840, 844, 845- 846 reactive PYD processes 844 reactive sputtering (RS) 840, 844 single-element species deposition 843 PYD versus CYD 840 wear applications 848-849 cutting tool life improvements by coatings on tool substrates 849 PV factor 515, 518, 520 defined 15 PV limit 239 Pyrex, mechanical and physical properties 813 Pyrite, Miller numbers 235 Pyroceram 532 Pyrolytic chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) process 848 Pyrolytic gas chromatography (PGC), peak areas of a brake lining resin 571 Pyrowear 53, nominal compositions 726 Pyrrhotite-grinding media system 275-276
Q
Quality control, metalworking lubricants .. 148-149 Quantitative diffractometer studies .469 Quartz hardness .433 in dentifrices 668 solid-particle impingement erosion of cobalt-base alloys 768, 769 Quartzite, Miller numbers 235 Quasi-hydrodynamic lubrication 80, 89, 94 defined 15 Quench, defined 15 Quenching die-casting dies 632 gear materials 261 Quenching oil, defined 15
R
RA 330, erosion test results 200 RA 333, erosion test results 200 Race (or raceway), defined 15 Radial ball bearings .499, 50S, 506, 508 basic load rating 505 10 factor. 510 X and Y factors 509 Xo and Yo factors 510 Radial clearance of bearing, nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart 91 Radial contact ball bearings 509 Radial cylindrical roller bearings 500, SO I, 502,511 Radial lip seal, defined 15 Radial-load bearing, defined 15 Radial needle roller bearings 500, 501-502 Radial roller bearings 500-501, 507 applicable load 511 basic static radial load rating 508-510 X and Y factors 509 Xo and Yo factors 510 Radial spherical roller bearings 500,501,502 Radiation-enhanced diffusion 854, 855 Radiation-induced segregation 854, 855
928/ Index
Radical scavengers 104- 105, 106 Radio frequency (rO sputter deposition technique 842 Radionuclide methods 319- 327 applications 322-323 aerospace 323 diagnostic condition monitoring 322 laboratory wear characterization 322 tracer monitoring 322-323 321-322 considerations in planning SLA testing details for executing SLA measurements .323-327 activation fundamentals 323 attenuation and detection of gamma rays 324-325 characteristics of sodium iodide spectrometry 325 detector configuration 325 detector mounting 326-327 laboratory marker calibrations 323-324 spectrum details 325-326 statistical considerations 326 tracer calibrations 324 useful SLA radionuclides from common metals and their production methods .. 323 future trends 327 radionuclides applied to tribology 319-321 activation methods 319-321 advantages of surface layer activation 321 gamma detectors. " 319,320 markers 319 tracers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Radiotracer method, dental tissue wear plate measurement. 668 Radius of equivalent cylinder, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Railroad diesel oils, lubricant classification 85 Raimondi-Boyd design chart 90, 91 Rain erosion. See also Erosion (erosive wear); Erosive wear. defined 15 Rake angle 610, 611 Ramsbottom method 84 Rare earth oxide, effect on brake lining friction 572 Rated tire load 578 Rating life 505 defined 15 Rationalized erosion rate 227-228 Rationalized incubation period 227, 228 Rayleigh scattering .409-410 Rayleigh step bearing 523, 525 defined 15 Rayleigh velocity .407 RDX (explosive), friction coefficient data 75 Reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN), erosion resistance 205 Reactive ion plating (RIP) process 840, 844, 845-846 Reactive sputtering (RS) 840, 844 compounds and synthesized deposition rates .. 848 Real area of contact 31,40,41,343,475 defined 15 fretting wear 245, 246, 247 Real-time laser confocal microscope (RLCM) hardware configurations 358 image acquisition 359 Real-time scanning optical microscope (RSOM), hardware configurations 358 Recess pressure, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor. ..92 Recoil energy 448 Recovery hardness 614, 615 Red brass (85% Cu; 9% Sm; 6% Zn), thermal properties .42 Red mud. See Cocoa. Redwood modulus of elasticity 539 symbol and units 544 Redwood viscosity, defined 15 Reflection electron diffraction 387 Refractive index, to determine concentration of microemulsions and micellar solutions ..... 144 Refractory metals coating for dies 644 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 lubrication of tool steels 738 Refrax 20C, erosion test results 200 Regression coefficient, bearing steel (ball bearings) 728 Rehbinder effect 189 defined 15 Reiboxydation. See also Fretting wear 242 Reinforced nylon, thermal properties .42 Rejected take-off (RTO) stop 583, 585, 586 Relationship tree 353-354 Relative erosion factor (REF) 200, 201 Relative pressure, friction during metal forming .67 Relative sliding velocity, between two surfaces .. 40 Relaxed layer 177 Reliability and wear, concepts of: failure modes .493-495 dependence of failure rate on operating duration .494-495 relationship between wear and reliability .493 reliability characteristics .493 reliability probability concepts .493 statistical distributions of wear and reliability .493-494 exponential distribution .493 gamma distribution .494 log normal distribution .493 normal distribution .493, 494 Weibull distribution .493-494 wear and failure modes .494 Removal coefficient .431, 434 Rene 41 for press forging heat-resistant alloys, nickel-base alloys 625 material for jet engine components 591 self-lubricating powder metallurgy composites sliding on 120 Rene 77, material for jet engine components 588, 590 Rene 80, material for jet engine components ... 588 Rene 125, material for jet engine components 588, 590 Repeated impact. See Impingement. Required life, sliding bearings 515 Reservoir effect, polymeric lubricants 137 Resin-matrix graphite composites, material for jet engine components 588 Resonance scattering .409-410 Restrictor rings, defined 15 Retainer. See Cage. Reticular structure 752 15 Reyn, defined Reynold's equation 79,524 defined 15 tribological behavior of fluid-film lubrication .477 rfexcitation 840 15 Rheodynamic lubrication, defined Rheology, defined 15 Rheopectic material, defined 15-16 Rhodium, electroplated coating 838 Ridge shear failure model 60, 67 Ridging (wear), defined 16 Ring seal, defined 16 Ring shear test .404 Ripple formation (rippling), defined 16 rms noise 339 rms roughness 334, 343 Rockwell "C" hardness, function of carbon content 874 Rockwell hardness number, defined 16 Rockwell superficial hardness test, defined 16 Roelands equation 83 Roll bonding processes, bearing materials .755-756 Roller bearings carburizing 875 defined 16 fatigue spalling life 258 Rolling. See also Sliding; Spin. Rolling bearings, laminar particles and spheres as wear indication 303 Rolling-contact bearings 741 Rolling-contact fatigue (RCF). See also Rollingcontact wear 257, 258, 259 bearings in valve train assembly 558 carburizing steels 875 ceramic bearing 260-261 defined 16 jet engine components " .. 588,590 mechanisms 260 testing methods summary 258, 259, 260, 261 Rolling-contact wear (RCW). See also Rolling-contact fatigue 257-262 adhesive wear 257 applications 257 defined 16, 257 first signs 257 lUbrication 257,259,260,261 magnitude of effects 257 mechanisms 259-262 process steps 259-260 physical signs 257-259 gears 257-258 rolling-element bearings 258-259 rolling-contact fatigue testing 259 Rolling element .499 Rolling-element bearings, friction and wear of .499-513 bearing component materials 502-503 cage materials 503 rolling-contact component steels 502-503 rolling-element ceramics 503 bearing fatigue life 507-510 basic static load rating 508-510 508 contamination effect on fatigue life equivalent load 508,510 fatigue load limit 508 nonstandard application conditions : .508 defined (rolling-element bearing) 16 fatigue spalling life 258 history and development of rolling-element bearings .499 hybrid (ceramics and metals) 261 in valve train assembly of intemal combustion engine 558 load ratings 504-507 basic load rating 505-506 bearing endurance 505 fatigue life dispersion 505 median life 505 standard bearing contact geometry 506-507 standard bearing internal geometry 506 standard roller geometry 507 lubrication requirements and methods 503-504 bath lubrication 504 circulating-oil lubrication 504, 505 grease lubrication 503-504 properties determining applications 261 rolling bearing friction 510-511 bearing friction torque 510-511 sources of sliding friction 510 rolling-contact wear 258-259 rubbing wear in centrifugal and axial flow pumps 593, 595, 597 types of rolling-element bearings .499-502 angular-contact ball bearings 500, 505, 506,511 angular-contact groove ball bearings 509 ball bearings .499-500, 505 Conrad-type ball bearings .499-500 cylindrical roller bearings 505,511 cylindrical roller thrust bearings 505 deep-groove ball bearings 511 drawn cup needle roller bearings 505 duplex angular-contact ball bearings 500 filling slot ball bearings 505 needle roller bearings 511 needle roller with machined rings bearings .505 radial ball bearings .499, 505, 506, 508, 509, 510 radial contact ball bearings 509 radial cylindrical roller bearings 500, 501, 502, 511 radial needle roller bearings .....500, 501-502 radial roller bearings 500-501, 507, 508, 510, 511 radial spherical roller bearings 500, 501, 502 roller bearings 500-502, 505 self-aligning ball bearings 500, 505, 508, 509, 511 single-row radial contact separable ball bearings (magneto bearings) 509, 607 spherical roller bearings 505, 511
Index / 929
spherical roller thrust bearings 502, 505, 511 split inner ring ball bearings 500 tapered roller bearings .500, 50 I, 502, 505, 511 thrust ball bearings ... 500,505,506,507,508, 509,510,511 thrust cylindrical roller bearings ..... 502, 503, 505,511 thrust needle roller bearings ..... 502, 505, 511 thrust roller bearings 502, 503, 505, 507, 510,511,607 thrust spherical roller bearings 511 thrust tapered roller bearings 502, 505 wear 511-512 modes contributing to bearing failure .. 511-512 wear control 512-513 lubricant film thickness 512-513 Rolling friction coefficient .478 Rolling velocity. See Sweep velocity. 544 Rolling velocity of gear, symbol and units 544 Rolling velocity of pinion, symbol and units Root-mean-square composite surface roughness, symbol and units 544 Root-mean-square surface roughness of gear, symbol and units 544 Root-mean-square surface roughness of pinion, symbol and units 544 28 Root-mean-square value Rotary seal, defined 16 Roughness average 28,334,335,340-341,343 Roughness profile 518 Rubber natural and synthetic, seal materials 550 sliding and adhesive wear 240 16 Rubbing bearing, defined Rugosities. See Asperities. Running-in coatings, valve train assembly components 559 Running-in period .489 99, 105-106 Rust and corrosion inhibitors applications 106 105-106 formation of 111 multifunctional nature tests 106 types 105 Rust and oxidation (R&O) inhibited oils, lubricants for rolling-element bearings .133-134 Rust inhibitors, grease additives 124 Rutile, Miller numbers 235 basic configuration 379 imaging and analysis 382-385 backscattered electron images 383 secondary electron signal 382-383 thermal wave imaging 385 x-ray microanalysis and mapping 383-384 stereomicroscopy 396, 397 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) abrasive wear and lubricant analysis 308 conductive coating techniques not practical with Auger electron spectroscopy .456 291 for surface examination impact wear measurements 263 379 mode of operation nanoindentation attachment for equipment .419 specimen preparation 380-381 stages detected in sliding wear of metal-matrix composites 809 206 studies of erosion of ceramics summary and future outlook 391 Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) .406, 410-412 principles .410-411 reconstruction of images by holography . .411-412 Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 380, 386, 387, 390-391 basic configuration 379 dedicated STEM 380 Scanning tunneling microscopy 376,393-397,402 (STM) applications 395-396 data acquisition and analysis 395 equipment. 393 future trends 397 historical perspective 393 limitations and solutions 396-397 motion control 394 393-394 principle of STM imaging technique comparison 396 tip preparation . 395 variants 393, 397 versus other surface roughness measurement techniques 397 vibration isolation 394-395 Scattered electrons 385 SCF 19. See Stainless steels, specific types, S21OOO. Schallamach-Turner equation 579 Schallamach-Turner model, wear of tire treads 579 Schallamach waves 36 Scherzer focus 389 Schriidinger's equation 388 SCM420, nominal compositions 725 296, 715 Scoring. See also Galling defined 16 gears 535 Scouring abrasion. See Abrasion. Scraper, defined 16 Scratch, defined 16 Scratch adhesion test .434 .432, 436 Scratch cross-sectional area Scratch hardness .432, 433 16 Scratch hardness test, defined Scratching. See also Abrasion; Plowing (ploughing); Ridging wear. 259 16 defined Scratching abrasion. See Low-stress abrasion. Scratching speed .432, 436 Scratch testing .404, 430- 436 fundamentals of scratching deformation . .431-433 contact geometry .431 relation of friction to scratching deformation .432-433 removal coefficient. .431 specific grooving energy .431-432 objectives .430 scratch adhesion testing of thin hard coatings .434-436 parameters affecting F N C . . . . . . . . .435-436 test equipment and procedures .434-435 .433-434 scratch testing of monolithic solids abrasion resistance .434 scratch hardness .433, 434 size effects .433-434 types of scratch test devices .430-431 apparatus classification .430 in situ scratching devices .430-431 measured quantities .430 quick-stop devices .431 scratching elements .430 296,715 Scuffing , defined 16 gears 535, 537-538 internal combustion engine parts 555, 556, 557, 559 Scuffing/adhesion, surface property effect .342, 343 544 Scuffing temperature, symbol and units SDL-I, nickel aluminide alloy sliding wear data with this lubricant 776 Sea bottom, Miller numbers 235 Sealants, pit and fissure (dental) 672 Seal flank closing force 550 Sealing face, defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Seal materials, wear particles 305 16 Seal nose, defined Seals, friction and wear of 546-552 defined (seal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 design considerations 549-550 chemical compatibility 550 environmental and operational conditions 549-550 operational factors 550 greases used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 material selection 550-551 551 methods of reducing wear monitoring 552 seal friction and wear problems 547-549 abrasive wear 549 adhesive wear 549 cavitation 549-550 corrosion 549-550 erosion 549-550 properties of hard mating face materials .... 548 thermoelastic instability 548-549 seal specifications based on application 548 551 surface coatings used types of seals 546-547 applications 546 dynamic seals 546-547, 550 face seals 546-547, 548-549 gaskets 546, 550 hybrid seals 547 labyrinth seals 547 lip seals 546, 547, 550, 551 materials 546, 547 O-rings 546, 549, 550 546,547,550-551 packing " piston ring seals 547 quad rings 546, 550 static seals 547 wear testing 551-552 Seal-swell agents 110 applications 110 functions 110 in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 materials 110 Secondary electrons 377, 379, 380 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). . .456, 458-460, 461 appl ications .458, 459-460 dynamic . .459 equipment .459 fundamentals .459 spectrum .459 static .459 versus AES and XPS .458, 459 851 Secondary knock-on atom (SKA) Secondary seal, defined 16-17 Second-phase strengthening, ion implantation strengthening mechanisms 855, 856, 858 Second-phase volume fraction (SPVF) 206, 207 Segments 569 Seizure 17 defined in tin-base bearing alloys 748 lead-base alloys 749 of pistons in internal combustion engines 557 744,747 sliding bearing materials tool steels 734
s
SAE. See Society of Automotive Engineers. 873 Salt bath carburizing 873 diffusion of carbon 235 Salt brine, Miller numbers Sample mean .481 .481 Sample standard deviation Sampling 294 Sand and sand fill, Miller numbers 235 16 Saponification number, defined Saponify, defined 16 Sapphire, friction coefficient data 75 Satellites 447 Sauter mean diameter, defined 16 Saybold Universal Viscosity, defined 16 SbSbS 4 effectiveness changing with temperature range 824 thermogravimetric analysis 823 wear factor 824 16 Scabbing, defined Scale erosion rate 208, 210 210 Scale growth rate Scale spalling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208-209, 210 16 Scaling, defined Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) .406-409 applications .408-409 evaluation of surface conditions caused by machining .408-409 thin-film thickness measurements .408 Scanning Auger microscopy 376 Scanning capacitance microscope (SCaM) 397 Scanning electron microscope. See also Scanning electron microscopy.
930/ Index
Selected-area diffraction (SAD) 386, 387 Selective transfer, defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Self-acting bearing. See Gas bearing; Self-lubricating bearing. Self-actuation 574 Self-aligning ball bearings 500,505,508,509 basic load rating 505 tv factors for lubrication methods 511 z and y factors .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Self-aligning bearing, defined 17 Self-lubricating bearing, defined 17 Self-lubricating material. See also Solid lubricant. defined 17 Semiaustenitic steels, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 Semiautogenous grinding (SAG) mill, grinding wear dependent on force 273 Semiconductors, friction and wear of 685-689 abrasive wear 685 application of cathodoluminescent signal 378 dynamic friction coefficient in silicon and gallium arsenide as a function of temperature and doping 688-689 lubrication 685, 686, 687 machining operations 685-686 mechanical damage at silicon surfaces caused by dicing 686 mechanical damage at silicon surfaces caused by wafering 685-686 microcracking 685 simulation of dicing damage by single-point diamond scratching of silicon 686-688 Semimetallic (resin-bonded metallic, or semimet) brake linings 569, 570-571, 572, 573, 575, 576 debris 574 frictional behavior 576 Semimet brake linings. See Semimetallic brake linings. Semisynthetic fluids 144 Semiwidth of Hertzian contact band 539, 540 symbol and units 544 Separator .499 17 defined Sequence VE testing, oxidation inhibitors 105 Sequential observation technique, erosion mechanisms 202 Serpentine, Miller numbers 235 Serthi and Wright's model, corrosion-affected erosion 210 Severe oxidational wear theory 288 Severe wear, defined 17 Severity index (SI) 308 Severity index gradient. 578, 580 Sewage 235 digested, Miller numbers raw, Miller numbers 235 S-gun magnetron sputtering technique 841, 842 Shaft run-out, defined 17 Shake-down (of surface layers), defined 17 Shake-up lines 446 Shake-up satellites 447 Shale, Miller numbers 235 "Shaped charge" effects, liquid impact erosion .224 Shaping, surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Shear (or friction) factor 60 Shear stability. See also Penetration (of a grease). defined , " 17 Shear strain rate within lubricant 60, 63 Shear stress 60, 610 Shear Stress Hypothesis (SH) .476 Shear thickening. See also Shear thinning. defined 17 Shear thinning. See also Shear thickening. defined 17 Shear velocity 610, 611 Shear yield strength 34, 610 Sheet-metal bearings 741 Sheet-metal forming, tool steels 737-378 Shell-cast bearings 741 Shell char, methods used for synthesis 802 Shelling, defined 17 Shielded metal arc (SMA) weld deposition 653 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), tungsten carbides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761 SHKH15-SHD, nominal compositions 725 Shock absorber fluids 98-99 extreme-pressure agents used 101 friction modifiers 104 Shock pressure, liquid impingement erosion 223 Shock-resisting steels service temperature of die materials in forging 625 composition limits 735 Shock-resisting tool steels, for hot-forging dies .625 Shot blasting, abrasive wear and material property effects 186 Shot peening 253 dies 643 stainless steels 715, 716, 723 to reduce thermal and mechanical fatigue ....640 Sialon applications 812 cutting speed and work material relationship ..616 heat treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814 mechanical and physical properties 813 Side milling, surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Signal-to-noise ratio 295-296 Silahydrocarbons (SiHCs) 151 high-vacuum lubricant applications 156, 157 molecular structures 156 Silica abrasive wear 188 fracture toughness 192 as grease thickener 126 material for surface force apparatus .402 physical properties 192 slip-cast fused, rain erosion applications 222 Silicate carburizing affected by content in steels 875 electroplated coatings 838 Silicate ester, properties 81 Silicon addition to aluminum-base alloys 752 aluminum-silicon-lead alloys, mixed bearing microstructure 744 aluminum-silicon-tin alloys, mixed bearing microstructure 744 autocorrelation functions for surface texture 336, 337 brittle-to-ductile transition 688 coefficient of friction as a function of temperature and doping 688-689 cracking geometries 687 erosion in ceramics 205 for laser alloying 866 for valve springs for reciprocating compressors 604 in cast iron composition 695 in ceramics and cermets 813 in hardfacing alloys 759,762, 764, 765 in laser cladding material. 867 in stainless steels 716,720,721 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736 in white iron composition 698 laser-induced CVD for synthesis 848 laser-induced CVD for synthesis (polycrystalline) 848 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 n-type, scratch morphology 688 p-type, groove surface morphology and temperature effect. 687 significance in failure analysis programs 311 single-crystal (00 1), uniform hardness making it a control specimen .424 spectrometric metals analysis 300 surface mechanical damage of semiconductors caused by dicing 686 surface mechanical damage of semiconductors caused by wafering 685-686 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Silicon bronze, galling 723 Silicon carbide abrasive wear 189 applications 812, 814 ceramic mechanical seals for pumps 598 coating for laser cladding materials 868 coating for titanium alloys 781, 782 contact bridge when brass "contacts" 236 as erodent in solid-particle erosion of nickel aluminide alloys 773 erosion in ceramics 205 erosion in metals 202, 203, 204 erosion test results 200 for abrasive wear of nickel aluminide alloys 773-774 for gas-lubricated bearings .532 fretting wear 248, 250 friction coefficient data 72 incorporated in nickel electroplating 836, 837 methods used for synthesis 802 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192, 80 I, 803, 813 seal material 551 solid particle erosion 210 solid particle impingement erosion of cobalt-base alloys 768, 769 thermal properties .42 tramp impurity in semimet brake lining 572 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Silicon carbide ceramics, confocal microscopy application to analyze cracks from wear 360, 361 Silicon carbide Refel, properties 548 Silicon carbide whisker, properties 803 Silicon carbide whisker-reinforced alumina, heat treatments 814 Silicon dioxide abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666 direct evaporation 844 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Silicone as defoamers for metalworking lubricants 142 ,as foam inhibitors 108 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Silicone fluids lubricants for rolling-element bearings 135-136 polymer additives 154, 157 Silicone oils, high-vacuum lubricant applications 155 Silicone vapor, atmospheric effect causing dusting 684 Silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide (SilSiC), scanning acoustic microscopy wear studies .409 Silicon-iron-bronze, cage material for rolling-element bearings 503 Silicon nitride abrasive wear 189 applications 812-813, 814, 815 internal combustion engine parts 558, 559 erosion test results 200 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 fretting wear 248, 250 friction coefficient data 72, 815 hot-filament chemical vapor deposition 848 properties .42, 801, 812-813 rolling contact fatigue of advanced ceramics 260, 261 rolling-element ceramics for bearings 503 SIMS analysis (in water) .459 thickener for grease high-vacuum application lubricants 157, 158 Silicon oxide (glass), thermal properties . . . . . . . .42 Silk fibers, friction coefficient data 75 Silumin (AI-Si: 86.5% AI; 1% Cu), thermal properties ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .42 Silver addition to plasma-sprayed coatings 119 compatibility in bearing materials 743 electroplating of bearing materials 756, 838 friction coefficient data 71, 72 high-vacuum lubricant application 153 impregnation effects on typical carbon-graphite base material. 817 impregnation effects on typical graphite-base material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..817 in carbon-graphite materials 816 in dental amalgam 669
Index / 931
in trimetal bearing material systems 748 ion implantation 856 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 not a polyphase alloy 743 pure (99.9%), thermal properties .42 purest, thermal properties .42 reflecting layer coating on outer substrate surface of surface force apparatus (SFA) .400 reinforcement of glass ionomers as dental elements 673 spectrometric metals analysis 300 transferred patches on a copper specimen in TEM 385 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Silver azide (AgN) (explosive), friction coefficient data 75 Silver-base alloys as bearing alloys 748, 753 applications 753 mechanical properties 753 fibers for reinforcement 803 fretting wear 248, 250 processing techniques 803 properties .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803 Silver-reinforced glass ionomer, composite restorative material (dental) combined with .670 Single-cylinder engine tests, Caterpillar '" 101 lK11H2 " Single-pass lubrication systems 133 Single-row radial contact separable ball bearings (magneto bearings) 509 Single-valued functions 346 Sintered alumina, fretting wear 248, 249 Sintered aluminum powder (SAP) 263 Sintered carbide die materials for sheet metal forming 628 for cold extrusion tools 628 for deep-drawing dies 634 for shallow forming dies 633 Sintered metal friction materials, in aircraft brakes 582 Sintering cemented carbides 796 self-lubricating powder metallurgy composites 120 steel brakes 583 Size effect, erosion mechanisms 203 Skewness 334-335, 336, 343, 348 Skidding defined 17 jet engine components 591 Skids 337-338, 341 Slab bearings 741 Sled friction tester .47 Sled test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Sleeve bearing. See also Sliding bearing. defined 17 Slide-roll ratio. See Slide-sweep ratio. Slide-sweep ratio, defined 17 Slide-to-roll ratios .474 Sliding. See also Rolling; Spin; Specific sliding. defined 17 Sliding and adhesive wear 236-241 characteristics and examples 236 prevention of adhesive wear 241 primary parameters in the wear of metals, polymers, and ceramics 237-241 ceramics 237,240-241 metals 237-239, 241 polymers 237, 239-240, 241 sliding surface 236-237 conformity of contacting surfaces 237 material-dependent bond strength 236-237 standard conditions for sliding of three classes of materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236 wear equations, design criteria, and material selection 237 Sliding bearing materials, friction and wear of '" , , .741-756 bearing alloys 748-754 aluminum-base alloys 748,752-753 cemented carbides 748, 754 copper-base alloys 748, 750-752 gray cast irons 748, 754 lead-base alloys ., 748, 749-750 nonmetallic materials (nylon, PTFE, carbon-graphite, wood, rubber, and laminated phenolics) '" .. 748, 754 silver-base alloys 748, 753 tin-base alloys 748-749 zinc-base alloys , 748, 753-754 bearing material selection 756 bearing material systems 745-748 aluminum alloys 746 bimetal systems 747 copper alloys 746 porous metal bushings , .746-747 single-metal systems 745, 747 trimetal systems 747-748 zinc alloys 746 casting processes 754-755 babbitt centrifugal casting 754-755 bearing performance properties 754 bimetal systems 754-755 bronze centrifugal casting 755 bronze gravity casting 755 bronze strip and slab casting 755 single-metal systems 754 trimetal systems 755 definition of sliding bearing 17, 741 designations by terms that describe their 741 application " electroplating processes 756 fatigue life 744 history and development 741 lubrication 744,747,750 powder metallurgy (P/M) processes 755 applications of bearing materials 755 bimetal and trimetal systems 755 continuous sintering process 755 impregnation and infiltration 755 powder rolling 755 single-metal systems 755 properties of bearing materials 741-745 bearing material microstructures 743-744 compatibility 743 conformability and embeddability versus hardness and fatigue strength 743 corrosion resistance 743, 744-745 hardness 743 heat and temperature effects 745 load capacity 745 measurement and testing 742-743 microstructures 743-744 surface and bulk properties 741-742 roll bonding processes 755-756 wear damage mechanisms 741, 742, 743 Sliding bearings, friction and wear of 515,521 17 defined (sliding bearings) dynamic loads 519-520 friction and wear under mixed-film lubrication 518-519 full-film lubricated bearings 516-518 asperity height (shaft roughness) effect 517, 518, 519 friction effect 518 low h min value significance 518 minimum oil film thickness permissible 517 oil additives and surface treatments 519 operation conditions, effect on lubricated bearing performance 520-521 corrosion 520 dirty environment 520 dynamic loading 520 geometric imperfections 520 inadequate lubrication 520-521 PV factor effect on rubbing bearing performance 515 wear rate for dry rubbing 515-516 metallic bearings 515-516 nomenclature and units " .516 polymer bearings " " .516 Sliding traction coefficient 93 Sliding velocity, defined 17 Sliding wear alumina 389 aluminum-silicon alloys 788 cobalt-base alloys 768-770 galling .. '" , 768-769,770 769-770 588,591 803-804, 806,807,809-810 nonferrous hardfacing alloys 762, 764-765 thermoplastic composites 820-822 Slip, rolling contact wear 257, 260 Slip angle 578, 579 766 Slip behavior, in cobalt-base alloys Slip factor 264,266,267 Slip-line field analysis 34, 35 Slow crack growth .403 Sludge, defined 17 Siumpability, defined 17 Slurry, defined 17 Slurry abrasion response (SAR) 235 Slurry abrasion response (SAR) number, defined 17 Slurry abrasivity, defined 17 Slurry erosion 233-235 cobalt-base alloys 768, 770 defined 17, 233 dry abrasivity 235 effects of wear 234 nickel-base alloys 768,770 slurry wear modes 233-234 abrasion-corrosion wear 233, 234, 235 cavitation 234 crushing and grinding 234, 235 high-velocity erosion 234, 235 low-velocity erosion 234 saltation wear 234 scouring wear 233-234, 235 stainless steels 768, 770 Slurry handling systems, corrosive wear 271 Slurry wear test, Bureau of Mines 274, 275 17 Slushing oil, defined Smearing. See also Transfer. 17 defined SN-N-X (whisker), properties 803 Sneddon's relation .422 Soap 125, 126 chemical structures (thickeners) 126 17 defined for tool steel lubrication 737-738 grease incompatibilities 129 lubricants for rolling-element bearings 136, 137 reasons for use 126 types of thickeners 126 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) for aircraft wheels and brakes (ARP 597) ... 586 Crankcase Classification System 163, 164 engine oil specifications and viscosity grades 162-163,164 performance specifications for engine lubricants 98 performance specifications for nonengine lubricants 98 performance testing of engine oils 170 two-stroke cycle engine oil service classifications 166-167 viscosity grades of lubricants 85, 98, 99 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards brake codes for heavy commercial vehicles (1880; J9781) 577 brake lining friction rating specification (1866a) 576 performance testing of engine oils (1183) 170 quality control test procedure for friction materials test machine (166Ia) 576 viscosity classification systems for engine oils (1300; 11536) 163, 164, 166 Society of Automotive Engineers, Japan, performance testing of engine oils 170 Society of Automotive Engineers Lubricants Review Institute (LRI), performance testing of engine oils 170 Soda ash tailings, Miller numbers 235 Sodium as addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 788 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 spectrometric metals analysis 300 used to make detergents 100 Sodium dodecyl sulfate 143 " oxide control jet engine components metal-matrix composites
932/ Index
Sodium metaphosphate, insoluble, dentifrice abrasive 665 Sodium nitrite 141, 144 Sodium oleate 143 Sodium-potassium-aluminum silicate, abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666, 668 Sodium soap 126 Sodium sulfate, Miller numbers 235 Soft elastic systems 193 Soft glass, friction coefficient. 32 Soft metals, in electroplated coatings 838 Solid-film lubrication, defined 17 Solid friction 27 Solid lubricants 89, 113-120 characteristics of materials 113 defined 17 electron microscopy as analytical tool 376 electroplated coatings 838 electroplating with nickel. 836 extreme-temperature 118-120 ceramic-bonded fluorides 118-119 comparison of ceramic-bonded and fused fluoride coatings 119 fused fluoride coatings 119 plasma-sprayed coatings 119-120 self-lubricating powder metallurgy composites 120 jet engine components 591 layer lattice 113-118 117 bearing tests of GFRPI bulk properties of some hard coat materials. 115 graphite 114-115, 117 graphite fluoride 116 molybdenum disulfide and other dichalcogenides 114 physical vapor deposition (PVD) of tribological coatings . . . . . ..... 115-116 polyimide and polyimide bonded CF. coatings. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 116-117 polymer composites 117 mainshaft bearings of jet engines 590 rolling-element bearings 137-138, 261 titanium alloys 781-783 Solid particle erosion (SPE) 199-210 abrasion 199, 203-204 coarse two-phase microstructures, erosion of 206-207 206-207 edge effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . tungsten carbide-cobalt cermets 207 void nucleation 206 copper 388-389 corrosion-affected erosion regime 210 definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 erosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199-20 I rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 erosion/corrosion (E/C) 207-210 comparison with other E/C classifications . . . . . . . . .. . ..... 209-210 corrosion-affected erosion (CAE) 207,209,210 erosion-enhanced corrosion (EEC) 207-208, 209, 210 pure corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 208-209 pure erosion 207, 209 time- versus mass-based E/C rates 209 erosion-enhanced corrosion regime. . 210 erosion of ceramics 204-206 particle hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205-206 manifestations in service 199 metals, erosion of 201-204 embedding of erodent fragments 203 mechanisms 201-203 micromachining 202, 203 particle flux 204 particle hardness 203-204 particle shape 203 particle size 203 platelet mechanism 202-203 rate 199-203 resistance 201, 202 sequential observation technique 202 temperature 204 scale flaking or spalling 210 steels, erosion of 204 versus liquid impingement erosion 222-223 Solid-particle impingement erosion ceramics 814 cobalt-base alloys 767-768 Soluble oil, defined 17 Sommerfeld number. See also Hershey number; Ocvirk number 90,516,518,519 friction during metal forming 59, 60, 62, 63, 67-68 nomenclature for Raimondi-Boyd design chart .91 Spalling. See also Fatigue wear; Scabbing; Shelling 260, 296 carburizing steels 875 defined 17 erosion-enhanced corrosion 208-209, 210 gears 258 pumps 595 rolling-element bearings 258 tool steels 737 Spark erosion. See Electrical pitting. Spark-ignition (Otto cycle) engines 553 Specific cutting force .432 Specific film thickness 539, 542, 544 symbol and units 544 Specific grooving energy .431-432, 434 Specific heat per unit mass, symbol and units .544 18 Specific sliding, defined Specific wear 708 515 Specific wear rate defined 18 Specimen current 378 Spectrometric oil analysis program (SOAP) 299, 300 191 Specular reflection Spher-a-Caps, material loss on abrasion of dental amalgams 669 18 Spherical bearing, defined Spherical roller bearing 511 basic load rating 505 Spherical roller bearings defined 18 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 Spherical roller thrust bearings 502, 511 basic load rating 505 Spin. See also Rolling; Sliding. defined 18 Spindle oil, defined 18 Spin friction coefficient .478 Spiral groove journal bearings 528 Splash lubrication, defined 18 Split inner ring ball bearings 500 18 Split seal, defined Sponge effect. See also Squeeze effect. 18 defined Spragging, defined 18 Spreader. See also Gutterway. 18 defined Spreader pockets, defined 18 Spring closing force 550 Sputter deposition 840-842 cylindrical magnetron 841, 842 definition 840 ion beam deposition 842 magnetron deposition 841-842 magnetron limitations 842 parameters. . 841 planar diode glow discharge deposition 841 planar magnetron 841, 842 primary components 841 radio frequency (rf) deposition 842 S-gun magnetron 841, 842 sputtering yield 841 sputter target erosion rate 840, 841 titanium alloys 778, 779 unbalanced magnetron 841 Sputtering yield 852, 857 Squeeze effect (sponge effect), defined 18 Stabilizers, for ceramics 814 Stacking faults 387, 388, 389 Stacking-fault energy cavitation erosion of metals and alloys .. 215,217 in cobalt-base alloys 766, 768 liquid impingement erosion 228 stainless steels 715 Stainless steels, specific types S15500 (AISI 15-5PH), chromium-plated versus plasma spray coated Ti-1OV-2Fe-3Al .... 780 S17400 (AISI17-4PH) corrosive wear 719 material for jet engine components 588, 591 microstructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 precipitates formed 712 721 temperature effect on adhesive wear SI7700 (AISI PHI7-7), microstructure 712 S21800 (AISI Nitronic 60) cavitation erosion rate 774 galling threshold load 595 sliding wear 769 721 temperature effect on adhesive wear S30000 series galling resistance with various material combinations 596 hardfacing alloys based on 762 S30400 (AISI 304) cavitation erosion rate 774 715,719 corrosive wear erosion test results 200 friction coefficient data 71 ion implantation 857-858 laser melt/particle injection 869 metallographic sections to detect subsurface deformation 374, 375 service life of coal-handling equipment 719 temperature effect on adhesive wear 721 wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor bottoms 720 S30403 (AISI 304L), sliding wear 774 S30800 (stickweld overlay), cavitation erosion rate 774 S31600 (AISI 316) corrosive wear 719 electro-spark deposition 645 erosion resistance, liquid impingement erosion 228 erosion test results 200 galling 10 polarization curves, slurry wear testing 274, 275, 276 sliding wear 774 thermal spray coating material 832 wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor bottoms 720 wear resistance relation to toughness 707 S31603 (AISI 316L) annealed hardness 768 applications, femoral components of hip and knee replacements 657, 658, 661 erosive wear 768 fretting wear. . . . . . . . . 250 S32100 (AISI 321), work material for ion implantation 858 S40000 series (hard), galling resistance with various material combinations 596 S40000 series (soft), galling resistance with various material combinations 596 S40300 (AISI 403), liquid impingement erosion 221, 225 S40900 (AISI 409) corrosive wear 719 modified, corrosive wear 715 S41000 (AISI 410) cavitation erosion. . . . . . . . 763 corrosive wear 719 service life of coal-handling equipment 719 temperature effect on adhesive wear 721 wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor bottoms 720 S43000 (AISI 430), erosion test results 200 S44004 (AlSI 440C) ceramic coatings and retarding degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 156 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings .. 260 endurance lives when coated with molybdenum disulfide solid lubricant. 115, 116 friction coefficient data 74 graphite fluoride as lattice layer lubricant .. 116 high-resolution electron microscopy to study sliding wear 389 metal wear generated by sliding plastics 240 part material for ion implantation 858
Index / 933
pin-on-disk bench tests 117 polyimide solid lubricants 116, 117 rolling-contact component steels 503 surface, modification with and without lubrication, high-vacuum applications .158 versus titanium alloys modified by 780,781 evaporation. " wear data with unlubricated tool steel .....737 S66286 (AISI A286) material for jet engine components 588, 591 microstructure 712 17-7PH, die wear and die life 633 0.3OC-13Cr, wear resistance 705 18% Cr + 8% Ni (18-8), wear resistance 651 EN581, wear factors in orthopedic implants 659, 660 693, 710-723 Stainless steels, wear of abrasive wear .....718, 719, 720, 723, 767, 774 720,721 adhesive wear resistance applications ... , ....710,712,713,715,722-723 femoral components of hip and knee 657,658 replacements austenitic ..710-712, 713-714, 715, 719, 721-723 applications 723 cavitation erosion 217-218 cavitation resistance 600 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 711 composition erosion resistance in liquid impingement erosion 228 fretting wear 248, 250, 251 galling 721-722 microstructure 710 not suitable for die-casting applications 630 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .710 reference specimens for optical reading of microindentation testing .414 707 relation of wear resistance to toughness specific types 650, 651 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process 829 651 wear resistance work-hardening 712 710 classification of stainless steels compositions 658, 710, 711, 712, 726 corrosive wear 719, 723 273 dependence on slurry cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 damage dominated by fatigue fracture 180, 181 design considerations 723 712,713 duplex applications 712 composition 712 721 galling microstructure 712 properties 712 endodontic instruments manufactured from 666, 675 erosion/corrosion 208 extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 710-712 families of stainless steels austenitic 710-712, 713-714, 715,719,721,723 duplex 712, 713, 721 ferritic 710,713, 716, 721 martensitic 712,713-714, 715, 716, 719, 721, 723 precipitation-hardenable (PH) .... 712, 713, 721 ferritic 710, 713, 716, 721 advantages 710 applications 710 composition 710 721 galling microstructure 710 properties 710 ferrography application to identify wear particles 305 538 for gears, resistant to scuffing for shallow forming dies 633 for valve plates for reciprocating compressors. 604 for valve springs for reciprocating compressors 604 fretting wear 247, 248, 250, 251 friction coefficient data 71, 74 high-silicon alternate material hardfacing alloys 762, 764 erosive wear 762 galling 763 properties 762 hot forging 625 laser alloying 866 laser cladding 867 laser melting 864, 866 laser melt/particle injection 869 712-716,719 martensitic applications 723 classification and composition of hardfacing alloys 652 composition 712 galling 721-722 microstructure 712 properties 712 specific types 222 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process 829 material for jet engine components 588 material for surface force apparatus .402 148 metal forming lubricants orthodontic wires 666, 675-676 712,713 precipitation-hardenable (PH) classification 712 galling 721-722 microstructure 712 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712 wear resistance and cost effectiveness ..... 706 properties.659, 710, 712-713, 714, 715, 716, 721 seal materials 550 sliding wear 769 slurry erosion 768, 770 threshold galling stress results 721, 722 wear and galling 713-716, 723 abrasive wear 713-714,716, 717 adhesive wear 715, 716, 717 corrosive wear. . 715, 716, 717 factors affecting .715-716 fatigue wear 715 fretting wear 714-715 galling 715, 721, 722 wear and galling tests, commonly used 716-718 block-on-ring test 717 . .718,720,721 button-on-block test..... corrosive wear testing 717 crossed-cylinder test. 717 dry sand/rubber wheel test 716-717 galling test 718 pin-on-disk test 717-718 ring-on-ring test 718 wear compatibility of dissimilar-mated stainless steels 720 wear data 718-722 718-719 abrasive/corrosive wear '" adhesive wear 719-720 galling resistance 721-722 274 wear effect on polarization curves weld overlays for resistance to cavitation erosion 217 541 welding factor. work-hardening rates 712 Standard calomel electrode (SCE) 250 Standard deviation of the asperity height 33 distribution Star polymers, as viscosity improvers 109 Starting torque, defined 18 Static coefficient of friction 27, 46, 47, 476 18 defined Standard Reference Materials (SRM) .415 93 Static equilibrium viscosity Static equivalent load, defined 18 Static equivalent radial load 510 Static friction. See Limiting static friction. Static friction coefficients for selected materials 70-75 factors affecting relative contributions 70 Static friction factor value 67, 68 18 Static load rating, defined Static sliding friction coefficient .478 Static tensile stress, and fretting wear 248 Static viscosity. See Viscosity. 18 Stave bearing, defined Steady-state scale thickness 207,208,209,210 Steady-state wave model. 59, 60, 66-68 613 Steady-state wear period Steels abrasion resistance .490, 491 abrasive wear materials 190 applications cylinder liner material for pistons 556 internal combustion engine parts 553, 561 bonded to aluminum-silicon-tin or aluminumsilicon-lead alloys 744 case hardening for rolling-contact component steels 502 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 181 damage dominated by fatigue fracture damage dominated by surface cracking .. 178, 179 debris effect on wear 249 .490 dependence of wear on load and velocity elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 erosion 200, 201, 204 relative erosion factor 200, 201 forged 654 for valve seats and guards for reciprocating compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 fretting wear 252 fretting wear of ropes 250 friction coefficient data 74, 75 galling threshold loads 595 grinding rod materials 654 hardened and tempered, erosive attack on die surface. . . . . . . . . . . 630 heat treated, properties 813 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 in trimetal bearing material systems 748 laser alloying 866 mechanical properties. . . . . 774 mild......... . ..... 71,73,246,251,549 part material for ion implantation 858 192 physical properties roll bonding processes . . . . . . . .755-756 scanning acoustic microscopy for wear studies .408, 409 soft-annealed, erosive attack on the die surface . . . . . . . 630, 63 I thermal properties. . . . . .42 to collimate or shield sources for storage and shipment 325 wear rates . . . . 272 work material for ion implantation. . . . .858 Steels, AISI-SAE, specific types 1000 to 6000 (hard), galling resistance with various material combinations 596 1000 to 6000 (soft), galling resistance with various material combinations 596 1010, cage material for rolling-element bearings 503 1015 nominal compositions and applications 703 relative erosion factor 200 1016, laser cladding 867 1018 erosion rate and particle flux effect 204 erosion rate and particle size effect. 203 laser alloying with chromium 866 laser cladding 867 laser transformation hardening 862 surface laser alloying 866 nominal compositions and applications 703 1020 abrasive wear data 706 cage material for rolling-element bearings .. 503 erosion rate 206 71 friction coefficient data hardness 706 mating material used to demonstrate friction of different types of carbon 818 mating material used to demonstrate wear of different types of carbon 818 nominal compositions and applications 703 toughness 706 wear data with unlubricated tool steel 737
934/ Index
Steels, AISISAE, specific types (continued) wear resistance and cost effectiveness 706 work material for ion implantation 858 1020 spheroidized, composition 806 1032, friction coefficient data 71, 73, 74 1040 forging without use of a lubricant. 639 shallow-hardening steel 706 1045 erosion resistance versus hardness 202, 204 hot forging, die wear 635 laser transfonnation hardening 862, 863 1050 wear rate versus load 239 work material for ion implantation 858 1055, erosion rate 204 1065, corrosive wear 719 1070, wear rate 705 1075, erosion rate and resistance 204 1078, erosion rate 204 1080 erosion rate 204 properties 713, 714 wear resistance and cost effectiveness 705 1080 spheroidized, composition 806 1085, abrasive wear data 705 1090, abrasive wear data 705 1095 core properties of carburized versus induction-hardened components 725 grinding rod material 654 hardness 704 ti me-temperature-transfonnation diagram 704, 705 wear resistance and cost effectiveness ..... 706 1118, nominal compositions and applications .703 1137 , V-blocks run against by 781 Cr-Mo/Ti-6AI-4V specimens 1345, wear rate compared with those of squeeze-cast composites 809 1524, carburizing and hardenability 875 1541, carburizing and hardenability 875 3310 applications 704 nominal compositions 704, 725 4022, nominal compositions and applications .703 4023 carburizing and hardenability 875 nominal compositions and applications 703 4027, nominal compositions and applications .703 4042, carburizing and hardenability 875 4118 applications 703 carburizing and fabricability ' 876 nominal compositions 703, 725 4130 adhesive wear resistance 721 carburizing production of carbide networks in prior austenite grain boundaries .... 874 coarse primary carbides produced by carburizing 874 laser cladding 868 work material for ion implantation 858 4140 abrasive wear data 705 die material for sheet metal fonning 628 633, 634 die wear in shallow fonning dies erosion resistance 204 gear materials, surface treatment, and 261 minimum surface hardness impact wear 268 laser transfonnation hardening 863 work material for ion implantation 858 4150 for hot extrusion tools 627 laser transformation hardening 863 4150 mod, recommendations for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 4320 applications 704 nominal compositions 704, 725 tapered roller bearing material. 502 721 4337, adhesive wear resistance 4340 abrasive wear data 705, 706, 719 cage material for rolling-element bearings . .503 correlation between wear resistance and toughness 706-707 corrosive wear 719 gear materials, surface treatment, and 261 minimum surface hardness hardness 706 laser melt/particle injection 869 laser transfonnation hardening 862 nominal compositions and applications 703 toughness 706 4350, for hot extrusion tools 627 4350 mod, for hot extrusion tools 627 4620 nominal compositions 725 tapered roller bearing material 502 4720, nominal compositions and applications .704 4815 carburizing and fabricability 876 laser cladding 867, 868 nominal compositions and applications ..... 704 5120 applications 703 carburizing and hardenability 875 nominal compositions 703, 725 5140 carburizing and hardenability 875 die material for sheet metal fonning 628 5160 core properties of carburized versus induction-hardened components 725 deep-hardening steel. 706 6145, die casting of copper alloys and erosive wear of dies 629 6150, for hot extrusion tools 627 7140, interface considerations for die-casting die wear 632 8620 applications 704 carburizing and fabricability 876 carburizing and hardenability 875 carburizing effect on carbon concentration gradients and case hardness 873-874 core properties of carburized versus induction-hardened components 725 fatigue life versus film thickness in bearing steels 727, 728 laser transfonnation hardening 862 nominal compositions 704, 725 tapered roller bearing material. 502 8640 carburizing and hardenability 875 die material for sheet metal fonning 628 8720, carbl1rizing and hardenability 875 8740, carburizing and hardenability . . .. ., .. 875 9310 carburizing and fabricability 876 carburizing and its effect on case hardness .874 nominal compositions and applications .....704 52100 abrasive wear 774 abrasive wear coefficient .491 application in gas turbine mainshaft bearings 590 bearing life versus specific film thickness in bearing steels 727, 728 carburizing and effect on its microstructure 873, 875 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings .. 260 core properties of carburized versus induction-hardened components 725 damage by microstructural changes 177-178 endurance lifetime with molybdenum disulfide coating 782 friction coefficient, tribotesting .485 friction coefficient data 71, 73 grinding rod material 654 heat treatment for use in bearings 702 high-resolution electron microscopy to study sliding wear 389 laser transfonnation hardening 862 microstructural changes from rolling contact fatigue 389 nominal compositions 725 part material for ion implantation 858 promotes degradation of perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) 156 rolling-contact component steel material for rolling-element bearings 502, 503 rolling contact fatigue 260, 389 sliding wear 774 surface modification with and without lubrication and high-vacuum application 158 VAMAS round-robin sliding wear tests .486 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 C-45, applications, laser transfonnation hardening 863 Ck 45N, gas nitriding effect on compound layer concentration versus distance from surface 878, 879 C1095 (spring steel), impact wear 268 En8, oxidational wear 283, 286 En31, oxidational wear 286, 287, 288 Steels, wrought abrasive wear data 706 hardness 706 nominal compositions and applications 703 toughness 706 Stefan-Boltzmann constant 441 Stefan-Boltzmann law 441 Stellite applications, pump components 598 diagnostic condition monitoring by radionuclide methods 322 erosion , 200, 206 erosion in ceramics 205 erosion resistance 228 71 friction coefficient data galling resistance with various material combinations 596 laser cladding 867, 868 laser cladding components and techniques 869 liquid impingement erosion and hardness 228 seal adhesive wear 549 seal material 551 Stellite 3 erosion test results 200 properties, sand cast. 548 Stellite 6 composition 806 laser cladding 867, 868 laser cladding components and techniques .... 869 Stellite 6B 721 adhesive wear resistance as coating to protect against liquid impingement erosion 221, 222 erosion mechanisms and embedding of particle fragments 203 erosion test results 200 fatigue wear 715 galling test use 718 liquid impingement erosion 225 relative erosion factor 200, 201 replaced by stainless steels 723 721 temperature effect on adhesive wear Stellite 6K, erosion test results 200 774 Stellite 21 (stick), cavitation erosion rate Stellite SF6 laser cladding 867 laser cladding components and techniques 869 Step bearing. See also Rayleigh step bearing; Stepped bearing. defined 18 Stepped bearing. See also Step bearing. 18 defined Stepped pockets 551 Stern-tube bearing, defined 18 Stiffness, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings 92 with orifice or capillary restrictor Stick-slip. See also Spragging .47,48,56,57 defined 18 Stiction 576 18 defined Stoke (centistoke), defined 18 Stoody Deloro HG1, cavitation erosion rate 774 Stopping distance 583 Storage stability, defined 18 Strain, depth profiles .468, 469
Index / 935
Strain-energy release rate .403 Strength reduction factors (SRFs), and fretting wear 242 Stress wave propagation, liquid impact erosion 224 Stretch, automotive chain wear 566 Stribeck curve 60, 66, 89 coefficient of friction of sliding bearings .518, 519 18 defined lubrication regimes of tribosystems .476 Stribeck-Hersey curve .48, 49 Strips 569 Strip-type bearings 741 Strong acid number 84 Strong base number 84 Strontium, as addition to aluminum-silicon alloys 788 396, 397 Stylus profilometry Styrene-butadiene rubber, wear index and test severity 580 Styrene-diene polymers, as viscosity improvers 109, 110 Styrene-ester polymers, hydrocarbon moiety of dispersants 99 Styrene-isoprene, infrared spectroscopy data 301 Styrene-polyester (STPE) polymers as dispersants III as pour-point depressants 111 as viscosity improvers 109, 110, 111 Submerged arc welding process 644, 653 Substitutional solid-solution strengthening, ion implantation strengthening mechanisms 855-856, 858 Subsurface, defined 376 Subsurface fatigue 259 Suction-specific speed 599 Suh's delamination theory of wear 260 SUJ 1, nominal compositions 725 Sulfides, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 18 Sulfochlorinated lubricant, defined Sulfonates as detergents II I as rust and corrosion inhibitors III Sulfur in bearing steels, abrasive wear 733 in electroplated nickel 836 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 Miller numbers 235 segregation and solid friction 28 as solid lubricant inclusion for stainless steels.716 spectrometric metals analysis 300 18 Sulfurized lubricant, defined Sump lubrication 132-133 Superalloys 623 application, gas turbine engine components 813 cobalt-base erosion resistance for pump components 598 for hot-forging dies 626 material for jet engine components 588 elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 iron-base, for hot-forging dies 626 laser alloying 866 materials for dies and molds 622, 625, 626 nickel-base hot forging 625, 626 material for jet engine components 588, 590 resistance to plastic deformation 626 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Superconducting materials, plasma-assisted physical vapor deposition 848 Superficial hardness test. See Rockwell superficial hardness test. Supply pressure, nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 Surface, defined 376 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) .408 Surface area fraction .465 Surface chemical analysis 445-461 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 445, 446-447, 449, 450-456 applications .454-455 data analysis .452-453 effects of chemical environment on AES spectrum .454 electron escape depth .451-452 equipment .452 fundamentals .450-451 ion etching (sputtering) .453-454, 455 limitations .455-456 platinized titania application 449-450, 451 spectrum .452-453 versus SIMS .458, 459 electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) .456-458 applications .457-458 detection limit. .456 equipment .456-457 fundamentals .456 spectrum .457 infrared (IR) spectroscopy .460-461 ion-scattering spectrometry (ISS) 448-450 applications 449-450 equipment .449 fundamentals 448-449 449 neutralization of ions resolution 449 sensitivity 449 spectrum .449 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) .456, 458-460, 461 applications .458, 459-460 dynamic .459 equipment .459 fundamentals .459 spectrum .459 static .459 versus AES and XPS .458, 459 x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 445-448, 449, 452, 456 data analysis 447-448 development .445 equipment 446-447 fundamentals .445-446 spectrum .447, 448 versus SIMS .458 Surface coatings gas-lubricated bearings 532 seals 551 Surface damage 176-183 176-177 classes of 18 defined diagnosis 177 effects of the surface damage 177 properties of the surface layer 177 relative importance of rival wear mechanisms 177 tribological examples 177-182 damage by interaction between corrosion and fracture 181-182 damage dominated by brittle fracture 180 damage dominated by chip formation .. 179-180 damage dominated by contact-generated corrosion 182-183 damage dominated by dissolution or diffusion 181 damage dominated by extrusion 179 damage dominated by fatigue fracture .. 180-181 damage dominated by microstructural 177-178 changes damage dominated by plastic deformation .. 178 damage dominated by shear fracture ... 178-179 178 damage dominated by surface cracking damage dominated by tearing 180 183 tribography as a tool Surface damage contribution factor 266, 268 Surface distress, defined 18 Surface energy 399-400 Surface examination 290- 292 292 analysis of data collected first level visual inspection 290-291 292 matters of scale planning 290 291 second level electron microscopy selection of chemical analysis instruments 291-292 Surface fatigue 259 nitrided surfaces 879, 880, 881-882 sliding bearings 742, 743 Surface fatigue wear, thermal spray coating applications 831, 833 performance factors 833 Surface force apparatus (SFA) .400, 401, 402 Surface forces and adhesion, measurement of 399-405 atomic force microscopy .402 basic concepts 399-400 interfacial energy 399-400 surface energy and surface forces 399-400 .400, 403, 404, 405 work of adhesion measuring adhesion .402-404 adhesion between curved surfaces .403 fracture experiments .403 fundamental adhesion measurements .403 history dependence and sample preparation .403 .404 modes of separation practical adhesion measurements .403-404 rate-dependent effects .403 measuring surface forces .400-402 Derjaguin approximation .400, 401 environments .402 instrumental requirements .400 other measurements (adsorption, friction, refractive index, viscosity) .402 .402 preparation of surfaces and fluids pull-off force .401, 403 substrate materials .401 techniques .400-401 .404-405 state of the art Surface layer activation (SLA) 319 Surface nitriding, to improve abrasive wear resistance 639 Surface roughness .436 Surface temperature measurement. .438-444 metallographic techniques 438-439, 444 radiation detection techniques 441-444 infrared detectors 442-443 optical and infrared (IR) .441-442,443 photography photography 441 photon collection 443 photon detection 441 pyrometry .441, 442 441 thermal imaging total emissivity of solid surfaces at 25C, 441 representative values thermocouples and thermistors 439-441 contact thermocouples .439-440 dynamic thermocouples .440 embedded subsurface thermocouples 440 thin-film temperature sensors 440-441 Surface tension, liquid .400 Surface texture 334-344 applications 341-344 automotive engine components surface roughness specifications 342 lip seals 344 magnetic storage 343 metalworking 341-343 surface parameter effect on component performance 342 surface property effect on component failure causes 342 tribology and wear 342-343 definition 334 design 336, 344 experimental issues for stylus instruments 336-341 bandwidth limits for surface metrology.338-339 examples of roughness measurement results 340-341 height resolution and range 336-338 lateral resolution and range 338 other distortions 339-340 stylus load and surface deformation 339 instrument calibration 341 341 comparison of roughness parameters 341 comparison of surface profiles general calibration issues 341 lubrication role 336, 342-343 profiling techniques 334 profile methods 334 raster area methods 334 statistical functions 335-336
936/ Index
Surface texture (continued) amplitude density function 335 autocorrelation function (ACP) 335-336, 337 autocovariance function 335-336 bearing area curve 335 height distribution 335 power spectral density (PSD) 335, 336 surface parameters 334-335 height parameters 334 hybrid parameters 334, 335 shape parameters 334-335 wavelength parameters 334 surface statistics, introduction 334 versus roughness 334 Surface topography and image analysis (area) ' 346-354 computing differences between two traces or surfaces 350-352 conventions 346-347 curvature 352 Hough transforms 352 pattern matching 352 definitions 346-347 estimation and combination of intensity and topographic images 347-348 rendering and combining images 348 transforming an intensity image 347-348 fractals, trees, and future investigations .. 352-354 implementation on personal computers and data bases 347 lessons from two-dimensional analysis 349 point spacing and image compression 347 potential pitfalls 347 relating two- and three-dimensional parameters 348-349 selecting an appropriate coordinate system 349-350 Surface wave velocity (VR)' .408 Surfactant. See also Rehbinder effect. defined 18 for metalworking lubricants 141, 142, 143, 144 Suspended solids, for metalworking lubricants .. 141 Sweating, defined 18 Sweep velocity, defined 18 Syneresis (of a grease). See Bleeding. Synergistic component of damage from wear .274 Synovial joints 656, 662 boundary lubrication 656, 662 friction coefficients 656, 662 schematic 656 wear factors 656 Synthetic hydrocarbon fluids (SHC) 132, 134 Synthetic oil 18 defined as metalworking lubricants 142, 144, 146 Synthetic resins, compatibility with steels .....743 Tantalum oxide, reference material for ion etching with Auger electron spectroscopy .453 Tantalum/titanium/niobium carbides, in cemented carbides 795 Tapered land bearing, defined 19 Tapered roller bearing 500, 501, 502 application in automotive manual transmissions 565 basic load rating 505 defined ' 19 II factors 511 Iv factors for lubrication methods 511 Tapered section, defined 19 Target poisoning 844 Tar sand, Miller numbers 235 Taylor vertices, defined 19 TBS-9, nominal composition 725 Teflon " 144, 152 as bearing material 754 friction coefficient data 73, 74 material for surface force apparatus .402 porous, abradable seal material 589 thermal properties .42 use in metal-on-polyer total hip replacements .657 699 Tellurium, in flake graphite composition Temperature effect on abrasive wear 188 effect on dynamic friction coefficient in silicon and gallium arsenide 688-689 Tempering gear materials 261 heat checking of die surfaces 631 Temporary viscosity loss 84, 109-110 Terminal erosion rate 228 19 defined Terminal period, defined 19 Test Monitoring Center (TMC), performance 170 testing of engine oils Textile oil, defined 19 Textural fractal dimension 353 Thallium adhesion and solid friction 33 radionuclide methods, use in 325 841 Thermal chemical vapor deposition Thermal conductivity and average flash temperature .41 and maximum flash temperature .40 Thermal contact coefficients .40-41, 540 symbol and units 544 Thermal contact coefficients ratio 44 Thermal ditTusivity, ceramics 814-815 Thermal-energy dissipation 611 Thermal expansion coefficients 575 hardfacing deposition 653-654 heat checking 630 mismatch a factor in composite restorative materials (dental) 672 Thermal spray coatings 644, 829-833 application method for jet engine component coatings 590, 591 applications 832 coatings for friction and wear applications 831-833 abrasive wear 831, 832-833 adhesive wear 831, 832, 833 cavitation 832, 833 corrosive wear 832, 833 suitability criteria 831 surface fatigue 831, 832, 833 hardfacing deposition in mining and mineral industries 653 lubrication 832 material groups 829 process application area categories 829 process definition 829 process operational mechanisms 829 process parameters 830-831 bond coat materials 831 coating finishing method 831 coating thickness limitations 831 deposition rate 831 surface preparation 830-831 thermal spray methods commercially available 829-830, 832 electric arc wire (EAW) spray .... 829-830, 832 high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOP) powder spray 829, 830, 831, 832 oxyfuel powder (OPP) spray 829, 830, 832 oxyfuel wire (OPW) spray 829, 830, 832 plasma arc (PA) powder spray .. 829,830,831, 832 Thermal stability 84 Thermal taper. See Thermal wedge. Thermal wear, defined 19 Thermal wedge, defined 19 Thermochemical conversion surface treatments, titanium alloys 779, 780-781 Thermoelastic instability (TEl) ceramics 814, 815 defined 19 Thermoplastic composites, friction and wear of 820-826 abrasive wear 821 adhesive wear 821 advantages 820 coefficients of friction 820, 821, 822, 824, 825, 826 composition of injection-moldable thermoplastic composites 821 corrosive wear 820 lubrication 820, 822-826 material selection 822-826 conclusions 826 lubricant effect on friction 825-826 lubricant effect on wear factor 822-825 PEEK composites, friction and wear properties 821 properties 820 sliding wear 820-822 wear tests 822 coefficient of friction 822 volume wear 822 wear factor 822 Thermoplastics, abrasive wear resistance .490 Thiazoline derivatives, as biocides 110 Thickener, defined 19 Thick-film lubrication. See also Thin-film lubrication 89-94 defined 19 Thin-film lubrication. See also Thick-film lubrication 89, 94-96 asperity lubrication modes 94-96 micro-EHL and friction polymer films 94-95 oxide film 94, 96 physically adsorbed and other surface films 94, 95-96 defined 19 Thin-film scratch test .421 Thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) 440-441 Thixotropy. See also Rheopectic material. defined 19 Thoma number 599 Thorium, detector mounting in radionuclide methods 326 Thornel 50, properties 803 Thornel 300, properties 803 Three-body abrasion 537 Three-sector journal bearing 527-528 Threshold galling stress (TGS) 718,722 Through-hardened steel, welding factor 541 Through-hardening, gear materials 261 Thrust ball bearings 500,505,506,507,508 applicable load 511 basic load rating 505 carburizing 875 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 static equivalent axial load 510 X and Y factors 509 z and y factors 511 Thrust bearing 741 defined 19 for centrifugal compressors 607 Thrust cylindrical roller bearings 502, 503, 505 II factors 511 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 Thrust needle roller bearings 502 basic load rating 505 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 Thrust roller bearings 502, 503, 505, 507
T
Taber abrader 670, 673 used for abrasion tests of dental amalgam .... 669 weight loss resulting from abrasive wear on electroplated coatings 835 Tabor criterion 195 Tailings (all types), Miller numbers 235 Talc hardness " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 properties 80 I Tandem scanning microscope (TSM) 357 hardware configurations 358 Tandem scanning reflected-light microscope (TSRLM) hardware configurations 358 image acquisition 359 simplified optical diagram 358 Tandem seal, defined 19 Tangential friction force .432 Tantalum, erosion rate dependent on static hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..20 I Tantalum carbide in cemented carbides 795 properties 795 Tantalum/niobium, as dopant for tungsten carbide 795
Index / 937
applicable load 511 static equivalent axial load 510 Thrust spherical roller bearings I. factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Iv factors for lubrication method 511 Thrust tapered roller bearings 502 basic load rating 505 Tifran 781,782 Tilting-pad bearing 527 19 defined for centrifugal compressors 607 527, 528 Tilting-pad journal bearing pivot circle clearance 527 pivot design 527 yaw stability 527 523, 525 Tilting-pad thrust bearing Time series 294 Timken 17-22AS, for opposing surfaces of steel aircraft brakes 584 101 Timken tests, metalworking fluids Tin addition to aluminum-base bearing alloys ....752 addition to lead alloys providing corrosive resistance 744 33 adhesion and solid friction aluminum-silicon-tin alloys, mixed bearing microstructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .744 cans as work material for ion implantation ... 858 coating for valve train assembly components .. 559 compatibility in bearing materials 743 conformability and embeddability 743 electroplated coatings for bearings 838 fiber for reinforcement. 803 71 friction coefficient data in aluminum alloy bearing material systems .. 746 in copper-base alloys 750 in dental amalgam 669 in lead-base alloys 750 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 processing technique 803 properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803 pure, thermal properties .42 28 segregation and solid friction solid lubricant inclusion for stainless steels 716 spectrometric metals analysis 300 thermal spray coating material 832 Tin-aluminum alloys, not directly roll bonded to steel. 756 Tin babbitt bearing material microstructure 743, 744 casting processes 754-755 in bearing alloys 748 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 in trimetal bearing material systems 748 Tin-base alloys as bearing alloys 748-749 composition 749 designations " 749 mechanical properties 749 microstructure 749 bonding providing corrosion resistance 744 heat and temperature effects on strength retention 745 in bimetal bearing material systems 747 Tin bronze bearing material systems 746-747 applications 746 bearing performance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 Tin-coated copper, surface damage by corrosion and plastic deformation 183 Tin-coated steel, sheet metal forming with liquid lubrication for tool steels 738 752-753,756 Tin-free aluminum alloys Tin/lead alloys ferrographic application to identify wear particles 305 strain-rate behaviors (Sn-38% Pb) .426 Tin oxide, ESDIED spectrum .457, 458 Tire rolling radius 566 578-581 Tires, friction and wear of abrasion and wear 578 basic mechanism 578 terminology related to tire wear and their definitions 578 tire axis system 578, 579 effects of various factors, experimental design study 580 tire-related factors, effect on tire wear rate .580 fleet testing 579, 580 581 future outlook load and velocity effects 579-580 resilience 579 standard wear rate 579 test severity 580 pavement surface severity 580 tire force severity 580 weather severity 580 tire conceptual model 580-581 carcass foundation stiffness 580 580-581 coefficient of friction of rubber flexural rigidity 580 tire wear models 579 empirical 579 theoretical 579 trailer testing 579-580 Titanium abrasive wear 189 adhesion and solid friction 32, 33 boron-implanted, nanoindentation .426 carburizing affected by content in steels 875 cavitation resistance 600 cobalt laser cladding materials not used .. 866-867 cutting tool materials and cutting speed relationship 616 cutting tool material selection based on machining operation 617 249 debris effect on wear 592 effect on brake lining friction for cutting tools 612 fretting wear 250 friction coefficient 71, 72 851,852,854 incident-ion energy in stainless steels 710, 712, 713 laser cladding 867 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I nitride-forming element 878 nonimplanted, nanoindentation .426 oxidational wear 287 platinized titania ISS and AES applications 449-450, 451 seal adhesive wear 549 seal materials 550 spectrometric metals analysis . .. 300 tantalUm/titanium/niobium carbides in cemented carbides 795 Ti 387 eV, Auger electron spectroscopy .454 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Titanium alloys, friction and wear of 693,778-783 advantages of 778 780,781 applications femoral components of hip and knee replacements 657, 658 carbonitriding 866 carburizing 866 disadvantages 778 elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 for laser alloying 866 fretting wear 248, 251, 252 friction coefficient 778, 779, 780, 781, 782 galling 715 hot forging 625, 626 laser melting 864 laser meWparticie injection 869, 870-871 lubrication 778, 780, 781-783 of tool steels 738 615 machined by high-speed steel cutting tools material for jet engine components .588, 590, 591 metal forming lubricants 147 nitriding 866 part material for ion implantation 858 protection against liquid impingement erosion .222 surface modification treatments 778-783 activated reactive evaporation (ARE) .. 779, 780 surface modification treatments, advantages and limitations 779 boriding 779, 780-781 carburizing 779, 780-781 781 erosive wear evaporation 779, 780 fatigue life 779 ion implantation 778-780 781 laser surface treatment nitriding 779, 780-781 781 laser surface treatment physical vapor deposition (PVD) 778-780 778,780 plasma spray coatings plating 778,779 solid lubrication 778-783 sputtering 778, 779, 782 thermochemical conversion surface treatments. " 779, 780-781 versus S44004 (AISI 440e) steel when disk modified by evaporation 780 Titanium alloys, specific types 251 IMI 550, fretting wear Ti-6AI-4V annealing 780-781 applications 781, 782 applications, femoral components of hip and knee replacements 657 carbon ion implantation effect on resistance to polishing wear .424 carburizing 780 contact corrosive wear with UHMWPE 779 improved by ion implantation erosion test results 200 friction coefficient data 71, 73 friction coefficient with no lubricant in air environment 778 friction coefficient with PFPE lubricant 778 laser alloying .............. . .866 laser cladding 868 laser melting 864 laser meWparticie injection .. 868-869, 870, 871 laser nitriding 781 molybdenum disulfide coating effect on endurance lifetimes 781, 782-783 nitriding. . . . . . . . . . . 780-781 nitrogen ion implantation versus carbon ion implantation . . . . . . . . . . . .. 779 781 pulse plating deposition. . . . . . . . . relative erosion factor 200 surface treatments. . . . . . 780-782 unimplanted versus carbon ion-implanted and fatigue 780 untreated versus nitrogen-implanted wear volume loss 779 Ti-6AI-4V ELI, fretting wear 250 781 Ti-8AI-I Mo-I V, pulse plating deposition Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, application in jet engine 591 nozzle assemblies Ti-Mo-Zr-Sn, orthodontic wires 666 Ti-15Mo laser alloying 866 laser melting 864 Ti-O-N, surface treatment material for titanium alloys 779 Ti-IOV-2Fe-3AI laser melting 864 lubrication bearing test results after plasma spray coating 780 plasma spray coating applications 780 Titanium alloys, wrought composition 658 physical and mechanical properties 659 Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, wrought composition 658 physical and mechanical properties 659 Titanium boride direct evaporation 844 to improve cladding microhardness 868 Titanium carbide (TiC) activated reactive evaporation process 844 coatings for cutting tool materials 614 for dies 643, 646 for jet engine components 592 for titanium alloys 779, 780 for tool steels 739 for valve train assembly components 559 for gas-lubricated bearings 532
938/ Index
Titanium carbide (TiC) (continued) for hot-forging dies 627 for laser melt/particle injection 869, 870-871 friction coefficient data (on 440C stainless steel) 74 in cemented carbides 795 liquid impingement erosion 227 methods used for synthesis 802 properties 812, 813 thermal properties .42 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Titanium carbide-alumina (TiC-AI20 3 ), erosion test results 200 Titanium-coated carbides, cutting speed and work material relationships 616 Titanium carbide-nickel alloys, corrosion resistance 800 Titanium carbide/nitride, applications 812 Titanium diboride, thermal properties .42 Titanium dioxide (Ti02 ) properties 801 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Titanium dioxide/magnesium oxide (Ti02 IMgO), methods used for synthesis 802 Titanium nitride activated reactive evaporation process 844 coatings for cutting tool materials 613, 614 for dies 643 for jet engine components 592 for sintered carbide tools to improve endurance 812 779,780,783 for titanium alloys for tool steels 739 for valve train assembly components 559 friction coefficient data (on 440C stainless steel) 74 73,74 magnagold, friction coefficient data physical vapor deposition 645 properties 80 I to improve cladding microhardness 868 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Titanium nitride-coated carbides, cutting speed and work material relationship 616 Titanium nitride-coated HSS (roughing grade), cutting speed and work material relationship 616 Titanium nitride-coated tool steel, part material for ion implantation 858 Titanium nitride-coated WC, part material for ion implantation 858 Titanium oxide (Ti0 2 ) Knotek-Feibelman (KF) model for ESD .456, 457 material transfer from Ti-6AI-4V to UHMWPE 779 Titanium oxide and rubber, work material for ion implantation 858 Tobin bronze, thermal spray coating material .. 832 Tokamax (whisker), properties 803 Toluol/hexane, solvent used to help apply 307 ferrography to grease-lubricated bearings 141 Tolyltriazole Tool-chip interface mean temperature 612 Tool life 617 693,734-739 Tool steels, friction and wear of applications 734, 736 boriding 739 classification system 734, 735-736 cold work (A, 0, D) tool steels .. 734, 735, 739 734-736,739 high-speed (M, T) tool steels hot-work (H) tool steels 734,735,739 low-alloy special purpose (L) tool steels 736 low-carbon (P) mold steels 736 734, 735, 739 shock-resisting (S) tool steels water-hardening (W) tool steels 734, 736 726,734,735-736,737 compositions extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 friction coefficient 737, 738 739 galling 737, 739 heat treatments 734 high-speed, erosion rate and resistance 204 ion plating 849 laser cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868 laser melting 864, 865 laser melt/particle injection 869 lubrication 736, 737-739 cutting 738-739 hot extrusion 738 hot forging 738 sheet metal forming " 737-738 magnetron sputtering 849 manufacturing methods 734 mass loss study by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 363 " 736-737 metallurgical aspects of wear 190,736-737,738,805 abrasive wear adhesive wear 237-238, 736, 737-738 contact fatigue wear 736, 737 corrosive wear 736, 737 nitriding 642, 739 part material for ion implantation 858 properties 734, 737, 739 as shield against liquid impingement erosion .. 222 surface treatments 739 Tool steels, specific types A I, gear materials, surface treatment and 261 minimum surface hardness A2 die steel ratings 624 for cold extrusion 627 for deep-drawing dies 634 for hot-forging dies 623 for shallow forming dies 633 gear materials, surface treatment, and 261 minimum surface hardness recommended for backward extrusion of two parts 628 A3, gear materials, surface treatment and 261 minimum surface hardness A4, gear materials, surface treatment and minimum surface hardness 261 A5, gear materials, surface treatment and 261 minimum surface hardness A6 boriding of dies 642 die steel ratings 624 A7, for hot-forging dies 623 A8 die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 623 A9 die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 623 DI damage dominated by fatigue fracture .180, 181 damage dominated by shear fracture typical of adhesive wear 179 D2 abrasive wear 718-719,767,797 adhesive wear resistance 721 annealed hardness 768 die materials for sheet metal forming 628 die wear and die life 633 extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 for cold extrusion tools 627 for deep-drawing dies 634 for shallow forming dies 633 laser cladding 868 nitrided, for shallow forming dies 633 part material for ion implantation 858 recommended for backward extrusion of two parts 628 test duration of dry sand/rubber wheel test. .716 wear resistance and cost effectiveness ..... 706 D3 for deep-drawing dies 634 TiN coating by physical vapor deposition .. 739 D4, for deep-drawing dies 634 D6, part material for ion implantation 858 D7, die wear and die life , 633 catastrophic die failure/plastic deformation .641 die steel ratings .......................624 for die casting 632 for hammer forging 625 for hot extrusion tools 627 623,624,626 for hot-forging dies. '" for press forging 625 interface considerations for die-casting die wear 632 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 resistance to plastic deformation 626 640 thermal fatigue of dies wear resistance relation to toughness 707 HI2 ceramic coatings of dies 643 die steel ratings 624 for die casting 632 for hammer forging 625 for hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623, 624, 626 for press forging 625 thermal fatigue in dies 639 Toyota Diffusion (TD) process 643 wear resistance 636 HI3 die steel ratings 624 for die casting 632 for hammer forging 625 for hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623, 624, 626, 635 for press forging 625 interface considerations for die-casting die wear 632 part material for ion implantation 858 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 refractory-metal coatings 644 TiN coating for surface treatments 739 Toyota Diffusion (TD) process 643 HI4 die steel ratings 624 for hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623, 624 Hl5, for hot-forging dies 623, 624 H16, for hot-forging dies 623, 624 H17, for hot-forging dies 623 H18, for hot-forging dies 623 H19 catastrophic die failure/plastic 641 deformation die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 623, 626 wear resistance 636 H20 for hot-forging dies 623 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 H21 catastrophic die failure/plastic 641 deformation die steel ratings 624 hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623, 626 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 640 thermal fatigue of dies H22 for hot-forging dies 623 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 H23 die steel ratings 624 hot extrusion tools 627 for hot-forging dies 623 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 H24 die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 623 H25, for hot-forging dies 623 H26 643 ceramic coatings of dies die steel ratings 624 for hammer forging alloy and stainless steel. 625 for hot extrusion tools 627
HIO die steel ratings for hot-forging dies thermal fatigue in dies HII
624 623, 624 639
Index / 939
for hot-forging dies 623, 625, 626, 635 for press forging heat-resistant alloys, nickel-base alloys 625 H41 for hot-forging dies 623 resistance to thennal fatigue 640 H42 for hot-forging dies 623, 626 resistance to thennal fatigue 640 H43 for hot-forging dies 623 resistance to thennal fatigue 640 M I, contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 M2 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings .. 260 extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 865 laser melting part material for ion implantation 858 recommended for backward extrusion of two parts 628 M4, die wear and die life 633 M7 magnetron sputtering 849 part material for ion implantation 858 MIO activated reactive evaporation 849 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings .. 260 M15, ion plating 849 M34, specimens used in metallographic techniques .438 M35 laser melting 865 part material for ion implantation 858 M42, activated reactive evaporation 849 MSO application in gas turbine mainshaft bearings 590 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings ..260 friction coefficient data 71, 72 nominal compositions 726 rolling-contact component steels 503 MSONiL application in gas turbine mainshaft bearings 590 contact fatigue in rolling-element bearings ..260 503 rolling-contact component steels 01 erosion resistance versus hardness 204 for cold extrusion tools 627 recommended for backward extrusion of two parts 628 06, extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 P20 extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 recommended for die-casting dies and die inserts 629 Tl5, for deep-drawing dies 634 WI extension of tool life via ion implantation, examples 643 for cold heading dies 627 for deep-drawing dies 634 recommended for backward extrusion of two parts 628 W2, for cold heading dies 627 W5, for cold heading dies 627 6F, for hot-forging dies 622-623 6F2 die steel ratings 624 for hammer forging 625 for hot-forging dies 623, 624, 625, 635 for press forging 625 wear resistance 637 6F3 catastrophic die failure/plastic defonnation .641 die steel ratings 624 for hammer forging carbon steels 625 for hot-forging dies 623, 624 for press forging 625 thenna! fatigue in dies 639 6F4 die steel ratings for hot-forging dies 6F5 die steel ratings for hot-forging dies
6F7
624 622-623, 624 624 623, 625
catastrophic die failure/plastic defonnation .641 die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 623, 625
6G
die steel ratings 624 for hammer forging 625 for hot-forging dies 622-623, 625, 635 for press forging 625 6H, for hot-forging dies 622-623 6HI die steel ratings 624 for hot-forging dies 635 6H2, die steel ratings 624 565 Tooth involute form (TIF) Topaz, hardness .433 Topographic image 346,348,351-352 Topothesy 352, 353 Torque, defined 19 Torque converter stall ratio 566 Total acid number (TAN) 84,300 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 Total base number (TBN) 84, 100, 165, 166 corrosive wear and lubricant analysis 310 Total contact temperature, gears 538, 539 Total frictional force, rubber 580 Total friction coefficient 35 Total material loss 274, 275, 276 Total wear rate 275 Toyota Diffusion (TD) process 642-643 Trabon grease test i28 Track, defined i9 i9 Tracking pattern, defined Traction, defined 19 Tractive force, defined i9 Tractor fluids, pour-point depressants 108 Tractor hydraulic fluids additives in fonnulation Iii antisquawk additives i04 antiwear agents used 10 i detergents used 101 friction modifiers i04 Transfer. See also Selective transfer. defined i9 Transfer film 237 Transfer layer 29 Transferred arc plasma 644 Transient film analysis 9i Transition diagram, defined 19 Transition load 715 Transition metals, d-valence bond character and adhesive friction 32 Transmission electron microscope 376-377 basic configuration 379 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) embedding of erodent fragments in nickel observed 203 erosion of ceramics 205 for surface examination 291 imaging and analysis 385-39i amplitude contrast 387 basic imaging and diffraction modes 385 diffraction contrast 387-389 EDS analysis in the TEM 387, 389-390 electron diffraction 385-387 electron energy loss spectrometry 390 image contrast 387 phase contrast. 387 phase contrast imaging 389 mode of operation 379 scanning transmission electron microscopy 390-391 specimen preparation 381-382 debris specimens 382 specimens from worn surfaces 38i surface replicas 381-382 summary and future outlook 391 Transmission fluids 98 additives in fonnulation ill antisquawk additives 104
antiwear agents used 10 I demulsifiers 107 detergents used 10 i dispersants used 100 110 dyes extreme-pressure agents used 101 friction modifiers 104 oxidation inhibitors 105 pour-point depressants 108 seal-swell agents 11 0 viscosity improvers used 11 0 Transmission oil, defined 19 Transmitted power, symbol and units 544 Transverse radius of curvature of gear, symbol and units 544 Transverse radius of curvature of pinion, symbol and units 544 Tread life 579 Tread loss 578 Tread rubber abradability 579 Tread wear index 578, 580 Trepanning, abrasive wear and material property effects 186 Tresca criterion .476 Triazines, as biocides 11 0 Tribaloy 800 coating compositions for LPT blade interlocks 590 material for jet engine components 591 Tribaloy PWA 694, laser cladding components and techniques 869 Tribaloy T-400, laser cladding 868 Tribaloy T-800, laser cladding 867 Tribo-, defined 19 Tribochemistry, defined 19 Tribocontact parameter .476, 477, 480 Tribocracks 178 Triboelement, defined 19 Tribography 176 Tribological parameters, basic .473-479 data sheet, basic triOOlogical parameters . .478-479 functional purpose of tribosystems, categories .473 interaction parameters .474-477 contact area/wear-track ratio .476 contact defonnation modes .475-476 contact stresses .476 interface forces and energies .475 lubrication modes of tribosystems .476-477 operational parameters .474 kinematics .474 type of motion of components of tribosystem for sliding and sliding and rolling .... .475 velocities of tribosystem components for sliding and sliding and rolling .475 structural parameters .473-474 exampies (components) of common triOOsystems .474 tribometric characteristics .477-478 friction parameters .478 wear parameters .478 Tribology, defined 20 Tribometer, defined 20 Tribo-oxidation, nitrides surfaces 879, 880, 881 Tribophysics, defined 20 Tribopolymers 29 Triboscience, defined 20 Tribosurface, defined 20 Tribosystem, defined 20 Tribotechnology, defined 20 Tribotesting .480-485 categories .480-481 2 chi-square (X ) distribution .482, 485 conditions .480-481 evaluation .481-482 simulative .481 Tricalcium phosphate, dentifrice abrasive 665 Trimetal bearing, defined 20 TrimRite. See Stainless steels, specific types, S4201O. Triple-coated carbides (TiC/AI2 0 3ITiN), cutting speed and work material relationship 616 Tristelle TS-l, composition 806 Tristelle TS-2, composition 806 Tristelle TS-3, composition 806 Trunnion bearing, defined 20
940/ Index
Tufftriding, for valve train assembly components 559 Tungsten adhesion and solid friction 32 codeposited with nickel in electroplating 836 113 dichalcogenides erosion resistance 20 I erosion test results 200 71 friction coefficient data in cobalt-base alloys 766 in thermal spray coating materials 832 in tool steels 734, 735-736 relative erosion factor 200 single crystals uniformly hard, as control specimen .424 thermal properties .42 to collimate or shield sources for storage and shipment 325 635-636 wear resistance of die material. x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 758, 760-761 Tungsten carbide abrasive wear 760-761 758,761 applications coarse granular tube rod, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 coating for jet engine components 592 758,761 composition cutting speed and work material relationship .. 616 fine-grain tubular rods, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 for gas-lubricated bearings 532 for hot-forging dies 627 for laser melt/particle injection 869,870-871 friction coefficient data 72 granules or inserts, advantages and applications of materials for surfacing, build-up, and hardfacing 650 in cemented carbides 795, 796 760,761 manufacture methods used for synthesis 802 microstructure 760-761, 799 858 part material for ion implantation as plasma-spray coating for titanium alloys 780 properties 761, 795, 796, 801, 812, 813 551 seal material service temperature of die materials in forging 625 thermal properties .42 thermal spray coating material 832 thermal spray coating recommended 832 668 used to cut hydroxyapatite blocks Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys coatings for titanium alloy jet engine components 590, 591 corrosion resistance 796 for cold heading dies 627 laser cladding components and techniques 869 mechanical and physical properties 813 microstructures : 797, 799 plasma-spray coating for pistons 556 properties 796-797 relative erosion factor 200 Tungsten carbide-iron powder, laser cladding .867 Tungsten carbide-nickel alloys corrosion resistance 800 in cemented carbides 795 Tungsten disulfide 114 541 coating for gears, lubrication effect of testing parameters 806 high-vacuum lubricant applications 154, 159 138 rolling-element bearing lubricant. Tungsten high-speed steels, composition limits. 735 Tungsten hot-work steels 641 catastrophic die failure/plastic deformation composition limits 735 for hot-forging dies 623, 625 639 resistance to heat checking service temperature of die materials in forging 625 Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, application method for interlock coatings 590 Tungsten nitride, coating for jet engine components 592 Tungsten selenide, high-vacuum lubricant applications 154 Tungsten steel, thermal properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 042 Turbine oil 541 applications defined 20 lubricant classification 86 105 oxidation inhibitors Turbines, fretting wear 243 Turbochargers 567, 568 Turning, surface roughness arithmetic average extremes 340 Twinning 224 in cobalt-base alloys 766 liquid impingement erosion 228 537 Two-body abrasion Two-body collision process 448 263 Two-body wear 85 Two-cycle oils, lubricant classification Two-phase microstructures, coarse, 206-207 erosion of TZM molybdenum for hot-forging dies 627 materials for dies and molds 622, 625 service temperature of die materials in forging 625 form of posterior restorations (dental) U.S. Steel, grease mobility testing Unleaded tin bronzes applications 750, composition designations mechanical properties 750, product form 751, Unlubricated sliding, defined Upsetting, lubricant films used Uranium hexafluoride, gaseous lubricant for pumping equipment bearings 671 127 751 751 751 752 752 20 146 522
v
Vacuum and plasma carburizing 873 Vacuum arc remelted (VAK) steels bearing steels 726, 727, 731 factors influencing wear and failure in die-casting dies 632 Vacuum degassed steels, applications, rolling-element bearings 260 Vacuum induction melted/vacuum arc remelted (VIMIVAK) steels applications, rolling-element bearings 260 bearing steels 726, 727, 731 Vacuum residue, defined 20 Vacuum sintering, micrograin high-speed steels 616 600 "Valve hammer" Vanadium as dopant for tungsten carbide 795 effect on cast iron microstructure 70 I in hardfacing alloys 759 in tool steels 734,735-736,739 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 nitride-forming element 878 spectrometric metals analysis 300 635-636 wear resistance of die material. x-ray characterization of surface wear results 0469 for various microstructures Vanadium carbide coating applied to die-casting dies 632 properties 795, 80 I Toyota Diffusion process 645 Vanadizing 645 comparison of coatings for cold upsetting tool steels 645 Vapor-phase deposition, chromium codeposited in electroplating 838 20 Vapor-phase lubrication, defined Variable-frequency drive (VFD), pump motor 594-595 0481 Variance Varnish, defined 20 Vasco X2-M, nominal compositions 726 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS), round- robin sliding 0486 wear tests Vertical turbine pumps (VTPs) 595 VESPEL (DuPont), polyimide resin for thrust washer material 567 Vibration analysis 293-297 analysis methods and problems 294-295 averaging 295-296 295 leakage and windowing relationship between friction and vibration 296-297 contact between two flat plates 297 free vibration frequency 297 297 true area of contact wear rate 297 statistical analysis approach 296 293-294 surfaces in contact instrumentation 293-294 Vibratory cavitation, defined 20 0433 Vickers indentation hardness Vickers (microindentation) hardness number, defined 20 Vickers microindentation tests 0415,416,417,418 VI improver, defined 20 Vinyl chloride, chemisorption and solid friction .. 29 Viscoelasticity, defined 20 60, 65, 67 Viscosity
u
Udimet 500, for hot-forging dies 626 Udimet 700, for hot-forging dies 626 UHMWPE. See Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Ultimate resilience 228 Ultimate tensile strength 810 Ultrahard tool materials, for cutting tool materials . . . . . . . . . .. 617 Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) contact corrosive wear with ion-implanted Ti-6AI-4V 779 interfacial zone shear and solid friction 36 659 tensile properties at selected strain rates tribological characteristics . ..658-662 friction coefficients 662 in vivo assessment of total joint replacement performance 661-662 joint simulators 660-661 pin-on-disk experiments 659, 660, 661 pin-on-plate (reciprocating) experiments 659-660 use in metal-on-polymer total hip replacements 657, 658-662 661 wear equation wear factors 659, 661 wear properties 241 wear rate 662 Ultrasonic inspection, detection of subsurface cracking 369 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) 445, 447 Unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition process 841, 849 Unctuous, defined 20 .465 Undisturbed substrate limit Untilled resins acrylic, friction as described by various properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .669 diacrylate, friction as described by various properties 669 Uniaxial compression in dies, carbon-graphite materials 816 Uniformly distributed impact test. See Distributed impact test. U.S. Military and original equipment manufacturers (OEM) performance specifications of engine lubricants. 98 performance specifications of nonengine lubricants 99 United States Public Health Service (USPHS), criteria for classifying loss of anatomical
Index / 941
absolute, symbol and units 544 defined 20 effect on friction torque loss of internal combustion engine parts 560 gear lubricants 542 grades, comparison of classifications 85 loss, permanent or temporary 84 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 30 I lubricants for rolling-element bearings ... 134, 135 modifiers, in nonengine lubricant formulations III nomenclature for hydrostatic bearings with orifice or capillary restrictor 92 symbol and units (at 40C, or 105 OF) 544 units of 20, 140 Viscosity improvers , 99, 108-110 applications 110 dispersants 109 formation 109 functions 108 in engine lubricant formulations 111 in nonengine lubricant formulations 111 multifunctional nature 111 permanent viscosity loss 110 shear stability 109 temporary viscosity loss 109-110 thickening efficiency 109 Viscosity index (VI) 83, 108, 134, 135, 140 defined 20 , engine oils 168 Viscosity index character 107 Viscosity index improvers (VIIs) 84 grease additives 125 Viscous, defined 20 Viscous friction. See Fluid friction. Viscous friction torque 511 Vitallium (Co-Cr-Mo alloy) use in interposition arthroplasty 656 use in metal-on-metal total hip replacements .. 657 VM-I composition 821 mechanical properties 823 wear and friction properties 822 VM-2 composition 821 mechanical properties 823 wear and friction properties 822 Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Volume wear, thermoplastic composites 822 V-ring seal, defined 20 VSA-ll, properties 803 V(z) curve .407, 408 surface property effect 342 Wear coefficient .478, 491 defined 20 sliding and adhesive wear 237 Wear constant, defined 20- 21 Wear damage 274 Wear debris, defined 21 Wear depth 267 Wear factor. See also Specific wear rate. defined 21 synovial joints, major load-bearing natural 656 thermoplastic composites 821, 822, 823-824 Wear index 637 Wear measurement 362-369 applications 363 area measures 364-366 geometric wear volume calculation 369 linear measures 363-364 and lubrication 365, 367, 369 mass loss measures of wear 362-363 abrasive wear 362 material transfer 369 subsurface damage effect 368-369 surface deformation effect 367-369 volume measures 366-367, 368 Wear of jet engine components. See Jet engine components, wear of. Wear of pumps. See Pumps, wear of. Wear or failure models, friction during metal forming 60, 67 Wear particle concentration (WPC) 302, 308, 309 Wear rate per unit distance 579 Wear rate, defined 21 Wear rate (of seals), defined 21 Wear resistance 185,708 defined 21 versus hardness 707-708 Wear-resistant tool steels, die materials for sheet metal forming 628 Wear scar, defined 21 Wear severity factor (C) 268 Wear tracks. . . .. . .476 Wear transition, defined 21 Wear volume 185 Wedge effect. See also Wedge formation. 21 defined Wedge formation. See also Wedge effect. defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 gold electroplating 838 Wedge half-angle 34 Weepage, defined , 21 Weld-deposited hardfacing, as shield against liquid impingement against erosion 222 Weld deposits, to improve abrasive wear resistance 639 21 Welding, defined Welding factor, symbol and units 544 Whirl (oil), defined 21 Whirl, in carbon aircraft brakes 586 Whisker-reinforced alumina, applications 812 Whisker-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites, erosion of ceramics 206 Whisker-reinforced ceramics, cutting speed and work material relationship 616 White cast irons abrasive wear materials 186, 187, 189-190 alloy compositions and abrasion resistance 189 corrosive wear 276 erosion 200, 206 erosion resistance for pump components 598 microfracture 186 White irons 649, 651, 652, 653 abrasive wear , 188 applications 695, 701 chromium-molybdenum 651 composition 698, 806 hardness specification 696, 698 high-chromium 651, 654 abrasion resistance 758 ledeburite formation 697 martensitic grinding media composition and hardness .. 654 microstructure 695, 697, 698, 700-70 I nickel-chromium 651 pearlitic 651, 654 wear resistance relation to toughness 707 White layer. See also Beilby layer; Highly deformed layer. defined 21 White metal (whitemetal), defined 21 Wick lubrication, defined 21 Wiederhorn theory, erosion rate of ceramics 205 Wilson and Walowit's formula, inlet film thickness 94 Window functions 295 Windowing 295 Wiper, defined 21 Wiping, defined 21 Wire drawing 223 Wire drawing, schematic 59, 61, 62 Wire flame spraying. See Oxyfuel wire spray process. Wollastonite 569 Wood (clean), friction coefficient data 75 Work factor, defined 21 Work-hardening coefficient in the shear stress/shear strain flow equation 34 Working distance 378 Work of adhesion .435 Work of cohesion 399, 400, 403 Workpiece flow strength, nomenclature for lubrication regimes 90 Wrapped bush (bearing), defined 21 Wrist pin bearing, defined 21 Wrought iron, wear rates for test plates in drag conveyor bottoms 720 Wrought steels. See Steels, wrought.
x
X-radiography, detection of subsurface cracking . 369 X-ray characterization of surface wear .. .463-470 .468-469, 470 analysis of debris particles .469-470 future trends and conclusions. . .. . near-surface gradients. . . .465-468 differential gradient. .467-468 integral gradients , .465-467 x-ray diffraction (XRD) . . . . .. . . .463-465, 466, 468, 469-470 x-ray diffraction and tluorescence from tlat surfaces .463-464 x-ray diffraction and tluorescence from rough surfaces , .464-465 x-ray tluorescence (XRF) .463-465, 469 X-ray diffraction (XRD) .463-465, 466, 468, 469-470 X-ray diffraction profile analysis .468 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) .463-465, 469 ..... 300 spectrometric metals analysis X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) .445-448, 449, 452, 456 data analysis .447-448 development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .445 equipment .446-447 fundamentals .445-446 spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .447, 448 versus SIMS .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 X-ray satellites .447
w
Wafering 685-686 Walsh transforms 347 Waspaloy, for hot-forging dies 626 Waste coal, Miller numbers 235 nickel, Miller numbers 235 Waste disposal, metalworking lubricants 142, 144, 145-146 Water, lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities 301 Water-base miscible oils, lubricant for tool steels 738 Water-cooled tools 627 Water-hardening tool steels, composition limits 736 Watts solution 836 Waukesha 88 galling threshold load 595 properties 716 Wax, for tool steel lubrication 738 Weak beam imaging 388 Wear defined , 20 introduction , 175 method(s) for removing material from a solid surface 175 maximum admissible level .493 of nickel aluminide alloys 772-777 simulative testing , 175
y
Young's modulus, electrical contacts, friction and wear of. Yttria (Y 20 3 ), heat-treatable ceramic, Yttria-stabilized zirconia abradable seal material. ceramic coatings for dies friction coefficient properties Yttrium, ion implantation and oxidation resistance Yttrium oxide, Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers 683 812 589 644 815 814 856 .416
942/ Index
z
Zero-loss peak 390 265-266, 268 Zero-wear limit (No) Zinc addition to aluminum-base bearing alloys 752 cavitation erosion 216 effect on adhesive wear of brass versus tool steel. 237 effect on tin-base alloys 748 630 erosive attack of melt on die surface 71 friction coefficient data in dental amalgam 669 lubricant indicators and range of sensitivities .. 301 pure, thennal properties .42 spectrometric metals analysis 300 spray material for oxyfuel wire spray process .829 Vickers and Knoop microindentation hardness numbers .416 Zinc alloys, specific types Zn-4AI, erosive attack of zinc melt on the die surface 630 Z3563 I casting method 754 composition 753 designations 753 mechanical properties 754 Z35831 composition 753 designations 753
Z35840 casting method 754 mechanical properties 754 Zinc-base alloys 693 as bearing alloys 748,753-754 applications 753,754 casting method 754 composition 753 designations 753 mechanical properties 754 microstructures 754 bearing material systems 745, 746 applications 746 bearing perfonnance characteristics 746 load capacity rating 746 die material for sheet metal fonning 628 erosive attack on die surfaces 630 heat and temperature effects on strength retention 745 life-limiting factors for die-casting dies 629 141 Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDP) Zinc di-n-octyldithiophosphate 253 Zinc dithiophosphates as antiwear agents 111 as corrosion inhibitors 111 lubricant analysis 300, 301 as oxidation inhibitors 111 Zinc oxide-eugenol, for dental ceramics 666, 673 Zinc phosphate, for dental cements 666, 673 Zinc polyacrylate, for dental cements 666, 673 Zinc stearate soaps, for tool steel lubrication ... 737
Zinc sulfide liquid impingement erosion 226 rain erosion effects on coated surface 222 Zirconia abrasive wear 186, 189 applications 812 643, 644 ceramic coatings of dies crystal structures 814 fretting wear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248, 250 properties 192, 813, 814 scanning acoustic microscopy wear studies 409, 410 Zirconium, friction coefficient data 71 Zirconium alloys elements implanted to improve wear and friction properties 858 fretting wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248 795 Zirconium carbide, properties Zirconium dioxide (Zr02) . properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 I x-ray characterization of surface wear results for various microstructures .469 Zirconium dioxide/zirconium silicon oxide (Zr02/ZrSi04 ), methods used for synthesis 802 Zirconium silicate, abrasive in commercial prophylactic paste 666, 669 Zirconium silicon oxide (ZrSi04 ), properties .. 801 Zone axis patterns (ZAPs) 387 ZRBSC-D, erosion test results 200 ZRBSC-M, erosion test results 200

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ASM Handbook, Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology (#06185G)

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624 623, 624 639

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624 622-623, 624 624 623, 625

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