06analysis of Wastes-2013

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Institute of Waste Management Marion Huber-Humer Gudrun Obersteiner Peter Beigl Erwin Binner Katharina Bhm Robert Glanz Marlies Hrad Gnther Kraus Sandra Lebersorger Peter Lechner Sabine Lenz Roland Linzner Peter Mostbauer Florian Part Andreas Pertl Stefan Salhofer Silvia Scherhaufer Elisabeth Schmied Felicitas Schneider Thomas Ebner Reinhold Ottner Julia Nowotny Zorica Stamenkovic Mathias Stiedl David Wiederschwinger Julia Zeilinger
Erwin Binner MSc. 1

Erwin Binner Institute
BOKUBOKU-University / Vienna of Waste Management
LIMA 2013
Outlook
Sampling of Wastes Waste Composition Sampling of Compost Pretreatment of Samples Analysis of Different Parameters (for Compost) from
Fresh Laboratory Sample Dried Laboratory Sample Analysis Sample
New Methods (FTIR, Thermogravimetry) (Laboratory ABF-BOKU) (Pilot Plant Station ABF-BOKU)
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner
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September 2013
Analysis of Wastes WHY??

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Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
Waste Analysis Purpose

survey of basic data for: planning determination of material flows choice and dimension of waste treatment facilities and waste collection systems optimisation, check of efficiency assessment of the efficiency of existing collection systems identification of weak points and improvement possibilities
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Waste Analysis Aims

waste prevention orientated
e.g. identification of preventable waste streams
recycling orientated
e.g. quality of separately collected recyclables, collection rates, waste potentials
disposal orientated
planning of routes and facilities, development of new technologies, trend analysis in long-term planning
socio-scientific
consumer habits, identification of common disposal patterns in certain socio-economic groups 5
Waste Analysis Aims

data needed for planning:
waste amount waste composition material groups (paper, plastic, glass, metals, ) waste collection, design of treatment plants design of treatment plants, potential of recovery
waste composition potential of hazardous comp. effects on environment, effects of already done (heavy metals, organic compounds, gas formation measures potential) 6
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September 2013
Waste Analysis Aims

optimising waste treatment processes:
characteristics of wastes degradability, possibility for recycling calorific value
degradability during organic compounds, type of organic compounds composting and MBT rotting conditions, degradation status, emissions
LIMA 2013
milieu conditions
Erwin Binner
Waste Analysis Aims

assessment of products after waste treatment:
compost quality landfill properties stability quality of products for recycling
quality of products
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Waste Analysis Aims

assessment of landfill behaviour:
gas formation (degradability), leachate (solubility), odour mechanical stability settlement
control at landfill sites
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes WHERE??

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September 2013
Waste Management Concept Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

recycling
use
SS = sewage sludge MBT = mechanical biological pretreatment
resources
productio n recycling
separate collection
residual waste
MBT MSW incineration
landfill use? landfill
thermal treatment biogenous resources

consumption collected
separate
composting anaerobic treatment
soil
biowaste
SS
anaerobic treatment
composting
thermal treatment excavated soil
biogas reuse recycling
biogas landfill LIMA 2013 landfill
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construction and Erwin Binner demolition waste
Waste Collection in Austria Separate Collection (Definitions)

Municipal Solid Waste Collection Centers (MSW)
Hazardous Household Wastes Bulky Wastes Electronic Wastes
treatment
Bio-Waste
Paper
Glass
Plastics Metals
recycling
treatment landfill Residual Wastes
co
mp os ti
Recycling Banks
ng
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Erwin Binner
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September 2013
Waste Management Concept Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

recycling
use
SS = sewage sludge MBT = mechanical biological pretreatment
resources
separate collection
residual waste
MBT MSW incineration
landfill use? landfill
thermal treatment biogenous resources

consumption collected
separate
composting anaerobic treatment
soil
biowaste
SS
anaerobic treatment
composting
thermal treatment excavated soil
biogas reuse recycling
biogas landfill LIMA 2013 landfill
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construction and Erwin Binner demolition waste
Sampling of Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) - Delivery
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Erwin Binner photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) - Delivery
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Erwin Binner photo: Binner, 2008
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Sampling of Wastes Fractions for Recycling after Sorting
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Sampling of Wastes Biowaste Delivery
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Sampling of Wastes Biowaste Compost
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LIMA 2013 photo: Binner, 2010
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Sampling of Wastes Sewage Sludge Composting
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Sampling of Wastes Mechanical Biological Treatment
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Sampling of Wastes Wastes from Abandoned Sites
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013 photo: ABF-BOKU
Analysis of Wastes WHEN??

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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes Before Turning

if we want information about inhomogeneities
photo: Erwin Binner
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Sampling of Wastes After Turning

if we want information about average
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Sampling of Wastes After Turning
if we want information about effect of turning e.g. water addition Erwin Binner 25 photo: Binner, 2009
LIMA 2013
Sampling of Wastes During Movement of Material

Waste Delivery (bunker) Magnetic Separator Sewage Sludge
Waste Air Biofilter
DANO - Rotary Drum 24-36 hours Magnetic Separator
Oversized Particles > 65mm
Waste Air Oversized Particles > 25mm Waste Air Pressure Aerated Rotting Platform 10 Weeks Feedstock Density Separator Weak Pressure Aerated Rotting Plattforn 10-20 Weeks Hard Inorganics Flip-Flow Screen
Landfill
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Erwin Binner
ABF BOKU
LIMA 2013
Skripten\520-338-komp\Abb-englisch\MBA-OPUDO.cdr
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September 2013
Analysis of Wastes HOW??

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Sampling of Wastes
wastes in most cases are
very inhomogeneous particle size water content content of hazardous compounds
the problem is to get a representative sample

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Waste Analysis Sampling of MBT Wastes representative samples inhomogeneity of wastes big particle size (up to 100 mm) same sampling procedure for all possible parameters
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Sampling of Wastes Sampling Concept first we need a plan (concept):

goal of investigation (why) which parameters do we have to analyse
- needed sample amount - adequate pre-treatment and stabilisation of samples - homogeneity - bulk density - maximum grain size, grain size distribution 30
knowledge about properties of waste
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes Sampling Concept first we need a plan (concept):

how to do sampling
- location and date of sampling - proper tools for sampling
execution of sampling
31 journal of sampling (note important items) taking sub-samples mixing sub samples to field sample laboratory sample retain sample
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Erwin Binner
Statistic Procedure: -NORM EN 14899 Increment Sample Mixed Sample

Increment 3 Increment 2 Increment 1 Increment 5 Increment 6
Increment 4
Mixed Sample
photo: Erwin Binner
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Erwin Binner
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September 2013
Statistic Procedure: -NORM EN 14899 Sample Size (Amount)

1 (1 p ) M sam ( D95 ) 3 g 6 CV 2 p
Msam D95 g p CV
max. grain size (MBT) amount of sample
minimum amount for sample, in g max. grain size (95-Perzentil), in cm density of particles, in g/cm3 factor for grain size distribution m/m percentage of particles with defined characteristic wanted coefficient of variation
10 mm 0.3 kg l 20 mm 2.4 kg 3.5 l 30 mm 8 kg 11.5 l 40 mm 30 kg 43 l 50 mm 38 kg 54 l 60 mm 66 kg
LIMA 94 2013 l
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volume of Erwin Binner 0.5 sample
Sampling of Wastes Simplification - Example MBT Wastes statistical point of view for sampling:
total waste amount and maximum grain size determine:
- number of qualified single samples resp. increments - amount (volume) of qualified single samples resp. increments
up to 3 t 3 to 10 t 10 to 100 t 100 to 1.500 t up to 5 m3 5 m3 to 15 m3 15 m3 to 150 m3 150 m3 to 2.200 m3 1 qual. single samples 2 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 10
each qualified single sample consists of 6 to 10 increments 34

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Statistic Procedure: -NORM EN 14899 Increment Size (Amount)

for D95 < 3 mm
M inc 1 10 6
Minc minimum amount for increments, in kg bulk density of waste, in kg/m3
example: = 500 kg/m3 Minc = 0.5 g 35

Statistic Procedure: -NORM EN 14899 Increment Size (Amount/Volume)

for D95 > 3mm
M inc 109 (3D95)3 2.7 108 D95

Minc minimum amount for increments, in kg
max. grain size (MBT) amount of increment volume of increment
D95 max. grain size (95-Perzentil), in mm (MBT 10 to 60) bulk density of waste, in kg/m3 (MBT ~ 700)
10 mm 0.02 kg 0.05 l 20 mm 0.15 kg 0.2 l 30 mm 0.5 kg 1.0 l 40 mm 1.2 kg 2.0 l 50 mm 2.4 kg 3.5 l 60 mm 4.1 kg 6l
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes / Example MBT Wastes Increment Size (Amount/Volume) Minc = 0.06 x max. grain size
Minc minimum amount of increment, in kg max. grain size, in mm
max. grain size (MBT) amount of increment volume of increment
10 mm 0.6 kg 0.9 l
20 mm 1.2 kg 1.7 l
30 mm 1.8 kg 2.6 l
40 mm 2.4 kg 3.4 l
50 mm 3.0 kg 4.3 l
60 mm 3.6 kg 5.1 l
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Sampling of Wastes Example MBT Wastes Size Reduction

1,500 t MBT waste max. grain size = 60 mm
shredder
10 qualified single samples 50 bis 100 l
100 l
Coning and Quartering
10 qualified single samples, 10 increments (6 l) each
< 20 mm
laboratory sample
10 l
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Erwin Binner
Coning and Quartering
LIMA 2013
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Sampling of Wastes Example MBT Wastes Size Reduction

costs approx. 10,000 cutting area 850 x 350 mm l:b:h = 1,100 : 1,000 : 2,250 mm
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Sampling of Wastes - Example MBT Wastes Coning and Quartering Procedure

coning and quartering procedure:
mix all the increments and build a cone divide the cone into 4 similar parts throw away 2 parts (1+3) mix the other two parts (2+4) carefully divide again into 4 similar parts throw away 2 parts mix the other two parts carefully
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repeat often as necessary Erwin as Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes - Example MBT Wastes Coning and Quartering Procedure
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Erwin Binner photo: ABF-BOKU
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Waste Samples
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Pretreatment of Wastes Pretreatment Concept again we need the plan (concept):

goal of investigation which parameters do we have to analyse
- needed sample amount - adequate pre-treatment - adequate stabilisation of samples
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Wastes Pretreatment Concept

pretreatment depends on parameters which are to be analysed
fresh laboratory sample (shredded < 20 mm): dried laboratory sample
(air dried, 45C, 105C):
for all parameters which are changing

Water Content Respiration Activity Water Capacity Bulk Density pH-Value Ammonia-Nitrogen Nitrate-Nitrogen Plant Germination Test Seeds LIMA 2013
prepared (milled) Analysis sample <0,5 mm:

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Oversized Particles Physical Contaminants
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September 2013
Pretreatment of Wastes Pretreatment Concept - Stabilisation depending on parameter:

biological parameters
- + 4 C for max. 24 hours - freezing - 22 C
NH4-N, NO3-N
- freezing - 22 C as fast as possible
plant germination, water content, bulk density

- + 4 C for 7-10 days
most other parameters

- drying at 45 C resp. 105 C
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Sampling of Wastes Pretreatment of Samples - Grinding

grinding samples happens step by step:
Shredder (for grinding of wet samples)
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~ 10,000
Erwin Binner
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes Pretreatment of Samples - Drying

temperature for drying depends on volatility:
45C 105C
(for volatile substances)
(for water content and most parameters)
air-drying (for humic acids because

change of colour shows higher results using the photometric method)
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Erwin Binner
Analysis Pretreatment of Samples - Grinding

Jaw Crusher (to 1 mm) for hard and brittle wastes (slag, concrete)
photo: Binner, 2009
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LIMA 2013
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September 2013

Shredder (for grinding of wet samples) Cutting Mill (for grinding of dried samples < 1 mm)
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Retsch SM 2000 LIMA 2013 ~ 10,000

Retsch RS 1 samples happens step by step: grinding ~ 10,000 Shredder (for grinding of wet samples) Cutting Mill (for grinding of dried samples < 5 mm) Agate Vibratory Disk Mill
(for further grinding < 0,5 mm) dried at 45C (or air-dried)
for heavy metals: volatile (Hg, Cd) or

contamination by Centrifugal Mill (Cr, Ni, Mo, Fe)
for humic acids: change of colour when

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temperature > 45C

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September 2013

Shredder (for grinding of wet samples) Centrifugal Mill
(for further grinding < 0,5 mm) samples dried at 105C
Cutting Mill (for grinding of dried samples < 5 mm)
Retsch ZM 1000 ~ 3,500
Agate Vibratory Disk Mill

(for further grinding < 0,5 mm) dried at 45C (or air-dried)
for all others

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Erwin Binner
for heavy metals: volatile (Hg, Cd) or

contamination by Centrifugal Mill (Cr, Ni, Mo, Fe)
for humic acids: change of colour when

temperature > 45C
photo: Binner, 1989 LIMA 2013 Retsch ZM1

Ultra-Centrifugal-Mill
photo: Binner, 2009
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Sampling of Wastes Pretreatment of Samples - Elution

elution procedure depends on parameters which are to be analysed
media for elution
deionised water CaCl2 pyrophosphate CAL-Extract carboxylic acids, conductivity, soluable compounds (Landfill Ordinance) NH4-N, NO3-N, pH (OE-NORM) humic acids PCAL, KCAL NH4-N, NO3-N (OE-NORM) pH, PCAL, KCAL (OE-NORM) conductivity (OE-NORM) soluable compounds (Landfill Ordinance)
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time of elution
1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 24 hours
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Erwin Binner

+ 1,000 ml deionised water
100 g solid sample
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Centrifugation
30 min. with 6,000 rpm
Erwin Binner photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
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Sampling and Pretreatment of Wastes Conclusions sampling concept

goal of investigation, parameters, location, time, needed equipment, information about waste (max. grain size resp. its distribution, homogeneity, physical requirements) calculation of minimum sample amounts, number of increment samples, number of qualified mixed samples, number and amount of laboratory sample sample stabilisation (cooling 4C, freezing -20C)
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Sampling and Pretreatment of Wastes Conclusions sample pretreatment

which parameters should be analysed stabilisation of samples
drying, cooling 4C, freezing -20C
drying temperature
air drying, 45 C, 105 C
equipment for grinding (size reduction)

Centrifugal Mill (contamination, heat), Agate Vibratory Disk Mill
elution media and period

deionized water, CaCl2, pyrophosphate,
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Analysis of Waste Composition

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Waste Analysis Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

in order to obtain data on waste amounts and composition one possibility is to carry out a Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Austrian Standard (NORM S 2097)
definition WSA: quantitative and qualitative determination of waste fractions obtained by sorting of waste a WSA consists of the sorting and an analysis of spot samples
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September 2013
Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Procedure

motive / goal
(accuracy)
sampling scheme
(universal set, where to take samples and how many, which fractions to analyse (products, materials) etc.)
sampling
(and documentation)
sorting of samples analysis of results 61

Erwin Binner
report
LIMA 2013
Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Procedure

Sieving <40mm
+ Data Collection
Scale Sorting Table Scale

source: ABF-BOKU
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Fractions
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Setting
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Sorting Table
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LIMA 2013 photo: ABF-BOKU
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Sieving
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LIMA 2013 photos: ABF-BOKU
Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Sorting
Quelle: ABF
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Sorting
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Fractions (e.g. 26 different fractions)
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Erwin Binner photos: ABF-BOKU
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Examples: Food in Residual Waste and BioBins in Food Retail Shops
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Examples: Milk Products in Residual Waste
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Examples: Meat in Residual Waste
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Photos: Lebersorger, Albrecht Erwin Binner photo: ABF-BOKU
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Examples: Sweets in Residual Waste
Photos: Lebersorger, Albrecht
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Waste Separation Analysis (WSA) Examples: Bread in Residual Waste
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Fotos: ABF LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost
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Sampling of Compost
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Analysis of Compost Sampling

sampling procedure:
compost piles never are homogenous there are differences in:
water content nutrient content density air supply temperature degradation rate pH-value 77
Erwin Binner
..
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Compost Sampling

sampling procedure depends on wanted information:
information about rotting (milieu) conditions
information about
analysis of single samples
degradation rate or content of harmful substances

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analysis of mixed samples
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Measurements / Temperature

sampling procedure single samples:
to get information about homogeneity of milieu conditions
photo: Erwin Binner
we need measurements (e.g. temperature, oxygen content within the pores) at several points of the pile
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Analysis of Compost Measurements / Temperature
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Erwin Binner photo: Erwin Binner, 2008
Testotherm 700 LIMA 2013 ~ 600
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Analysis of Compost Measurements / Gas in the Pores
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MLU LMSx ~ 4,500
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Wastes Pretreatment Concept again we need the plan (concept):

goal of investigation which parameters do we have to analyse
- needed sample amount - adequate pre-treatment - adequate stabilisation of samples
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Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
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September 2013
Pretreatment of Wastes Pretreatment Concept

fresh laboratory sample (shredded < 20 mm): dried laboratory sample
(air dried, 45C, 105C):
for all parameters which are changing

Water Content Respiration Activity Water Capacity Bulk Density pH-Value Ammonia-Nitrogen Nitrate-Nitrogen Plant Germination Test Seeds LIMA 2013

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Erwin Binner

NH4-N, NO3-N

- + 4 C for 7-10 days

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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Sampling / Mixed Samples

sampling procedure mixed samples:
to get information about whole pile
for each 200 m3 compost from each profile 1 profile 3 profiles minimum from each pile 6 increments (~2 l) mixing of all (minimum 18) increments using cross mixing procedure we need an average sample by mixing lots of increments
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Analysis of Compost Sampling / Mixed Samples

sampling procedure mixed samples:
example: volume of pile = 700 m3 4 profiles
6 points
or
we need an average sample by mixing the 24 increments (~48 l) photo: Erwin Binner
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Sampling / Coning and Quartering Procedure

coning and quartering procedure:
mix all the increments and build a cone divide the cone into 4 similar parts throw away 2 parts (1+3) mix the other two parts (2+4) carefully divide again into 4 similar parts throw away 2 parts mix the other two parts carefully
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repeat often as necessary Erwin as Binner
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Samples
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Analysis of Compost Pretreatment of Samples

fresh laboratory sample (sieved <25 mm): dried laboratory sample (dried 105C): for all parameters which are changing
Water Content Water Capacity Bulk Density pH-Value Ammonia-Nitrogen Nitrate-Nitrogen Plant Germination Test Seeds
LIMA 2013

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NH4-N, NO3-N

- + 4 C for 7-10 days

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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Pretreatment of Samples - Drying

temperature for drying depends on volatility:
45C 105C
(for volatile substances)
(for water content and most parameters)
air-drying (for humic acids because

change of colour shows higher results using the photometric method)
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Analyses of Compost
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Water Content

Water Content (WC)
Fresh Laboratory Sample 500 - 1,000 g (balance accurate to 0.1 g) drying at 105 C until weight is constant (24 - 48 hours) weighing again (warm, because material catches water from atmosphere)
WC [% WM] =
result in: % WM (wet matter) repetitions: 2
100 * (weight wet weight dry) weight wet

accuracy: 1 decimal place (e.g. 25.4 %WM) allowed difference: + 2.5 %
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Respiration Activity by Sapromat Execution / Water Content

Balance BA 160B ~ 2,300
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Water Content

Memmert UM 600 ~ 1,600
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LIMA 2013 Memmert UML 800 ~ 3,500
Analysis of Compost Water Content / Calculation
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost Water Capacity

Water Capacity (WCAP)
Fresh Laboratory Sample filled in cylinder compaction by falling 2 * 10 times 5 cm cylinders in water bath, saturating over night cylinders on sand bed for 3 hours (covering with plastic) weighing, drying (105C), weighing weight capacity weight dry
WCAP [% DM] =
result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 2
- 100
accuracy: no dec. place (e.g. 125 %DM) allowed difference: + 2.5 %

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Analysis of Compost Water Capacity
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Analysis of Compost Bulk Density

Bulk Density ()
Fresh Laboratory Sample filling in plastic cylinder (1,000 ml) compaction by falling 10 times 10 cm weighing (balance accurate to 0.1 g)
Bulk Density [kg WM / l] =

result in: kg WM / l repetitions: 3 (2)
weight wet [kg] volume [l]
accuracy: 2 dec. places (e.g. 0.75 kg WM/l) allowed difference: + 5 %

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Analysis of Compost Bulk Density / Calculation
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Analysis of Compost Bulk Density
Vol = 840 ml
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Analysis of Compost pH-Value

pH-Value (pH)
Analysis Sample < 0.5 mm 10 - 20 g (balance accurate to 0.1 g) adding 100 - 200 ml (1:10) calcium-chloride (CaCl2*2H2O) for self monitoring use of deionised water is allowed shaking for 2 hours calibration of pH-meter (pH standards 4 / 7 or 7 / 10) keep standards in refrigerator (+ 4C) measuring solution with pH-meter (compensated to 20C)
result in: - comp. to 20C repetitions: 3 (1) accuracy: 1 decimal place (e.g. pH = 7.5) allowed difference: + 5 %
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Analysis of Compost pH-Value

WTW 532 ~ 1,150
range 7-10 temperature PT 100 103

Erwin Binner
pH-unit E 56 range 4-7

Analysis of Compost Conductivity

Conductivity (Cond)
Analysis Sample < 0.5 mm 10 - 20 g (balance accurate to 0.1 g) adding 100 - 200 ml (1:10) deionised water shaking for 2 hours measuring solution with conductivity-meter (compens. to 20C) if conductivity-meter compensates to 25C, the result is to be multiplied with 0.905
result in: mS/cm (comp. 20C) accuracy: 1 decimal place (3.2 mS/cm) repetitions: 3 (1) allowed difference: + 5 %
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Analysis of Compost Conductivity

Seibold LTP WTW LF92 ~ 500
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Analysis of Compost Ammonia-Nitrogen

Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N)
Fresh Laboratory Sample (stabilised - 22C) 50 g (balance accurate to 0.1 g) adding 200 ml calcium-chloride (1.84 g CaCl2*2H2O / l) for self monitoring use of deionised water is allowed eluting for 1 hour (over head shaker) filtration > 50 ml (SCHLEICHER & SCHLL 595 ) measuring as fast as possible (or stabilisation at - 22C)
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Analysis of Compost Ammonia-Nitrogen

methods:
distillation with steam (see nitrogen according to Kjeldahl) Ionchromatograph Test-Kits (Merckoquant 10024) Photometer (adding chemicals, green colour, 655 nm)
NH4-N [% DM] = 2.5 * 1,000 * (100 - water content)

C = concentration in the filtrate Dil. = factor of dilution 0.78 = factor for calculation from NH4 to NH4-N result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 3 (1) accuracy: 3 dec. places (e.g. 0.050 % DM) allowed difference: not declared
LIMA 2013
0.78 * C [mg/l NH4] * Dil. * 100
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Analysis of Compost Nitrate-Nitrogen

methods:
Ionchromatograph Test-Kits (Merckoquant 10020 or 8032) Photometer (2.6-dimethilenol, red colour, 324 nm)
NO3-N [% DM] = 2.5 * 1,000 * (100 - water content)

C = concentration in the filtrate Dil. = factor of dilution 0.23 = factor for calculation from NO3 to NO3-N result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 3 (1) accuracy: 3 dec. places (e.g. 0.002 % DM) allowed difference: not declared
LIMA 2013
0,23 * C [mg/l NO3] * Dil. * 100
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Analysis of Compost Ammonia and Nitrate-Nitrogen / Calculation
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Analysis of Compost Photometer
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September 2013
Analysis of Compost NH4-N and NO3-N - Ionchromatograph

possible parameters: NO3, NO2, PO4, Cl-, SO4, NH4, Ca, K, Mg, Na,
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Autosampler Erwin Binner 7,000
Dionex DX 120 30,000 photo: Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Compost Loss of Ignition

Loss of Ignition (LOI) = Volatile Solids
Analysis Sample (< 0.5 mm) 10 g (balance accurate to 0.01 g) into ceramic pot (DIN 12904) drying at 105 C for 3 hours (determination of Residual Water) weighing again after cooling in desiccator (otherwise material catches water from atmosphere) muffling at 350C for 3 hours in order to prevent temperatures > 550C by Calorific Value of the sample after 3 hours muffling at 550C for 5 hours or muffling by heating to 550C over a period of 5 hours 112
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600 sample temperature [C] 500 400 300 200 100 ignition of sample calorific value of sample
550C quick heating to 550C
stop at 350C for 3 hours
time [hours]
3
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Erwin Binner

Loss of Ignition (LOI)
after muffling (in most cases over night) weighing again (cooling in desiccator!) keeping residue of ignition for determination of carbon
LOI [% DM] =
100 * (weight dry weight 550 550C) weight dry

accuracy : 1 dec. place (e.g. 35.7 % DM) allowed difference: + 2.5 %
LIMA 2013
result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 3 (2)
114
Erwin Binner
page 57
September 2013

AND FA 200 ~ 2,500
115
Erwin Binner

Naber L9 ~ 1,400
116
Erwin Binner
page 58
September 2013

Naber L9 ~ 1,400
117
Erwin Binner
Analysis of Compost Loss of Ignition / Calculation
118
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 59
September 2013
Analysis of Compost Total Organic Carbon

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Analysis Sample (< 0.5 mm) 0.5 g (balance accurate to 0.0001 g) into steel pot putting on auto-sampler incineration at 900C, measuring CO2 (and N) by heat conductivity detector result = total carbon = TC (% DM) repeating procedure with 0.5 g residue of ignition at 550C result = inorganic carbon = TIC (% LOI) 119

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
calibration by L-glutamin-acid (C = 40.78 and N = 9.52 % DM) calculating difference: TC TIC = TOC CTC * 100
TC [% DM] = (100 content of Residual Water)

CTIC * (100 Loss of Ignition) 100
accuracy: 1 dec. place (e.g. 15.4 % DM) allowed difference: + 5 %
LIMA 2013
TIC [% DM] =
120
Erwin Binner
page 60
September 2013

VARIO MAX CNS 41,000
121
Erwin Binner
Balance 3,000

VARIO MAX CNS 41,000
122
Erwin Binner
page 61
September 2013
Analysis of Compost Carbonate

Carbonate (CaCO3)
calculated by using TIC CTIC [%] * (100 Loss of Ignition) 0.120 * 100
CaCO3 [% DM] =
C = measured concentration TIC 0.12 = factor for calculation from C to CaCO3 result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 3 accuracy: 1 dec. place (e.g. 15.4 % DM) allowed difference: + 5 %
LIMA 2013
123
Erwin Binner
124
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 62
September 2013
Analysis of Compost Total Nitrogen

Nitrogen according to Kjeldahl (NKj)
Analysis Sample (< 0.5 mm) 1 g (balance accurate to 0.01 g) into glass tube (250 ml) adding: 15 ml H2SO4 (95 % sulphuric acid) +1Kjeldahl pastille by heating to 650C for 2-4 hours (until solution looks like milk) Nitrogen is transformed into Ammonia adding: 50 ml H2O 70 ml NaOH (33 % sodium hydroxide) one drop of Tashiro-indicator (in boron sol.) 5 minutes steam distilling into 30 ml solution of boron (2 %) 125

Nitrogen according to Kjeldahl (NKj)
by steam distilling, Ammonia is transformed into Ammoniaboron Ammonia-boron is titrated with HCl (0.1n hydrochloric acid) colour changes from violet into dark green amount of HCl is measured
NKj [% DM] =
0.14007 * (amount of HCl) * 100 sample-weightdry* (100 cont. of Resid. Water)

accuracy: 2 dec. places (e.g. 0.78 % DM) allowed difference: + 2.5 %
LIMA 2013
126
Erwin Binner
page 63
September 2013
127
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Total Nitrogen (NTOT)
is calculated by:
NTOT = NKj + NH4-N + NO3-N
or
measured directly by VARIO MAX as:
NDUMAS
NDUMAS [% DM] = (100 content of Residual Water)
128
CN * 100
page 64
September 2013
129
Erwin Binner photos: Binner, 2006
Gerhardt SMA 12/HT LIMA 2013 ~ 5,200

Gerhardt WD 12 ~ 5,000
130
LIMA 2013
page 65
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes (Heavy) Metal Analysis

digestion for heavy metal analysis
Analysis Sample (< 0.5 mm) 2.0 g (balance accurate to 0.001 g) into digestion glass adding: 40 ml of aqua regia (HNO3 : HCl = 1:3) and boiling stones apply water cooler and cooling trap (filled with diluted HNO3) boiling for 2 hours, afterwards cooling to room temperature washing cooler with: HNO3 from cooling trap and deionized water
filtering digestion solution into volumetric flask filling up with deionized water to 100 ml 131

measuring the solution by AAS
AAS = Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
a hollow-cathode lamp (one lamp for each element) sends light beam, with spectrum of the element (e.g. Chromium) which is to be measured molecules in sample-solution are atomized by nebulizer and burner (acetylene + air or acetylene + nitrous-oxide (N2O) as fuel) Cr atoms absorb light, by this the intensity of the light beam is reduced (the more Cr atoms the merrier reduction) by measuring standard solutions (e.g. 10 mg Cr/l) and sample solutions, the concentration of Cr in the sample solution can be calculated [In mg/l]
132
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 66
September 2013

light beam
Flame
acetylene sample
nebulizer bluff bodies

discharge air or N2O
source:
133
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

calculation of heavy metal content in waste:
Cr [mg/kg DM] =
C [mg/l Cr] * Dil. * 1,000 * 100 10 * sample-weightdry [g]* (100 Residual Water)
C = concentration in the solution 1,000 = g kg result in: mg/kg DM (dry matter) repetitions: 3 Dil. = factor of dilution 10 = ~2 g solids in 100 ml l accuracy: depends on amount allowed difference: 5 20 %
LIMA 2013
134
Erwin Binner
page 67
September 2013

accuracy: depends on amount
heavy metal amount [mg/kg DM] <1 1 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 500 500 1,000 1,000 5,000 5,000 - 10,000 > 10,000 135
Erwin Binner
accuracy 0,1 1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000
example 0,5 37 65 270 650 3,600 7,500 15,000

LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes (filled with HNO3) (Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion

2 g of sample
cooling trap
water cooler
digestion glass 40 ml
Erwin Binner 136 HCl HNO3 +
1:3 = aqua regia
LIMA 2013 photos: Binner, 2006
page 68
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes (Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion

fume hood
137
heater
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes (filled with HNO3) (Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion

filtration
cooling trap
water cooler
filling up to 100 ml
138
aqua regia
heater
LIMA 2013
page 69
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes / (Heavy) Metal Analysis Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)

flowmeter for acetylene + air (or N2O) light beam
mixing chamber
burner Erwin Binner 139 photos: Binner, 2006
sample
hollow-cathode lamp Perkin Elmer LIMA 2013 20,000

measuring the solution by ICP-AES
ICP-AES = inductive coupled plasma atomic emissions spectrometry
molecules in sample-solution are atomized by nebulizer and Argon-plasma-gas (5,000 to 10,000K) by atomization, atoms (e.g.: Cr) emit (send out) light of (for Cr) specific wave length, (the more Cr atoms the merrier emission) by measuring standard solutions (e.g. 10 mg Cr/l) and sample solutions, the concentration of Cr in the sample solution can be calculated [in mg/l] advantage of ICP is, that many elements can be measured in one step
140
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 70
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes (Heavy) Metal-Analysis (ICP-AES)

inductive coupled plasma - atomic emissions spectrometry
141
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Compost Physical Contaminants

Physical Contaminants
oversized particles > 25 mm glass in fraction > 2 mm plastics in fractions > 4 mm and > 20 mm ferrous metals and non ferrous metals in fraction > 6.3 mm
~ 500 - 1,000 g dried laboratory sample (105C) sieved according DIN 4198 (0,63/2/4/6,3/8/11,2/16/20/25mm) sorting contaminants by hand total sample weight + weight of the different contaminants
result in: % DM (dry matter) repetitions: 1 accuracy: 1 dec. place (e.g. 0.4 % DM) allowed difference: not determined
LIMA 2013
143
Erwin Binner
page 71
September 2013
Analysis of Compost Physical Contaminants

Prfgertegesellschaft RT405-7 ~ 2,500
144
Erwin Binner
Analysis of Compost Plant Germination Test

Plant Germination Test
Fresh Laboratory Sample mixing sample to Standard Substrate (0/15/30/45% sample) Standard Substrate = Fruhstorfer Soil : brick-powder = 1:1 applying in Neubauer glass pots (120 mm * 60 mm)
silica sand (100-200 g) sample mixture (~200 g) test-plants: 0.4 g Lepidium sativum = cress or 0.3 g Phleum pratense = grass, accurate to 0.01 g silica sand (100 g) 50-100 ml water, until sample mixture is saturated
145
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 72
September 2013

each mixture is tested in triplicate covering pots by plastic until plants germinate (~2 days) notice germination delay against 0 % compost variant (days) plants remain in a bright room (green house) at ~20C every 1-2 days irrigating of plants harvesting after 9-11 days (cress) and 18-20 days (grass) weighing plant mass assessment of germination rate (how many seeds have germinated) 146

for assessment: average of the 3 repetitions is to be compared to the average of the 3 blank (100% standard substrate / 0% compost) which define 100% 100 100 * (germination * (weight mixture ) ) mixture
plant plantmass germ. [% [% of of blanc] blanc] = germination weight blanc blanc = germination delay [days] = germ. mixture germ. blanc
accuracy: no decimal place (e.g. 99 %) allowed difference: + 5 %
LIMA 2013
result in: % from blank repetitions: 3
147
Erwin Binner
page 73
September 2013
Analysis of Compost Plant Germination Test Cress Test
148
LIMA 2013
15 % 30 %
45% 149
sample
blank (100% substrate

LIMA 2013
page 74
September 2013
Erwin Binner 150 photos: Binner, 2010
20C - light 16 hours / day
LIMA 2013
151
Erwin Binner
page 75
September 2013
152
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Compost Plant Germination Test (ON S 2023)
153
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 76
September 2013
Reactivity of Wastes
154
Self Heating Test

155
page 77
September 2013
Reactivity of Wastes Selfheating Test Status of Rotting
Erwin Binner 156 photos: Binner, 2010
LIMA 2013
157
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 78
September 2013
Reactivity of Wastes Self Heating Test Status of Rotting

Self Heating Test in Dewar-Bottle Sample 425/8-12
80 70 60 temperature [C] 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 test duration [days] repetition 1 repetition 2
158
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Rottegrad I Rotting Status I Rottegrad II Rotting Status II Tmax = 60 - 70 C Tmax = 50 - 60 C Feedstock Fresh Compost Fresh Compost Finished Compost Finished Compost
LIMA 2013
Rottegrad III Tmax = 40 - 50 C Rotting Status III Rottegrad IV = 30 - 40 C T Rotting Status IV max Rottegrad V Rotting Status V 159
Erwin Binner
Tmax = 20 - 30 C
page 79
September 2013
New Methods
160
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
New Methods for Waste Analysis Whats New?
Infrared-Spectroscopy
Thermal Analysis
photos: Smidt, 2009
161
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 80
September 2013
New Methods for Waste Analysis How to Characterize
162
Erwin Binner
source: Smidt, 2009 LIMA 2013
New Methods for Waste Analysis How to Characterize

physical characterization: chemical characterization:
color: green length: 45 cm width: 55 cm height: 105 cm LOI: 28,8 % TOC: 14,9 % TN: 1,62 % AT4: 2,3 mg O2 / g DM
FTIRspectrum
163
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 81
September 2013
FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Principles of Infrared Measurement
transmission
emission
attenuated total reflection (ATR)
reflection 164
Erwin Binner
diffuse Reflection (DRIFT)

source: Smidt et al., 2009 LIMA 2013
FTIR: Infrared-Spectroscopy
(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)
Principle: Transmission
4000 cm-1
400 cm-1
165
Erwin Binner
sample
spectrum
wave number
page 82
September 2013
FTIR: Infrared-Spectroscopy Interaction of Infrared-Light and Molecules

dipole-moment
Cl Cl dd-
d+ H d+
+ -
166
elektrial vector
Erwin Binner
FTIR: Infrared-Spectroscopy Infrared Induces Vibration of Molecules O H RCN-R

Absorbanz absorbance 3900
3400
2900
2400 1900 -1 ) -1] Wellenzahl (cm wave number [cm
1400
900
400 source: Smidt et al., 2009
167
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 83
September 2013
Quality of Compost / FTIR-Analysis Characterization of the Rotting Process inorganic compounds

silicates / carbonates aliphatic methyl bands amides / aromatic amines amines = easy degradable org. compounds
carbonate
Absorbanz absorbance
compost 23 days nitrate compost 260 days
sewage sludge compost
biogenic material fingerprint region
168
3900
3400
2900
Erwin Binner
2400 1900 -1] -1 wave number ) Wellenzahl (cm[cm
1400
900
400
LIMA 2013 source: Smidt et al., 2009
Infrared spectroscopic characteristics of the biowaste composting process

I II
1420
III
1030
1640
1384 875
Absorbance
2920
2850
280 d 140 d 56 d
1540 1320 1260 1740 1900

-1
1d
3900
3400
2900
2400
1400
900
400
169
Erwin Binner
Wavenumber (cm )
LIMA 2013 source: Bhm, 2009
page 84
September 2013
Quality of Compost / FTIR-Analysis Characterization of the Rotting Process

wave number (cm-1) 3400 2920-2925 2850 1630-1650 functional groups, rsp. compounds bound and free hydroxyl groups (water) aliphatic methylene groups aliphatic methylene groups amides I, carboxylates alkenes, aromatic vibrations amides II carboxylates carbonate nitrate (aromatic) amines polysaccharides clay-minerals carbonates COOC-O N-O C-N C-O-C, C-O Si-O, Si-O-Si C-O C=O C=C vibrations development during rotting process ( )
O-H C-H
1570-1540 1420-1430 1384 1320 1250-900 1030 875
170
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Statistical Tools Principle of Multivariate Data Analysis

matrix of data
??
Absorbanz
samples 1
3900
3899
400 0.020 0.018 0.015 0.017
0.023 0.023 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.028
2 3
3900
3400
2900
2400
1900
-1
1400
900
400
100
0.026 0.027
Wellenzahl (cm )
J I
unmanageable pack of data

data X
multivariate data analysis

source: Bhm, 2009
171
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 85
September 2013
Classification of FTIR-Spectra by SIMCA (Compost MBT)

3.5 3,5
MBT-Model
anaerobic digestion 1 anaerobic digestion 2
distance to model "compost"
2,5 2.5
2
sewage sludge 3
"unknown samples"
sewage sludge 2
none
1,5 1.5
1
sewage sludge 1
0,5 0.5
0 0
both
0,5 0.5
1
Compost Model
1,5 1.5
2
2,5 2.5
LIMA 2013
172
Erwin Binner source: Bhm, 2009
distance to model "MBT"
PLS-Regression Prediction of Extractable Humic Acids (HA) PLS-R = Partial Least Squares Regression
40 35 HA predicted (% ODM) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 HA measured (% ODM)
MODELL - PARAMETER:
number of samples = 269 R2 = 0,87 RMSEP =2,6 % oDM (= medium error)
advantage:
time lower amount of chemicals
173
Erwin Binner
source: Bhm, 2009
LIMA 2013
page 86
September 2013
Prediction of the loss on ignition (LOI) and the TOC by FT-IR spectra
70
n = 427
30
n = 188
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 LOI measured (% DM)
25 TOC predicted (% DM) 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 TOC measured (% DM)

source: Bhm, 2009 LIMA 2013
174
LOI predicted (% DM)
Erwin Binner
Prediction of total nitrogen (TN) and respiration activity (RA4) by FT-IR spectra
3
O 2 uptake predicted (mg g -1 DM)
n = 187
70
n = 115
2.5 TN predicted (% DM) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 TN measured (% DM)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
-1
60
70
O 2 uptake measured (mg g DM)

LIMA 2013
175
Erwin Binner
page 87
September 2013
Thermal Analysis Principle
thermal behavior depends on temperature measurement of different parameters is possible
176
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Thermal Analysis Principle
thermogravimetry differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) mass-spectrum of all products of combustion

photos: Smidt, 2009
177
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 88
September 2013
Thermogravimetry Principle
rising temperature 178

Thermogravimetry Equipment
179
Erwin Binner
photo: Binner 2012
LIMA 2013
page 89
September 2013
Thermogravimetry Principle
physical parameters are changed because of chemical reactions during composting process change of energy-amount different thermal behaviour (oxidative or pyrolytic) shows degradation rate, reactivity, stability thermogram loss of weight during combustion DSC-curve energy-amount (heat-flow) mass-spectrum gaseous products of combustion characteristic of ionic current control of process and quality (e.g. composting), reactivity and effect of remidiation, combustion behaviour 180
Thermogravimetry Thermograms Quality Controll of Composts

110
source: Smidt, 2009
100 90 Masseverlust (%) mass-loss [%] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
LIMA 2013
compost HA = 45.8 %oDM

Reifkompost HS 45,8%oTM
compost HA = 19.7Reifkompost %oDM HS 19,7%oTM

Klrschlammsewage sludge kompost compost
biogenic material
Frischmaterial
181
Erwin Binner
Temperatur (C) temperature [C]
page 90
September 2013
Quality Control of Composts Dynamic Difference-Calorimetry (DSC)

200 175 150 125 DSC (mW) DSC [mW] 100 75 50 25 0 source: Smidt, 2009 -25
Reifkompost compost (humification) HS 45,8%oTM HA = 45.8 %oDM Reifkompost compost (mineralisation) HS 19,7%oTM HA = 19.7 %oDM
sewage sludge kompost compost

Frischmaterial
Klrschlamm-
biogenic material
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
LIMA 2013
182
Erwin Binner
temperature [C]
Temperatur (C)
Laboratory
183
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 91
September 2013
Laboratory ABF-BOKU Digestion Laboratory

fume hoods NKJ-digestion NKJ-distillation
storage for solvents storage for acids 184

Erwin Binner
storage for bases photos: Binner 2006
balance
LIMA 2013
Laboratory ABF-BOKU Digestion Laboratory
Erwin Binner 185 storage for waste chemicals
photos: Binner 2006
storage for solvents
LIMA 2013
page 92
September 2013
Laboratory ABF-BOKU Measuring Laboratory

pH-meter
Ionchromatograph
186
Erwin Binner photo: Binner 2006
balance
samples for LIMA 2013 Water Content
Laboratory ABF-BOKU Cleaning / Gas-Distribution

storage for deionised water
deioniser
187
Erwin Binner photos: Binner 2006
dish washer
storage for gas
LIMA 2013
page 93
September 2013
Laboratory ABF-BOKU Sample Storage

storage for Analysis Samples
188
freezer -22C
LIMA 2013
Equipment for Laboratory Tests

189
page 94
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System

.
.
L ab o rat o r y r e a cto r sy stem

valve
L a b o ra to ry re a ct or sy s te m
valv e
temperature
t emperature
feed mixture
volume ~7l plast ic screen
feed mixture
.
air supply
water air distribution
volume ~7l plastic screen
air supply
.
.
190
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / Climate Chamber
191
LIMA 2013
page 95
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / Rotting Reactor
photos: Binner 2006
192
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / CO2-Measurement

CO2-measuring unit (infrared)
193
photos: Binner 2006 Erwin Binner
switch for 6 test cells

LIMA 2013
page 96
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / Calculation

C-Degradation Rate, Acetic Acid and pH-Value
. Input
h]
1,5
Test series 2 / Batch 1
9,0
8,0 C-degradation rate [gC/kg C Acetic acid [% DM] 1,0
expone ntial phase
Acetic acid pH-Value pH-Value 6,0
0,5
0,0 0
lag phase
2 4 6 8
end of intensive degradation phase

10 12 14 16 18 20
5,0
4,0
Duration of the com posting process [days]
194
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Odour Emissions

Ammonia Nitrogen and pH-Value
1.600 1.400 NH4-N [mg/kg DM] . 1.200 1.000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Duration of the com posting process [days] 4,0 6,0 Test series 6 / Batch 2 9,0
NH4-N pH-Value
8,0 pH-Value [-]
7,0
5,0
195
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
pH - Value
C-degradation C-degradation rate rate
7,0
page 97
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Odour Emissions

Odor Emissions
18.000
3 . [ppm DM] resp. [mg/10.m waste air h]
Test series 2 / Batch 2 Acetic acid - w aste air Acetic acid - w aste air [m g/10m 3 w aste air . h] [m g/10m 3 w aste air . h] Acetic acid - solid m atter [ppm DM] Olfactom eter [OU/m 3 ] Olfactom eter [OU/m 3 ] Olfactom eter [OU/m 3 ]
1.200 1.000 800 600 waste air]

pH - Value
16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000
400 200
2.000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Duration of the com posting process [days] 0
196
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Odour Emissions - Laboratory Tests Influence of Oxygen Supply

C-Degradation Rate and pH-Value
. Input
h]
2,5
Test series 2 / Batch 1 and 4

Degradatio Degradatio n n rate, rate, high high O2 O2 Degradatio n rate, high O2 Degradatio n rate, lo w O2 Degradatio n rate, lo w O2 pH-value, high O2
9,0
2,0 C-degradation rate [g C/kg C
8,0
1,5
pH-value, lo w O2
7,0
1,0
6,0
0,5
5,0
0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Duration of the Com posting Process [days]
4,0
197
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
[Odour units / m
page 98
September 2013
Odour Emissions - Laboratory Tests Influence of pH-Value

. Input h]
2,5 2,5 2,0 2,0 1,5 1,5
Without lime Carbon Degradation Rate Carbon Degradation Rate Test series 2 /2Batch 4 to 6 6 Test series / Batch 4 to Without Without lime lime 0.2% lime 0.2% lime 0.4% lime Without lime
C-degradation rate rate [g [g C/kg C/kg C C C-degradation . Input h]
1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5 0.4% 2 2 4 4 0.2% lime 66 88 10 10 12 12 14 14 0,00,0 0 0
w ithout lim e w ithout lim e
16 16
18 18
20
Duration of the Com posting Process [days] Duration of the Com posting Process [days]
198
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System

.
.
L ab o rat o r y r e a cto r sy stem

valve
L a b o ra to ry re a ct or sy s te m
valv e
temperature
t emperature
feed m ixture
volume ~7l plast ic screen
feed mixture
.
air supply
volume ~7l plastic screen
air supply
.
.
199
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 99
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / Climate Chamber
200
LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / Rotting Reactor
photos: Binner 2006
201
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 100
September 2013
Laboratory Tests Composting System / CO2-Measurement

CO2-measuring unit (infrared)
202
photos: Binner 2006 Erwin Binner
switch for 6 test cells

LIMA 2013
Laboratory Tests Landfill Simulation / Leachate / Temperature
203
LIMA 2013
page 101
September 2013
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Thank You for Your Attention

204
page 102

06analysis of Wastes-2013

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06analysis of Wastes-2013

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Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Erwin Binner MSc. 1

BOKUBOKU-University / Vienna of Waste Management

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Analysis of Wastes WHY??

Waste Analysis Purpose

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Waste Analysis Aims

Waste Analysis Aims

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Waste Analysis Aims

Waste Analysis Aims

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Waste Analysis Aims

control at landfill sites

Analysis of Wastes WHERE??

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Waste Management Concept Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

SS = sewage sludge MBT = mechanical biological pretreatment

MBT MSW incineration

landfill use? landfill

thermal treatment biogenous resources

composting anaerobic treatment

thermal treatment excavated soil

biogas reuse recycling

biogas landfill LIMA 2013 landfill

construction and Erwin Binner demolition waste

Waste Collection in Austria Separate Collection (Definitions)

treatment landfill Residual Wastes

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Waste Management Concept Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

SS = sewage sludge MBT = mechanical biological pretreatment

MBT MSW incineration

landfill use? landfill

thermal treatment biogenous resources

composting anaerobic treatment

thermal treatment excavated soil

biogas reuse recycling

biogas landfill LIMA 2013 landfill

construction and Erwin Binner demolition waste

Sampling of Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) - Delivery

Erwin Binner photo: Erwin Binner

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Sampling of Wastes Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) - Delivery

Erwin Binner photo: Binner, 2008

Sampling of Wastes Fractions for Recycling after Sorting

Erwin Binner photo: Binner, 2008

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes

Sampling of Wastes Biowaste Delivery

Erwin Binner photo: Binner, 2008

Sampling of Wastes Biowaste Compost

LIMA 2013 photo: Binner, 2010

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado Analysis of Wastes