Contributed Lectures - Abstracts

A posteriori error estimates for the Mimetic

Finite Difference approximation of the
diffusion problem
L. Beirão da Veiga
Department of Mathematics “F.Enriques”, University of Milan, Italy.
beirao@mat.unimi.it
G. Manzini
IMATI-CNR, Pavia.
marco.manzini@imati.cnr.it

Abstract
The main characteristic of the Mimetic Finite Difference (MFD) method, when com-
pared to a more standard finite element approach, is that the basis functions related to
the discrete degrees of freedom are not explicitly defined. As a consequence, the oper-
ators and other quantities appearing in the problem must be approximated by discrete
counterparts that satisfy finite dimensional analogs of some fundamental property. This
approach allows for a greater flexibility of the mesh and the possibility to mimic intrinsic
properties of the differential problem under study. In particular, general polyhedral (or
polygonal in 2 dimensions) meshes, even with non convex and non matching elements,
can be adopted.
This flexibility makes the MFD method a very appealing ground for the application
of mesh adaptivity. In the present talk we focus on the MFD scheme for the diffusion
problem and derive local a posteriori error estimates for the method. The error estimator
is shown to be both reliable and efficient with respect to an energy type norm involving a
post-processed pressure [1]. Finally, the error indicator is combined with a simple adaptive
process and a set of numerical tests is presented [2].
Keywords: Mimetic Finite Differences, diffusion problem, a posteriori error estimation.

References
[1] L.Beirão da Veiga, A residual based error estimator for the Mimetic Finite Difference
method, Numer. Math 108: 387-406 (2008).
[2] L.Beirão da Veiga e G.Manzini, An a-posteriori error estimator for the mimetic finite
difference approximation of elliptic problems with general diffusion tensor, in press on Int.
J. Numer. Meth. Engrg.
 Application of CFD in the Study of
Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Structured
Packing: Pressure Drop Calculations

João B. Fernandes,1 Pedro C. Simões,2 José P. B. Mota3

REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qumica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,
2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
1
joao.fernandes@dq.fct.unl.pt, 2 pcs@dq.fct.unl.pt, 3 pmota@dq.fct.unl.pt

Esteban Saatdjian
LEMTA-CNRS, 2 ave. de la forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France
Esteban.Saatdjian@ensem.inpl-nancy.fr

Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) from the liquid phase is usually carried out in
packed columns with structured packings, particularly those of the gauze type. Struc-
tured packing performs very well for SFE, mainly because of their relatively large surface
area and free volume. Nevertheless, it also has important disadvantages such as high
cost, low capacities at high flow rates, premature flooding, and entrainment of the liquid
phase due to low density differences. The assessment of the real efficiencies of structured
packings poses extreme difficulties related to the moderately high pressures involved in
SFE processes.
Recently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to characterize the
complex multi-phase flow inside packed columns and to evaluate the influence of packing
shape and geometry on the hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer rates. Here, we
present and discuss two different geometrical models that represent the structured gauze
packing (Sulzer EX) that fills our pilot-scale SFE column.
The first model consists of two contacting corrugated sheets enclosed in a box; this
model focuses on the space between two packing sheets. The presence of neighboring
packing sheets is accounted for by applying periodic conditions on the boundaries per-
pendicular to the main flow direction.
The second geometric model consists of thirteen contacting packing sheets enclosed in
a cylinder. In this case, the model tries to mimic a full packing element, even though we
only simulate one third of the height of the actual packing element due to computational
constraints. Periodicity is imposed on the flow in order to determine the fully developed
flow field and estimate pressure drops for the whole column.
 For both models, the flow field is computed using a standard k −  turbulence model.
Our CFD models are validated by comparing simulation results and the pressure-drop
data sets of Stockfleth and Brunner, Meyer (carbon dioxide at temperatures ranging from
313 to 393K and pressures ranging from 10.1 to 30 MPa) and Olaño et al (data obtained
with air at ambient pressure).
The final objective of our work is to model the complex multi-phase transport phe-
nomena present in SFE columns with structured packing in order to predict exchange
rates and to optimize the process. The first stage, presented here, consists in an accurate
modeling of the hydrodynamics inside the relatively complex geometry of the structured
packing.

Keywords: Pressure drop, CFD modeling, structured packing, supercritical fluids

References
[1] G. Brunner, Industrial process development in Countercurrent multistage gas extraction
(SFE) processes, J. Supercrit.Fluids , Vol. 12, 283, 1998.

[2] F. Haghshenas, M. Zivdar, R. Rahimi, M. N. Esfahany, A. Afacan, K. Nandakumar, K.

T. Chuang, CFD simulation of mass transfer efficiency and pressure drop in a structured
packed distillation column, Chem. Eng. Technol., Vol. 30(7), 854-861, 2007.

[3] Jens-Torge Meyer, Druckverlust um Flutpunkte im Hochdruckgegenstromkolonen mit

berkritischen Kohlendioxid, PhD Dissertation, Technische Universitt Hamburg-Harburg,
Germany, 1998.

[4] S. Olao, S. Nagura, H. Kosuge, K. Asano, Mass transfer in binary and ternary distillation
by a packed column with structured packing, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, Vol. 28(6), 1995.

[5] M. McHugh, V. Krukonis, Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Principles and Practice, Butter-
worths, Stoneham.

[6] R. Stockfleth, G. Brunner, Hydrodynamics of a packed countercurrent column for the gas
extraction, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 38, 1999.

[7] R. Stockfleth, G. Brunner, Holdup, pressure drop and flooding in packed countercurrent
columns for the gas extraction, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 40, 2001.
 Stabilization Methods for
Shallow-Water Equations
Juha H. Videman
Departamento de Matemática/CEMAT, IST, Lisbon, Portugal
videman@math.ist.utl.pt

Abstract
We consider streamline diffusion, also known as SUPG (Streamline Upwind
Petrov–Galerkin), methods applied to the time-dependent shallow-water equa-
tions. Streamline diffusion (SD) methods are finite element methods that com-
bine good stability properties with high accuracy and are particularly suitable
for hyperbolic and advection-diffusion equations. The SUPG method, intro-
duced by Thomas Hughes and Alexander Brooks in 1979 [5], was applied and
analysed intensively throughout the 80’s by Thomas Hughes and, in parallel, by
Claes Johnson, and their co-workers, see, e.g., [9, 1, 12, 10, 8, 11, 6, 4, 7, 2, 3].
Claes Johnson adopted the name streamline diffusion method [9], extended it
to the time–dependent problems and related the method, regarding the time
discretization, to the discontinuous Galerkin method [12, 10].
Written in conservation form (mass/momentum flux), the shallow-water equa-
tions constitute a non-linear hyperbolic system, similar to the compressible
Navier-Stokes equations, and their numerical approximation, either in con-
servative or non-conservative form, has been obtained by various finite differ-
ence and finite element methods, most recently by local discontinuous Galerkin
methods. Rigorous error analyses have, however, been scarce and even more
so for the fully discretized problem written in terms of the non-conservative
variables – the depth-integrated horizontal velocities and the height of the free
surface.
In this talk, I will present some of our recent results on the application of SD
methods, with time–space elements, to two–dimensional shallow-water equa-
tions written in a non–conservative form. We will prove error estimates of order
hk and hk+1/2 using a suitably stabilized variational formulation. Our finite
element approximation is continuous in space but possibly discontinuous in
time and we use k th –order polynomials for the surface height and polynomials
of order k or k + 1 for the velocities.
This is a joint work with Clint Dawson from the Center for Subsurface Modeling
at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the University
of Texas at Austin (USA).
References
[1] Brooks, A, Hughes, T, Streamline Upwind/Petrov–Galerkin Formulations
for Convection Dominated Flows with Particular Emphasis on the Incom-
pressible Navier–Stokes Equations, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg 32
(1982), 199–259.
[2] Hansbo, P, Szepessy, A, A Velocity–Pressure Streamline Diffusion Finite
Element Method for the Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations, Comp.
Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg 84 (1990), 175–192.
[3] Hansbo, P, Johnson, C, Adaptive Streamline Diffusion Methods for Com-
pressible Flow Using Conservation Variables, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech.
Engrg 87 (1991), 267–280.
[4] Hughes, T, Recent Progress in the Development and Understanding of
SUPG Methods with Special Reference to the Compressible Euler and
Navier–Stokes Equations, Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids 7 (1987), 1261–1275.
[5] Hughes, T , Brooks, A, A Multi–Dimensional Upwind Scheme with No
Crosswind Diffusion, in: Finite Element Methods for Convection Domi-
nated Flows, T Hughes (ed.), ASME Monograph 34, (1979), pp. 19–35.
[6] Hughes, T, Franca, L, Mallet, M, A New Finite Element Formulation for
Computational Fluid Dynamics: VI. Convergence Analysis of the Gener-
alized SUPG Formulation for Linear Time–Dependent Multidimensional
Advective–Diffusive System, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg 63 (1987),
97–112.
[7] Hughes, T, Franca, L, Hulbert , G, A New Finite Element Formulation
for Computational Fluid Dynamics: VIII. The Galerkin/Least–Squares
Method for Advective–Diffusive Equations, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. En-
grg 73 (1989), 173–189.
[8] Hughes, T, Mallet, M, A New Finite Element Formulation for Compu-
tational Fluid Dynamics: III. The Generalized Streamline Operator for
Multidimensional Advective–Diffusive Systems, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech.
Engrg 58 (1986), 305–328.
[9] Johnson, C, Nävert, U, An Analysis of Some Finite Element Methods for
Advection–Diffusion Problems, in: Analytical and Numerical Approaches
to Asymptotic Problems in Analysis, Axelsson, S et al (eds.), North–
Holland, (1981), pp. 99–116.
[10] Johnson, C, Nävert, U, Pitkäranta, J, Finite Element Methods for Linear
Hyperbolic Problems Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engrg 45 (1984), 285–312.
[11] Johnson, C, Saranen, J, Streamline Diffusion Methods for the Incompress-
ible Euler and Navier–Stokes Equations, Math. Comp. 47 (1986), 1–18.
[12] Nävert, U, A Finite Element Method for Convection–Diffusion Problems,
PhD Thesis, Chalmers TU, Göteborg, (1982).
Convective dynamo in a rotating plane layer

R. Chertovskih, S. Gama
Departement of Applied Mathematics, University of Porto, Portugal.
roman@fc.up.pt, smgama@fc.up.pt

O. Podvigina, V. Zheligovsky
International Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics,
Moscow, Russian Federation.
olgap@mitp.ru, vlad@mitp.ru

Abstract
Magnetic fields of planets and other astrophysical objects are often sustained by con-
ducting fluid motions, driven by convection in their interior. A common feature of such
objects is rotation. This work is aimed at investigation of magnetic field generation in
an idealized setup. We consider a rotating conducting fluid heated from below in a plane
horizontal layer (often regarded as representing a segment of a spherical shell in the in-
terior of a planet). Flows and magnetic fields in square periodicity cells are examined
for the aspect ratio, for which the trivial hydrodynamic steady state becomes unstable to
square patterns at the minimal Rayleigh number.
Thermal convection of electrically conducting fluid in a plane horizontal layer is consid-
ered here in the Boussinesq approximation. The fluid is heated from below in a plane hor-
izontal layer rotating about the vertical axis, the stress-free isothermal horizontal bound-
aries being perfect electrical conductors. In the dimensionless form the CHM system is
characterised by the Rayleigh (Ra, measuring the amplitude of buoyancy forces), Prandtl
(P , the ratio of kinematic viscosity to thermal diffusivity), magnetic Prandtl (Pm , the
ratio of kinematic viscosity to magnetic diffusivity) and Taylor (T a, measuring the rate
of rotation) numbers. We investigate numerically the influence of rotation on the dynamo
properties of the convective fluid flows by examining the structure of the hydrodynamic
and CHM attractors for different values of T a, and by considering the kinematic dynamo
problem for the hydrodynamic attractors. The existence regions (in T a) of the attractors
of different geometry have been explored applying the technique of continuation in the
parameter. √
Computations have been performed in square periodicity boxes of size L = 2 2 in
a layer of depth 1 for Ra = 2300, P = 1 and P√ m = 8. The assumed spatial period
corresponds to the horizontal wavenumber k = π/ 2 of the first unstable Fourier mode
(in the absence of magnetic field) for stress-free boundaries [1]. For this particular Rayleigh
 number Ra = 2300, in the absence of rotation the hydrodynamic attractor is a travelling
wave. This flow is a kinematic dynamo for Pm > 5.48 [2]. In our simulations Taylor
number varied from T a = 0 (no rotation) to T a = 2000 (with the Coriolis force suppressing
the fluid motion).
The symmetry group of the convective hydromagnetic system is Z4 × T 2 × Z2 × Z2 ,
where Z4 is generated by rotation by π/2 about the vertical axis, the subgroups T are
translations in horizontal directions, one Z2 is reflection about the horizontal midplane
and the other one stems from magnetic field reversal. Attractors have been classified
in particular by their symmetries, and bifurcations occurring in the system have been
identified in terms of symmetry breaking.
For parameter values under consideration hydrodynamic attractors (in the absence of
magnetic field) of the convective system are steady rolls or travelling waves. For such
flows the kinematic dynamo problem can be reduced to an eigenvalue problem; it has
been solved using the algorithm [3].
The problem was studied numerically applying standard pseudospectral methods [4].
Most calculations were performed with the spatial resolution of 64 × 64 × 33 Fourier
harmonics. For certain T a the computations were redone with the resolution of 128 ×
128 × 65 harmonics to check the accuracy; the results remain qualitatively unaffected.
Integration in time is done by a variant of the Adams-Bashforth method which reduces
the stiffness of the system.
In all the saturated nonlinear regimes that we have obtained, the flow has the structure
of deformed rolls, magnetic energy remains much smaller than the flow kinetic energy, and
magnetic field (when generated) is concentrated near the horizontal boundaries in half-
ropes, each spread along the flow streamlines (due to the flow advection) and cut into
halves by the horizontal boundary along the rope axis.
The work of RC is supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under the
grant SFRH/BD/23161/2005.

Keywords: magnetohydrodynamics, convective dynamo, kinematic dynamo, nonlinear dy-

namo, convection, rotating plane layer.

References
[1] S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, Oxford, 1961.
[2] O. M. Podvigina, Magnetic field generation by convective flows in a plane layer, The
European Physical Journal B, 50, 639–652, 2006.
[3] V. A. Zheligovsky, Numerical solution of the kinematic dynamo problem for Beltrami flows
in a sphere, Journal of Scientific Computing, 8 (1), 41–68, 1993.
[4] J. P. Boyd, Chebyshev and Fourier spectral methods, Dover, 2000.
 Particle tracking in fluid flow: a numerical approach for complex
geometries

L. A. Oliveira

Mech. Eng. Dep. (FCTUC - Polo II), University of Coimbra, Portugal

luis.adriano@dem.uc.pt

Abstract

This talk reports a joint effort that is presently undertaken by four research teams,
working at: (i) the “Laboratório de Aerodinâmica Industrial, LAI” of the University of
Coimbra, Portugal; (ii) the University of Aveiro, Portugal; (iii) the University of McGill,
Canada; (iv) the “Laboratoire d’Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de
l’Ingénieur, LIMSI” of the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. The basic aim is to
numerically model dilute, three-dimensional, turbulent, incompressible fluid-solid particle
flows that are bounded by impermeable walls of complex shape. The common motivation of
the four teams is based on the wide variety of engineering applications involving particle
dispersion in turbulent flows, including interior dust and particle pollutant control systems,
separation processes, pneumatic transport systems, particle combustion in industrial furnaces
or energy converters, sediment transport, erosion, some surface treatment procedures and
development of new materials, safety and fire suppression systems, and food production
processes, among others. In such applications, CFD is being increasingly used as an efficient,
accessible and affordable way of making numerical predictions in support of design and
optimization.
In numerical simulations of fluid-particle flows, the continuous (fluid) phase is typically
modelled via an Eulerian approach, while the dispersed (solid particle) phase is predicted
using either an Eulerian or a Lagrangian approach. The Lagrangian approach is well suited for
the description of the dispersed phase in the so-called dilute fluid-particle flows, in which the
particle dynamics is controlled primarily by surface and body forces acting on the particle,
rather than by particle-particle collisions or interactions. For the simulation of the continuous
phase, control-volume finite element methods (CVFEMs) combine the merits of well-
established finite-volume methods for regular geometries (easy interpretation of the
formulation in terms of fluxes, forces, sources; satisfaction of local and global conservation
requirements; and efficient techniques for handling the pressure-velocity coupling) and
Galerkin finite element methods (mathematical models formulated in the Cartesian coordinate
system even for irregularly shaped calculation domains).
A formulation based on a CVFEM for the simulation of the carrier phase in a model for
particle dispersion in dilute, two-dimensional, turbulent flows was recently reported by the
present team (Oliveira et al. [1]). In that work, the motion of the solid (particulate) phase is
simulated using a Lagrangian approach. An efficient algorithm is used for locating the
particles in the finite element mesh. In the demonstration problem, which involves a particle-
laden, turbulent plane mixing layer, a modified k-H turbulence model is used to characterize
the velocity and length scales of the turbulent flow of the fluid phase. The effect of turbulence
on the particle trajectories is accounted for through a stochastic model. The effect of the
particles on the fluid time-mean velocity and turbulence (two-way coupling) is also addressed.
The three-dimensional extension of the work reported in reference [1] is now available
(see Oliveira et al. [2], [3]). In the present talk, a description of the numerical global
procedure that is used in this research will be briefly presented, together with a demonstration
problem that was selected for validation purposes.
Even though the results reported in references [2] and [3] are rather encouraging, there
is still obvious room for further improvement and development. The talk’s conclusion
includes a brief mention to the main topics that should be addressed in the joint team’s future
work.

Keywords: CFD, CVFEM, multiphase flow, particle dispersion, Lagrangian-Eulerian,

stochastic approach, two-way coupling.

References

[1] L.A. Oliveira, V.A.F. Costa, and B.R. Baliga, A Lagrangian-Eulerian model of particle
dispersion in a turbulent plane mixing layer, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol 40, pp 639-
653, 2002.
[2] L.A. Oliveira, V.A.F. Costa, and B.R. Baliga, A Lagrangian model for the dispersion of
solid particles, in three-dimensional flow, using a CVFEM for the prediction of the
continuous phase, Proc. RoomVent 2004, 9.th International Conference on Air
Distribution in Rooms, University of Coimbra, Portugal, September 5-8, 2004.
[3] L.A. Oliveira, V.A.F. Costa, and B.R. Baliga, Numerical model for the prediction of dilute
three-dimensional, turbulent fluid-particle flows, using a Lagrangian approach for
particle tracking and a CVFEM for the carrier phase, accepted by Int. J. Numer. Meth.
Fluids (already available in the Journal’s site), 2008.
 Numerical simulation of the windflow over complex
topography: computational implementation and
applications

António M. Gameiro Lopes

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal
antonio.gameiro@dem.uc.pt

Abstract

The prediction of windfield over complex topography is of great value for

several areas, such as the assessment of the eolic potential in a certain region, the
evaluation of pollutant dispersion or the prediction of forest fires behaviour. The
diagnostic model WindStation is a computer implementation of the Navier-Stokes
solver CANYON [1], based on a graphical user interface. The original solver, written
for a fully generalized coordinate system, was simplified to take advantage of the
partial coordinate transformation in the two vertical coordinate planes, thus benefiting
from improved run speed and lower memory storage requirements. The Reynolds-
averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved in their steady-state formulation, using a
control volume approach. The SIMPLEC algorithm [2] is employed for the coupling
of momentum and continuity equations, while turbulence effects upon the mean flow
field are taken into account with the k-H turbulence model [3]. Terrain roughness is
modeled through a proper formulation of fluxes, adopting a logarithmic profile. Input
data for the code consists on terrain elevation and terrain roughness description, stored
in conventional ArcInfo ASCII grid files, and on wind data from meteorological
stations. Alternatively, a wind profile may be specified. The software solves for wind
speed and wind direction at the grid locations, along with turbulence quantities. Post-
processing tools allow the visualization of the wind field at several elevations above
ground level (cf. figure 1 and figure 2), statistical analysis and data export, among
other features. Comparison of computed data with experimental measurements is also
presented in this talk. The present code will be, in the near future, included in a larger
package for the simulation of forest fires.
Fig. 1 - Vectorial representation of the wind field at a fixed distance above ground level.

Fig. 2 - Colour-contour representation of the wind field at a fixed distance above ground level.

Keywords: Wind field, Complex topography, Navier-Stokes solver, Graphical

interface

References
[1] A.M.G. Lopes, A.C.M. Sousa and D.X. Viegas, Numerical Simulation of
Turbulent Flow and Fire Propagation in Complex Terrain, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A, N. 27, pp. 229-253, 1995.
[2] J.P., Van Doormaal and G.D. Raithby, Enhancements of the Simple Method for
Predicting Incompressible Fluid Flows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, pp.
147-163, 1984.
[3] B.E. Launder and D.B. Spalding, The Numerical Computation of Turbulent
Flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 3, pp.
269-289, 1974.
Island wake dynamics: Madeira Archipelago
case study

Luis, E. A.
CEMAT-IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.
eluis@math.ist.utl.pt

Caldeira, R. M. A.
CIMAR-Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Oporto University, Portugal.
rcaldeira@ciimar.up.pt

Santos, A. J. P.
Department of Mechanical Engineering-IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.
aires.santos@ist.utl.pt

Videman, J. H.
Department of Mathematics and CEMAT-IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.
jvideman@math.ist.utl.pt

Abstract
Madeira is a deep-sea island located in NE Atlantic (33◦ N ; 17◦ W ), its obstruction
to the incoming oceanic and atmospheric flows induce leeward wake instabilities. The
phenomena is frequently observed using remote sensing and field data [1]; [2]. Numerical
models are often used to study the evolution of the leeward, mesoscale and sub-mesoscale,
flows around the archipelagos [3]; [4]; [5]. The Regional Ocean Modeling (ROMS) is a
free-surface, terrain-following, primitive equations ocean model. The hydrostatic primi-
tive equations for momentum are solved using a split-explicit time-stepping scheme. A
cosine shape time filter, centered at the new time level is used for the averaging of the
barotropic fields. Time-discretized uses a third-order accurate predictor (Leap-Frog) and
corrector (Adams-Molton) time-stepping algorithm. A third-order upstream biased was
used for advection in order to allow for the generation of steep gradients in the solution.
A methodology similar to [4] was followed to study the deep-sea island wake problem, in
a three-dimensional mode. Nevertheless, unlike [4], a realistic representation of Madeira
Archipelago bathymetry replaced the idealized cylinder. The depth was assumed uniform
around the islands, in order to be able to isolate the effect of the islands per se, from the
effect of the surrounding seamounts. The island was centered in a geostrophic channel like
 configuration with a prescribed inflow at the upstream boundary such that the zonal cur-
rent depended only on the vertical shear. East(E) and West(W) channel boundaries were
set to slippery-tangential and zero normal conditions, whereas boundaries around the is-
lands were set to zero-normal and no-slip flow. Results showed that oceanic wakes regimes
were sensitive to three dimensionless parameters [6]: Reynolds number (Re), Rossby num-
ber (Ro), and Burger number (Bu). Von Kármán vortex street generation was showed in
regimes of Re≥100 .Wake asymmetries induce different behaviour for cyclonic and anti-
cyclonic eddies than that showed by [4] . Multiple islands wake interferences affect eddy
shedding behavior.

Keywords: island wakes, ROMS- Regional Ocean Modeling System, wake instability, eddy
shedding, mesoscale flows, Madeira Archipelago.

References
[1] Caldeira, R.M.A., S. Groom, P. Miller, D. Pilgrim and N. Nezlin, Sea-surface signatures
of the island mass effect phenomena around Madeira Island, Northeast Atlantic, Remote
Sensing of the Environment, 80, 336–360, (2002).

[2] Caldeira, R. M. A., P. Marchesiello, N. P. Nezlin, P. M. DiGiacomo, and J. C.

McWilliams, Island wakes in the Southern California Bight, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C11012,
doi:10.1029/2004JC002675, (2005).

[3] Dietrich, D. E., M. J. Bowman, C. A. Lin and A. Mestas-Nunez, Numerical studies of

small island wakes, Geophysics Astrophysics and Fluid Dynamics, 83, 195–231, (1996).

[4] Dong, C., J. C. McWilliams and A. F. Shchepetkin, Island Wakes in Deep Water, Journal
of Physical Oceanography 37(4), 962–981, (2007).

[5] Heywood K.J., D.P. Stevens, G.R. Bigg, Eddy formation behind the tropical island of
Aldabra, Deep-Sea Res. I, 43(4), 555–578, (1996).

[6] Tomczak, M., Island wakes in deep and shallow water, Journal of Geophysical Research,
93, 5153–5154, (1988).