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21

The Origin of the

Indian Summer Monsoon
Dr. Ronald Sequeira
Milagres - A, Kallianpur

The term Monsoon is supposedly derived

from the word mausim used by Arab
seafaring traders to indicate a seasonal shift
in prevailing winds in the Arabian Sea. Such
a shift occurs twice annually over the Arabian
Sea and Bay of Bengal , which lie adjacent to
the Indian peninsula, respectively to its west
and east coasts. Thus, the wind reversal is
from the prevailing northeasterlies (NE) in the
winter to the prevailing southwesterlies (SW)
in the summer seasons. Among these two
seasons, the summer monsoon system is
much stronger in size and scope - and
therefore in its geographical influence in
terms of seasonal rainfall over a vast region,
covering not only the Indian subcontinent and
the adjacent Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, but also well beyond, extending into
vast stretches of east and southeast Asia.
Recent meteorological observations have
clearly demonstrated this fact.
At the present time, there are several
other parts of the world both tropical and
subtropical-which claim to experience a
monsoon climate, including even the semiarid State of Arizona in the United States.
Although tropical moisture is invariably
associated with all these monsoon systems,
they are, by and large, of much less
geographical influence compared with the
south Asian monsoon. In short, the south
Asian summer monsoon system, including
the Indian summer monsoon is by far the
worlds largest weather system of its kind.
It also has a complete reversal of prevailing

winds ( 180 deg ) from NE in the winter to

SW in the summer halves of the year.
An interesting aspect of the monsoon is
that its wind regime has its origin in the
southern Indian Ocean, arguably in the
Mascarene Sea region which is situated,
more or less, southeast of the island of
Madagascar. The attached Figure gives us
an idea of the vastness of this predominantly
maritime transport of tropical air which is
joined in by airmasses from other regions
from the east (as far as western Australia)
culminating in the so-called Southeast
Trade Wind system in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Although the inter-hemispheric
crossing of the trade winds was envisioned
in as early as the 1920s , it was not until the
late 1960s that its existence was clearly
established. It is poignant that fallout of
radio-nuclear isotopes (e.g. Radon family) in

Figure : Low level winds in the Indian Ocean,

Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, 0600 hr. GMT on
1 June, 2013.

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22

the tropical Indian Ocean and the Arabian

Sea led to the confirmation that the monsoon
has its origin in the southern hemisphere.
The entire wind system described above
is illustrated in the Satellite image presented
in Figure 1.
This image relates to the first day ( 1
June ) of the 2013 summer monsoon currently
in progress.
Focusing on the monsoon, one finds that
the low level winds ( shown by green arrows
i.e. involving approx. the lowest 2 km in the
atmosphere) funnel into the Horn of Africa
region and then cross the Equator near
Somalia and to its east in a latitude belt of
approx 40 to 55 deg. east (E). This also shifts
by 90 deg the direction of the SE trade winds
(in the southern hemisphere ) to SW monsoon
winds in the northern hemisphere, all this due
to the Coriolis Force which is attributed to the
rotation of the Earth about its own axis. This
longitudinal band across which the interhemispheric transport occurs is not found to
be fixed but somewhat variable. Further it
could also be observed that the
interhemispheric monsoon transport involves
not just low level winds, but also those in the
higher reaches of the atmosphere e.g. 2-to-4
km. All this points to the incomplete
knowledge of the transport of airmasses
associated with the S. Asian monsoon system.
It may be added that the Bay of Bengal
receives its monsoon flow either directly from
the Indian Ocean or after passing over the
Arabian Sea the winds , after being initially
veered towards the SE, subsequently back
from near the tip of the Indian Peninsula, and
finally, out into the main Bay current .
How old is the south Asian monsoon ?
In regard to the age of the monsoon
system, one could only make a reasonable
or educated guess as follows: The upper age

limit for the age of the monsoon has to be

less than approx. 4.6 billion years, i.e the age
of the Earth. The earliest raindrops captured
on rock fossils place the first rains on record
back to 3.7 billion years before present ! On
the other hand, the two geologic records of
the presence of liquid surface water on
Planet Earth date back from about 3.8-to4.4 billion years. Of these, the latter is more
definite. Thus, while the record of the oldest
fossilisation of raindrops on the rock seems
quite feasible , the particular shower
involved may have had a predominantly
volcanic water source instead of the Ocean
since water is an important part of the
gaseous emissions in volcanic eruptions.
Thus making possible the formation of local
water clouds of volcanic origin and
eventually, of rainclouds resulting in rainfall.
Finally, while other water clouds and
rain, as we find at the present time, could have
existed around the world as early as 4.4 billion
years ago, the Asian monsoon system is much
younger, although there is uncertainty as to
its estimated dates. The present uncertainty
involved in the estimation of the time when
the monsoon originated is large varying
between 30 and 50 million yr ago! . However,
this uncertainty loses its significance when we
consider the much older history of the Global
Oceans (or planetary surface liquid water,
and rainfall therefore atmospheric water,
both in the vapour and liquid phases).
Similarly existing meteorological records of a
little older than 100 years themselves fade into
insignificance when one considers the
estimated age of several tens of millions of
years for the monsoon system itself. In final
conclusion, Nature has many challenges, and
even mysteries, which makes us think
seriously about the limits of our ability to
understand its ways, let alone control it.

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AN APPEAL
Belfry, Way of the Cross Stations and renovation of Tri-Centenary Hall
Dear brothers and sisters of Milagres Cathedral
It is almost one year since our new Udupi diocese has been installed and our parish has
been raised to the level of the cathedral. Our patron, Our Lady of Miracles is chosen as the
patroness of the new diocese. We should be proud of this. The whole diocese is looking up
to Milagres Cathedral therefore our community and our church must become a model for
all to emulate.
1.

Belfry: Our church is beautiful and the Altar is artistic and attractive. But our
Belfry does not stand up to the mark of a Cathedral. So our Bishop has given a
suggestion to reconstruct the Belfry befitting to a Cathedral.

2.

Stations of the Cross: A Way of the Cross around the cathedral with stations
marked in the compound will enhance the sanctity of the Cathedral and create a
prayerful atmosphere.

3.

Tri Centenary Hall : Our Tri Centenary hall is one of the oldest halls in the area. It
is over 33 years old and is in need of an urgent renovation. As per todays needs
facilities like dining hall, green rooms and clean toilets should be provided. Some
amount of roof work and repairs in flooring is also needed to make the hall attractive.

Our Parish pastoral parishad and parish assembly have decided to undertake these
activities step by step. We need the involvement of all the parishioners. Our Mother, Our
Lady of Miracles will definitely repay you a hundred fold through her blessings. You can
either sponsor a specific project entirely, or a part of any project or help as one of the donors
with donations towards the projects listed below:
The estimated cost of Hall renovation is
65 lakhs.
The estimated cost of Belfry is
80 lakhs.
The estimated cost of one Station of the Cross is
1.5 Lakhs.
Patron
:
Rs 10 lakhs and above
Benefactor

Rs 5 lakhs and above

Wellwisher

Rs 3 lakhs and above

Admirer

Rs 1 lakh and aboe

Donor

Rs 50 000 and above

Parish Priest and Parish Pastoral Council

Milagres Cathedral, Kallianpur
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