Chapter 4

Load and Stress Analysis Load and Stress Analysis

Lec Lec. 6 . 6
A. Bazoune
Shear Stresses for Beams Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending in Bending
Lec Lec. 6 . 6
4.8 4.8Shear Stresses for Shear Stresses for
Beams in Bending Beams in Bending
Most beams have both shear forces and bending moment
present.
It is only occasionally that we encounter beams subjected
to pure bending, that is to say having zero shear force. to pure bending, that is to say having zero shear force.
The flexural formula was developed on the assumption of
pure bending in order to eliminate complicating effects of
shear force.
For engineering purposes, the flexure formula is valid no
matter whether the shear force is present or not.
Fig. 4.20 shows
a beam of
constant cross
section section
subjected to a
shear force V
and a bending
moment M
Figure 4-20 Beam section isolation.
Note: Only forces in x-direction are
shown on the dx element.
Associate the hollow Associate the hollow
vector with your vector with your
right hand. right hand.
If you place the If you place the
thumb of your right thumb of your right
Figure 4-20 Beam section isolation.
Note: Only forces in x-direction are
shown on the dx element.
thumb of your right thumb of your right
hand in the hand in the negative negative
z z- - direction direction, then , then
your fingers, when your fingers, when
bent, will indicate bent, will indicate
the the direction of direction of
moment M moment M. .
Shear force and Shear force and
bending moment are bending moment are
related by: related by:
(a) (a)
dM
V
dx
=
Figure 4-20 Beam section isolation.
Note: Only forces in x-direction are
shown on the dx element.
(a) (a)
V
dx
=
At some point
along the beam,
we cut transverse
section dx at a
distance y
1
above
the neutral axis. the neutral axis.
We remove this
section to study
the forces that act
on it.
Figure 4-20 Beam section isolation.
Note: Only forces in x-direction are
shown on the dx element.
Because shear
force is present,
the B.M. is
changing as we
move along the x-
axis. axis.
We can designate
the B.M. as M on
the Near Side of
the section and as
(M + dM) on the
Far Side.
Figure 4-20 Beam section isolation.
Note: Only forces in x-direction are
shown on the dx element.
The moment M
produces a normal
stress , and the
moment (M + dM),
a normal stress
( + d).
The compressive force on the far side being
greater than on the near side.
The Resultant of these two would cause the
section to tend to slide in the negative x-
direction.
( + d).
These normal
stresses produce
normal forces on
the vertical faces of
the element.
This resultant must
be balanced by a
shear force acting
in the positive x-
direction on the
bottom of the
section.
For the near face
(b)
where the limits indicate that we integrate from y = y
1
to y = c.
section.
This shear force
results in a shear
stress.
1
c
N
y
F dA =

For ,
Eq. (b) becomes
(b) (c)
M y I =
c
N
y
M
F y dA
I
=

For the Far side

1
N
y
I

( )
1 1
c c
F
y y
M dM
F d dA y dA
I

+
= + =

(d)
The force on the
bottom face is the
shear stress times
the area of the
bottom face

(e)
B
F bdx =
In this equation, the integral
is the first moment of the
area of the isolated vertical
face about the neutral axis.
1
c
y
y dA Q =

The moment is usually designated Q

= =
c
y
A y dA y Q
1
' '
(4-30)
V Q
I b
=
(4-31)
where, for the isolated area from y
1
to c, is the distance from the
y-axis to the area centroid and A is the area.
Finally, we write
Shear Stresses in Standard Shear Stresses in Standard- -Section Section
Beams Beams
The shear stress distribution in a beam depends on how Q/b
varies as a function of y
1.
Fig. 4-22 shows a portion of a beam with a rectangular cross- Fig. 4-22 shows a portion of a beam with a rectangular cross-
section.
It is subjected to shear force V and a bending Moment M.
Figure 4-22
Shear Stress in a rectangular beam
A normal stress is developed on a cross-section such as A-A due to M.
Section A-A is in compression above the N.A. and in tension below.
Consider an element of area dA at a distance
y above the N.A. such that
dA bdy =
Eq. (4-30) becomes
( )
1 1
2
2 2
1
1
2 2
c
c c
y y
y
by b
Q y dA b y dy c y
(
= = = =
(


Substitute this value into Eq.(4-31)
From Table A-18 and for a rectangular cross-section, we have
Substitute and gives
Using this value for I in Eq. (4-32) gives
( )
2 2
1
2
V
c y
I
=
(4-32)
2
3
Ac
I =
3
12
bh
I =
A bh =
2 h c =
(b)
Using this value for I in Eq. (4-32) gives
The maximum shear stress exists when y=0, which is at the bending
neutral axis. Thus
2
1
2
3
1
2
V y
A c

| |
=
|
\
(4-33)
(4-34)
max
3
2
V
A
=
As we move away from the neutral axis, the shear stress
decreases parabolically until it is zero at the outer surface
where y = c .
Notice that the shear
stress is maximum at stress is maximum at
the bending neutral
axis, where the
normal stress due to
bending is zero and
that the shear stress
is zero at the outer
surfaces, where the
bending stress is a
maximum.
Particular Case: Particular Case:
Shear Stresses in Standard Section Beams Shear Stresses in Standard Section Beams
Example 4 Example 4- -7 Textbook 7 Textbook
A A beam beam 12 12 in in long long is is to to support support aa load load of of 488 488 lb lb. .ff acting acting 33 in in from from the the left left
support support as as shown shown in in Fig Fig- - 44- -21 21 aa. . Basing Basing the the design design only only on on bending bending stress, stress, aa
designer designer has has selected selected aa 33- -in in column column channel channel with with the the cross cross- -sectional sectional
dimensions dimensions as as shown shown. . If If the the direct direct shear shear is is neglected, neglected, the the stress stress beam beam may may be be
actually actually higher higher than than the the designer designer thinks thinks. . DETERMINE DETERMINE the the principal principal stresses stresses
considering considering bending bending and and direct direct shear shear and and compare compare then then with with that that considering considering
bending bending only only. .
Figure 4 Figure 4- -21 21. .
Example 4 Example 4- -7 Contd 7 Contd
The The loading, loading, shear shear force force and and The The loading, loading, shear shear force force and and
bending bending moment moment diagram diagram are are
shown shown in in Figure Figure44- -21 21(b) (b). .
If If the the direct direct shear shear force force is is
included included in in the the analysis, analysis, the the
maximum maximum stresses stresses at at the the top top maximum maximum stresses stresses at at the the top top
and and bottom bottom of of the the beam beam will will
be be the the same same as as if if only only
bending bending were were considered considered. .
The The maximum maximum stresses stresses are are: :
Figure 4 Figure 4- -21 (b) 21 (b). .
( )
1098 1.5
992
1.66
psi
Mc
I
=
= =
Example 4 Example 4- -7 Contd 7 Contd
Example 4 Example 4- -7 Contd 7 Contd
yy QQ ss t t ss
11
,s ,s
22
in in in in
33
psi psi psi psi psi psi
00 0.653 0.653 00 847 847 847, 847, - -847 847
0.25 0.25 0.648 0.648 165 165 840 840 762, 762, - -928 928 0.25 0.25 0.648 0.648 165 165 840 840 762, 762, - -928 928
0.5 0.5 0.631 0.631 331 331 818 818 670, 670, - -1000 1000
0.75 0.75 0.605 0.605 496 496 785 785 575, 575, - -1071 1071
11 0.568 0.568 661 661 737 737 477, 477, - -1138 1138
1.227 1.227 0.525 0.525 812 812 681 681 387, 387, - -1200 1200
1.5 1.5 00 992 992 00 0, 0, - -992 992