IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013

ISSN 2320 6020

Soil Modification Using Shredded Scrap Tires

Ajay Kumar Verma and S. M. Ali Jawaid*
ABSTRACT- This paper evaluates the feasibility of the application of shredded scrap tires in civil engineering project. Laboratory test were conducted to determine the shredded tire for size distribution dry density, optimum moisture content California bearing ratio etc. after mixing the shredded scrap tire and soil in different proportion .Scrap tires using as construction materials in civil engineering application is a sustainable development and one of the promising ways of the recycling wasteful material. Experimental results support the feasibility of the application of shredded scrap tires in civil engineering projects. KEY WORDS: Scrap tires; Recycling; Shreds; Land fill; Civil Engineering, Shredded Scrap Tires (SST). 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General A scrap tire is a kind of solid waste. A scrap tire is any tire that has been replaced from its original use and includes all whole tires and pieces of tires which are readily identifiable as scrap tires by visual inspection and still contain steel wire. Over 280 million tires used by automobiles are discarded each year nationwide. Disposal of whole tires in landfills was the common practice in many countries. However whole scrap tire tend to float to the surface, breaking the landfill cover, consequently increased leachate production which contaminate the groundwater. Because of this many states have banned the disposal of tires in landfills. The state of Illinois requires tires to be shredded before being placed in landfills. Currently 2, 4 billions scrap tires are stockpiled nation-wide. The research is helpful for the use of scrap tire in civil engineering an alternative method to reduce the problems created by the current tire disposal and anesthetic tire recycling converting scrap into beneficial materials. The geotechnical researcher has been trying to use shredded tires such as high way embankment lightweight fill materials for backfill and road sub grade, backfill of retaining wall. Study of the compaction characteristics of soils modified with shredded scrap tire is essential for geotechnical application. 1.2 Scrap Tire Deposition in Nationwide, 2005

Scrap Tire Deposition in 2005

Civil Engineeri ng Ground 8% surface rubber 17%

Tire Derived Fuel 56%

Land Unknow Disposing n 14% 5%

Cultivatio n Field 0.3%

Fig 1: Scrap tire Deposition in Nationwide 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS Since heavy metals as zinc and other pollutants present in tires there is a potential risk for the leaching of toxins into the groundwater when placed in soils[1].Generally these scrap tires wind up in landfills and more than thousands are left in empty lots and illegal tire dumps. These dumps are a breeding ground for rodents and mosquitoes serious fire hazard and an unpleasant sight. The rubber tires do not easily decompose and economically feasible and environmentally sound alternatives for scrap tire disposal must be found. [2,3]. Some of the current uses for recycled tires include tire-derived fuel for energy generation, tire retreading applications, highway crash barriers, breakwaters, reefs, and crumb rubber asphalt pavement. Although these reuse, recycling, and recovery efforts consume 70% of the scrap tires discarded every year they have not reduced an amount of tires in landfills and illegal dumps and Scrap.

Author: Ajay Kumar Verma is currently pursuing master of technology program in Environmental Engineering in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur, India, E-mail: ajaycrazy100@gmail.com *Co-Author: S.M. Ali Jawaid is currently Associate Professor in MMM. Engg. College, Gorakhpur, India, Email: smaj@rediffmail.com

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 This environment impact varies according to the conditions of local water and soil. Experiments has shown that very little leaching occurs when shredded scrap tires are used as light fill material however limitations have been put on use of these scrap tire each site should be individually assessed determining if this product is appropriate for given conditions. Eco-toxicity may be a critical problem. Studies show that heavy metals, zinc, rubber chemicals and a host of vulcanization leach into water from tires.[4,6] Shredded tire pieces leach much more creating bigger problems due to the increased surface area on the shredded pieces. 4. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

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4.1 Stabilization of soil with shredded scrap tires chips The percent of shredded scrap tires required to obtain reasonably good maximum dry density at lower moisture content was determined for each mix percentage of soil and tire aggregates tested. The use of shredded rubber tires since reduces the amount of water required for the compaction effort while maintaining a reasonably good maximum dry density

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
To use the scrap tires in the civil engineering application for making some conventional construction materials such as light weight fill materials, pavement retaining structure, drainage material sin landfill cover system pavement retaining structure etc. To know the appropriate ratio of shredded scrap tire and soil, various test were conducted e.g. Proctors density. The result are discussed below3.1 Soil The soil used for this experiment is taken from field of village Narhi Taal field apart 15 Kilometer from M. M. M. Engineering College Gorakhpur. The soil samples were collected from a depth of about 0.3 to 0.4 m below the ground surface. 3.2Tire chips characterization The tires were shredded in the range from 1.5-2.0 inches. These chips were randomly mixed with soil sample. 4.2 Maximum Dry Density: Maximum dry density enhanced by an increased in the amount of scrap tire up to 10% as shown in Fig.3. When the proportion of scrap in a soil amount was more than10%, the density of soil decreased significantly.

Fig 2: Shredded Scrap Tire

Graph 1: Typical Proctor Compaction Curve for the Scrap Tire Modified Soil

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 4.3 Optimum Moisture Content: The Fig.4 represents that adding up to 10% tire chips to the soil can be used for compacted and backfill materials.

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CBR value increases with shredded scrap tire proportion enhances

Graph 2: Change in the Maximum Dry Density of Soil Sample with the Addition of Scrap Tire at Different Proportions. California Bearing Ratio It is a penetration test for estimation of the mechanical strength of road and sub grade. The CBR test was developed for measuring the load-bearing capacity of the soil.

Graph 3: 10CBR at different proportion of tire chips 5 CONCLUSIONS This paper provides the evaluation the feasibility of using shredded scrap tire s in civil engineering application. The experiment shows that on increasing tire proportion in soil the CBR values increases so tire chips for use in highway embankments, backfills behind retaining structures, roadways backfill, soil reinforcement etc. It is found that rubber tire have low density in comparison to soil so it is used as light weight geometrical. REFERENCE 1. ASTM D Standard D 1557. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modification Efforts (56,000 ft-lbf /ft3(27,000 kNm/m3)) , ASTM International Ahmed, I. and Lovell, C.W. (1993). Rubber soil as lightweight geomaterials. Transportation Research Record, 1422, 61-70 Ahmed, I.(1993), Laboratory study on properties of rubber soil Joint Highway Research Project- Indiana Department of Transportation and Department of Civil Engineering Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

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IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 8] AUGUST 2013 4. Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J., and Eldin, N.N. (1990). Department of engineering criteria for shredded or whole tires in highway application.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wiscosin-Madison. Edil, T.B., Bosscher, P.J. (1996). engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixture-Geotechnical Testing Journal, 17, 453-464122,760-767 Ahmed, I. (1993). Laboratory study on properties of rubber soils. Rep. No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-93/4, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Bernal, A. (1996). Laboratory study on the use of tire shreds and rubbers and in backfills and reinforced soil application, PhD thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Bernal, A., Salgado, R., Swan, R. H., Jr., and Lovell, C. W. (1997). Interaction between tire shreds, rubber-sand and geosynthetics. Geosynthetics Int., 4(6), 623643. Bosscher, P. J., Edil, T. B., and Kuraoka, S. (1997). Design of highway embankments using tire chips. J. Geotech and Geoenvir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(4), 295304. Edil, T. B., and Bosscher, P. J. (1994). Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures. Geotech. Testing J., 17(4), 453464. EPA. (1991). Markets for scrap tires. Rep. No. EPA/530-SW-90-074A, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C. Foose, G. J., Benson, C. H., and Bosscher, P. J. (1996). Sand reinforced with shredded waste tires. J. Geotech Engrg., ASCE, 122(9), 760767. Gharegrat, H. (1993). Finite element analyses of pavements underlain by a tire chip layer and of retaining walls with tire chip back fill, MSCE thesis, University of Maine, Orono, Me. Humphrey, D. N., Katz, L. E., and Blumenthal, M. (1997). Water quality effects of tire chip placed above the groundwater table. Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials, ASTM STP 1275, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 299313. Manion, W. P., and Humphrey, D. N. (1992). Use of tire chips as lightweight and conventional embankment fill, phase ILaboratory. Tech. Paper 91-1, Technical Services Division, Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, Me Masad, E., Taha, R., Ho, C., and Papagiannakis, T. (1995). Engineering properties of tire/soil mixtures as a lightweight fill material. Geotech. Testing J., 19(3), 293-304.

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