Unit 6 Speed It Up!

Tulley Kearney Mrs Wright 10 Science Physical Class C

Introduction There are many elements that can affect rates and reactions in this report I will be discussing them and testing the effect that temperature and concentration have on a reaction. The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a reaction happens. If a reaction has a low rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate. Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others can happen in less than one second. The rate of reaction depends on the type of molecules that are combining. A very fast reaction would be an explosion and a slow reaction would be rusting The collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules bouncing into each other. If there are a higher number of collisions in a system, more combinations of molecules can occur. The reaction will go faster and the rate of that reaction will be higher. Even though they are both liquids, think about how slowly molecules move in honey when compared to your soda. There are a lower number of collisions in the honey. A catalyst is something that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It works by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction to proceed more quickly to equilibrium. The activation energy is the least amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place. Some elements and compounds react together naturally just by being close to each other and their activation energy is zero. Others will react together only after a certain amount of energy is added to them. Activation energy is usually expressed in terms of joules per mole of reactants. A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions, which leads to an increase in rate of reaction except for zero order reactions. Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Usually, if an increase in temperature occurs it is also accompanied by an increase in rate of reaction. Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy in a system, so higher temperature implies an above average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. The Rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic, polar or nonpolar, or liquid, solid or gaseous. For a solid the rate at which it reacts depends on the amount of its surface area exposed to the reacting chemical. Only particles on the surface are able to react. If you cut up or crush a solid you are increasing its surface area, so there are more surface particles which are exposed and thus able to react.

Procedure
1. The 1M hydrochloric acid was created by adding 33.3 mL of hydrochloric acid to the 250mL volumetric flask and then filled to the 250mL mark with water, 20mL of this was then poured in the test tube and 0.3 grams of powdered Calcium carbonate was added and timed for how long it took the calcium carbonate to dissolve. The 2M was made by adding 66.6 mL of hydrochloric acid to the volumetric flask and filled to the 250mL mark with water. This was then added to a test tube with calcium carbonate and the time taken was recorded. The 3M was taken straight from the bottle and poured in a test tube with the calcium carbonate and the time taken was recorded.

2. For the Temperature test, 1M hydrochloric acid was used for all tests. Room temperature 20 was tested first the hydrochloric acid was added then the calcium carbonate the time taken for the calcium carbonate was recorded. These steps were repeated for temperatures 45 and 70.

Results
- Concentration test 20.73, 21.76, 18.8 (3M)

- Temperature Test 3:46.25, 3:35.89, 3:41.44 (Room Temperature 20, 1M) 3:40.30, 3:27.89, 3:36.21 (45, 1M)

45.93, 44.84, 47.11 (2M) 2:36.04, 2:13.78, 2:18.90 (70, 1M) 3:46.25, 3:35.89, 3:41.44 (1M) Graphs

Temperature Test
04:19.2

Time Taken (mins)

03:36.0 02:52.8 02:09.6 01:26.4 00:43.2 00:00.0 Room Temp. 20 45 Test 1 03:46.3 03:40.3 02:36.0 Test 2 03:27.9 02:13.8 Test 3 03:41.4 03:36.2 02:18.9 Average 03:41.2 03:34.8 02:22.9

03:35.9 Concentration Test

250 70 Time Taken (Seconds) 200 150 100 50 0 1M 2M 3M Test 1 226.25 45.93 20.73

Test 2 215.89 44.84 21.76

Test 3 221.44 47.11 18.8

Average 221.1933333 45.96 20.43

Bibliography
Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. (2013, August 28). Factor that Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate. Retrieved from About.com: Chemistry.about.com Chem4kids. (2013, August 28). Rate of Reaction. Retrieved from Chem4Kids: www.chem4kids.com Schell, M. (2004). Energy. Marrickville NSW: Science Press.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/chemical_economics/reactio n1rev1.shtml