CHAPTER 2 Atoms and the Periodic Table Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure: Dalton: all matter consists

of indivisible particles called atoms. What are subatomic particles?

Electron:Experiments done by J.J. Thomson on cathode rays (rays emitted from metal surface when a high voltage difference is applied between two electrodes) revealed the existence of the electrons (electrically charged particles that carry electric current). By measuring the amount of deflection produced by electric and magnetic fields, Thomson was able to calculate the ratio of the charge over the mass of the electron. ( Note: text uses mass/charge ratio )

e 8 C = -1.76 x 10 g me

C = coulomb (the SI unit for electric charge) (negative because of the charge of the particle)

Robert Millikan: By measuring the charges on oil drops sprayed through an

atomizer, he was able to calculate the charge on the electron. charge on the electron: e = -1.60 x 10-19 C

Using the result of Thomson's Experiment Millikan was able to calculate the mass of the electron. mass of the electron: e/me = -1.76 x 108 C/g -1.60 x 10-19 C/me = -1.76 x 108 C/g -19 me = -1.60 x 10 C = 9.09 x 10-28 g (very small) 8 -1.76 x 10 C/g The mass of the electron was calculated to be smaller than the mass of the lightest element which was then known (hydrogen). Therefore, the electron should be a subatomic particle.

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The Proton and The Nuclear Model of the Atom

- Atoms are electrically neutral. - If atoms contain negatively charged particles, then they should also contain positively charged particles to make the atom neutral. - Question - where is the positive charge located in the atom?

Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment

(alpha) particles were known from radioactive elements to be helium atoms stripped of their electrons, i.e. He2+ The experiment was to bombard a gold foil by -particles and measure where these particles hit the screen behind the gold foil. Results: most of the -particles went straight through the foil, but some deflected at very large angles. Conclusion: most of the atom is an empty space with a positive center. The mass of the atom is concentrated in the center which he called the nucleus of the atom. The positive mass was called protons (meaning first) by Mosely. The number of protons could be estimated by the deflections of the -particles in Rutherford's Experiment. The total mass of the atom calculated from the masses of protons was less than the actual mass of the atom. the existence of an equally massive neutral specie in the nucleus was suggested, and in 1932 Chadwick discoverd the third subatomic paticle, the neutron. Name proton neutron electron Symbol p n eMass (g) 1.6725 x 10-24 1.6748 x 10-24 9.109 x 10-28 Mass (amu)* Relative Charge 1.0073 1.0087 0.0005486 +1( +1.6x10-19C) 0 -1( -1.6x10-19C)

*am u = atomic mass unit ( 1.66054x10-24g)

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Atomic number, mass number and isotopes

Notes:
1. 2.

p and n are much more massive than the eThe diameter of the nucleus is about The diameter of the atom is about 10-13 cm 10-8 cm
d

3.

Atomic Number (Z) denotes to the number of protons in the nucleus. DETERMINES THE IDENTITY OF THE ELEMENT

Mass Number (A) denotes to the number of protons and neutrons (jointly known as neucleons)

Therefore:

A = Z + N where N = number of neutrons

4.

Notation of an atom:

mass # atomic #

A Z

23 11

Na

5.

Isotopes:

atoms with the same atomic number (number of protons, Z) but different mass number (A).

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16 8

17 8

O C
3 1

notice: same # of protons

# of neutrons = 16 - 8 =8

# of neutrons = 17 - 8 =9
12 6 13 6

# of neutrons = 12 - 6 =6
1 1

# of neutrons = 13 - 6 =7

2 1

1 proton 0 neutrons hydrogen

1 proton 1 neutron deuterium

1 proton 2 neutrons tritium

H2O

D2O
(heavy water)

T2O
Answer: NO

Do the isotopes exist in the same amount in nature?

Isotope
12C 13C

Mass
12.0000 13.0034

% Abundance
98.89 + 1.11 100.00 99.76 0.04 90.51 0.27 + 9.22 100.00

16O 17O 20Ne 21Ne 22Ne

15.9949 16.9991 19.9924 20.9940 21.9914

A technique called mass spectrometry is now used to measure the mass of an atom.

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Average Atomic Mass of an Element: The current atomic mass standard is the pure isotope of CARBON-12. One atom of carbon-12 is assigned a mass of 12.00000 atomic mass units ( amu or u ). Hydrogen is 12 times lighter than carbon and its mass is about 1 amu. ( recall, 1amuu =1.66054*10-24 g ). The atomic mass in the periodic table, however is the weighted average mass which takes into account the percent abundance ( fraction that exist in nature ) of each isotope of that element. e.g. Carbon exists in nature in two isotopes mass of isotope
13 12

percent abundance 1.11% 98.89%

C C

13.00335 amu 12.00000 amu

Calculate the average mass of one carbon. atom Average mass = mass of isotope 1 % abundance + mass of isotope 2 % abundance of isotope 1 of isotope 2 13.00335 = e.g. Isotope Strontium-84 Strontium-86 Strontium-87 Strontium-88 Mass(amu) % Abundance 83.9134 amu* 0.0050 85.9094 amu * 0.0990 86.9089 amu * 0.0700 87.9056 amu * 0.8260 Mass contribution = 0.42 amu = 8.51 amu = 6.08 amu = 72.61 amu 12.011 amu 1.11 100 + 12.00000 98.89 100

Average mass = 87.62 amu

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The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendelev: published the first periodic table of the elements in increasing order of the atomic mass; he arranged the table of the elements so that elements with similar properties were grouped together. This arrangement generated gaps in the periodic table; the gaps represented elements which were discovered later. Modern Periodic Table.
1. Atoms are arranged according to their atomic numbers (number of protons, more about protons later). 2. Periodic Table:

Horizontal ll

periods: I. , II. , III. , . . .

Vertical: (groups) or columns I. , II. , III. , . . .

Metals: Non-metals: Semi-metals: conductors of electricity and heat poor conductors of electricity and heat conductivity increases as temperature is raised

Also: Group 1A elements are called: alkali metals. Group 2A elements are called: alkali earth metals. (together: they are the representative elements) Group 6A elements are called: the chalcogens. Group 7A elements are called: the halogens. Group 8A elements are called: the noble gases. Group 1B-8B elements are called transition elements(metals).

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. The Mole (SI: mol) Is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary particles (atoms, molecules, or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of 12 C isotope.
i.e. 1 mole of any object (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) contain 6.022 x 1023 of 1 NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol1 Note: mole indicates the amount of the substance. This is the same as 1 dozen 1 gross 1 ream (of paper) 1 mole which contains which contains which contains which contains 12 objects 144 objects 500 objects 6.022 x 1023 objects those objects. This is called Avogadros Constant, NA, or Avogadros Number.

Molar Mass the mass of one mole (per mole) of the substance expressed in grams.(also known as the molecular weight) 1. Molar mass of an element is the mass per mole of that element in grams C: 12 g/mol, O2: 32 g/mol. 2. Molar mass of a molecular compound is the sum of the atomic masses of all the elements in that compound. e.g. H2O molar mass 18 g/mol 2 from H and 16 from O

3. Molar mass of an ionic compound formula weight is mass of 1 mole of one formula unit in grams. NaCl: Na Cl NaCl 23.0 g 35.5 g 58.5 g per formula of NaCl or per mole of NaCl

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Conversions: 1) mol mass multiply by molecular weight (for compounds and molecules) by atomic weight for atoms 6 moles of O2 weigh? 6 mol of O2 * 1 mol O2 2 e.g. 3 moles of H2O weigh? 3 moles H2O * 2)
18 g H2O 1 mol H2O 32 g O

e.g.

= 192 g

= 54

mass moles divide by molecular weight or atomic weight (elements) You have 10 g of hydrogen. How many moles of H2 do you have? 10 g of hydrogen * 2.0 g H 2 2
1 mol H

e.g.

= 5 moles of H2

e.g.

You have 147.0 g of sulfuric acid. How many moles of sulfuric acid does this correspond to? (MW of sulfuric acid = 98 g/mol) 147.0 g of sulfuric acid * 98 g H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4

= 1.5 mol H2SO4

3) moles molecules multiply e.g.

number of atoms or number of by Avogadros number

23 * 6.022 x 10 Al atoms = 2.23 x 1023 Al atoms

How many Al atoms are there in 0.371 mol of Al? 0.371 mol Al
1 mol Al

Note: mass of one mole of O-16 atoms is exactly 16.00 g Mass of one O-16 atom is exactly 16.00 amu Q: what is the mass of 5.0 mol of H2O in grams? what is the mass of 5.0 mol of H2O in amu?

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