STRESS AND STRAIN

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 IN-SITU STRESS (GEOSTATIC STRESS)

1.2 LINEAR ELASTICITY

Assumption

Principle of Superposition

Generalized Hookes Law

1.3 TRAFFIC LOADING

ON

PAVEMENT SYSTEMS

2 HOMOGENEOUS MASS (ELASTIC HALF-SPACE)

2.1 EQUATIONS
Stress Caused by a Point Load (Boussinesq, 1883)

Stress Caused by a Circular Load

Strains Caused by a Circular Load

Deflection Caused by a Circular Load

Rigid vs. Flexible Loading

Here, q is an average pressure (total load/area)

Multiple Wheel Loads

2.2 SOLUTIONS

BY

CHARTS (FASTER

AND

AHLVIN, 1954)

Loaded shape: circular area with a radius a Assumes the half-space is incompressible ( = 0.5) Ahlvin and Ulery (1962) presented a series of equations and tables for 0.5. Poulos and Davis (1974) summarized various solutions (http://www.ce.ncsu.edu/usucger/PandD/PandD.htm).

Vertical stressz

Radial stressr

Tangential stress t

Shear stress rz

Vertical deflection w

3 LAYERED SYSTEMS

3.1 OVERVIEW
Basic Assumptions Each layer is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. Material is weightless and infinite in areal extent. Each layer has a finite thickness h, but lowest layer is infinite in thickness. Uniform pressure q a circular area of radius a applied on the surface No friction on the interface Continuity conditions are satisfied at the interface.

Development 1943: Burmister developed the solutions for a two-layer system.. 1945: Burmister developed the solutions for a three-layer system. 1967: Huang applied to a multi-layer system.

3.2 TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (BURMISTER, 1943)

3.2.1

VERTICAL STRESS
Function of pavement (AC)reduce the vertical stress on the subgrade criteria for the detrimental pavement deformation Vertical stress distribution in two-layered system under the center of a circular loaded area All the charts are for = 0.5.

Using the Shell deformation criterion and the AASHTO equation, Huang et al. (1984) developed:

3.1.1

VERTICAL SURFACE DEFLECTION

3.1.2

VERTICAL INTERFACE DEFLECTION

3.1.3

CRITICAL TENSILE STRAIN

Fatigue cracking = f(tensile strain) Critical tensile strain: e

Most cases, the critical tensile strain occurs under the center of the loaded area where shear stress is zero. But, if h1/a and E1/E2 are small the critical tensile strain occurs at some distance from the center.

4 TRAFFIC LOADING AND VOLUME

Traffic is the most important factor in pavement designs Loading magnitude and configuration and Load of repetition

4.1 ESWL (EQUIVALENT SINGLE-WHEEL LOAD)

Initiating during the World War Criteria for dual-wheel loads based on single-wheel loads Based on vertical stress Boyd and Foster (1950) method

4.2 EALF (EQUIVALENT AXLE LOAD FACTOR)

Thickness of pavement is governed by the # of repetitions standard axle load (18-kip (80 kN=8ton) single-axle load) Multi-axle load or other single-axle load (18 kip) EALF (design load) EALF = f(type of pavement, thickness or structural capacity, terminal condition)

4.2.1

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (AASHTO

METHOD:

AASHO

ROAD TEST)

EALF using Eq 6.20(a) considers pt and SN not consistent with theory pt or SN ------ EALF Disadvantage of this eqation EALF = f(SN) but, SN=f(layer thickness , EALF) Asphalt Institute AASHTO equivalent factor with pt=2.5 and SN=5 Table 6.4 (next page)

4.2.2

RIGID PAVEMENT (AASHTO

METHOD)

5 KENLAYER COMPUTER PROGRAM

See Handout

REFERENCES
, , , , 1998 , , , 2004 , , , , 1996 An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Holtz and Kovacs, Prentice Hall, 1981. Highway Pavement Design, Lecture by Prof. Kim, North Carolina State University Pavement Analysis and Design, Huang, Prentice Hall, 2004 Pavement Engineering, Lecture by Prof. Choi, Korea University Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Das, Thomson, 2006.