Cascade approach of DWT-SVD digital image watermarking Ajit k. bhovi, Prashant R.

Sangulagi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BEC, Bagalkot ajitbhovi@yahoo.com, psangulgi@gmail.com

Abstract Digital image watermarking is a method of embedding information into the host image in order to make the image secure against any possible attacks. Information can be an image or a data whose size is less than the host image, such that embedding should not alter the original characteristics of host image to a large extent. The embedded information is called watermark, it can be extracted whenever required and the originality of the image can be tested by using a set of performance parameters. Watermarking method has wide range of applications in the field of secured data transfer. In this work, we have implemented digital watermarking techniques, namely, DWT-SVD cascade technique where we combined both SVD and DWT techniques. Keyword: Host image, watermark, embedding, extracting and performance parameters.

This need attracted attention from the research community and industry leading to a creation of a new information hiding form, called Digital Watermarking. Many research efforts over the past decade have enabled digital watermarking to establish itself as a potential solution for the protection of ownership rights and policing information piracy of multimedia elements like images, audio and video. A digital watermark is an invisible signature embedded inside multimedia content to show authenticity and ownership. It contains useful certifiable information for the owner of the host media, such as producer's name, company logo, etc; the watermark can be detected or extracted later to make an assertion about the host media. An image watermarking scheme should at least meet the following requirements: transparency and robustness. Transparency means that the embedded watermark should be perceptual invisible and robustness means that the embedded watermark shouldnt be erased by any attack that maintains the host image quality acceptable. Trade off between transparency and robustness is one of the most important issues in image watermarking. This article summarizes the both DWT and SVD techniques and their cascade approach. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II introduces brief about both techniques DWT and SVD. Section III presents an algorithm of cascade approach of DWT-SVD. Section IV presents experimental results. Sections V give conclusion and future work. II. Techniques of digital image watermarking The techniques [1] [6] which are present in digital image watermarking are Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) Discrete cosine transform (DCT)

I. Introduction A recent proliferation and success of the Internet, together with availability of relatively inexpensive digital recording and storage devices has created an environment in which it became very easy to obtain, replicate and distribute digital content without any loss in quality. This has become a great concern to the multimedia content (music, video, and image) publishing industries, because technologies or techniques that could be used to protect intellectual property rights for digital media, and prevent unauthorized copying did not exist. While encryption technologies can be used to prevent unauthorized access to digital content, it is clear that encryption has its limitations in protecting intellectual property rights: once a content is decrypted, theres nothing to prevent an authorized user from illegally replicating digital content. Some other technology was obviously needed to help establish and prove ownership rights, track content usage, ensure authorized access, facilitate content authentication and prevent illegal replication.

In these techniques we are interested in DWT and SVD where we are combining both. In next sub section we give brief introduction to both techniques.

2D DWT Applied to an Image An image can be represented in the form of a matrix, when a DWT of that matrix is taken it transforms that image into the bands of the frequencies called very low frequency(A), high frequency(D) and middle frequency(H,V) for the first level. DWT is applied on the higher levels on the band (A) to generate frequency bands. Figure 1 explains the 3level DWT applied on image

Where A is m*n matrix, U is m*m matrix, S is m*n matrix & V is n*n matrix Where UU = I; VV = I; the columns of U are orthonormal eigenvectors of AA , the columns of V are orthonormal eigenvectors of AA, and S is a diagonal matrix containing the square roots of eigen values from U or V in descending order.

III. DWT-SVD Based Watermarking Method An alternative to the DWT-DCT and SVD method is implemented called DWT-SVD which gives satisfactory results for the attacks and the payload capacity as discussed in [2] [5] 3.1 Watermark Embedding Algorithm 1. 4 level DWT is applied on the host image which generates 12 bands of frequencies. 2. SVD based embedding is applied for the V and H bands of the 4th level of the image as explained in the section 4.3 using suitable gain factor. 3. SVD embedded V and H bands are used to reconstruct back the watermarked image by IDWT. Fig 1 level DWT applied to an image Flow Chart Figure 2 illustrates the example of the DWT applied on the image Ganapati.

Fig. 2 DWT2 applied to an image GANAPATI Singular Value Decomposition Based Watermarking Method SVD is based on a theorem from linear algebra which says that a rectangular matrix A can be broken down into the product of three matrices - an orthogonal matrix U, a diagonal matrix S, and the transpose of an orthogonal matrix V . The theorem is usually presented something like this: A = USV 3.2 Watermark Extraction Algorithm 1. 2. 4 level DWT is applied on the host image which generates 12 bands of frequencies. SVD based extraction is applied for the V and H bands of the 4th level of the image as explained in the section 4.4 using suitable gain factor. SVD embedded V and H bands are used to reconstruct back the watermarked image by IDWT.

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IV Experimental Results The host image we used is lena which is shown in fig. 3, because it has all the characteristics of the image. The watermark image is as shown in fig. 4.

Table 1 shows the correlation coefficient and the PSNR values with their respective gains Gain PSNR (dB) 0 0.1 0.4 1.0 2.0 3 353.4 105.88 88.31 76.46 68.78 64.616 61.76 59.595 1 1 0.9984 0.985 0.9271 0.8499 0.7741 0.708 Correlation Coefficient

Fig.3 Lena image size 512x512

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Table 1 Values of PSNR and Correlation coefficient for different values of gain Fig.4 Watermark wm Cascade DWT-SVD Based Method In a cascade DWT-SVD method the watermark can be extracted. Fig 5 shows the watermarked image with the gain factor 0.85, and fig 6 shows the extracted watermark for gain = 0.4. The graph below shows the PSNR versus gain and correlation coefficient versus gain in fig 7 and fig 8 respectively for the watermarked lena with respect to the original image.

Fig 7 gain v/s PSNR

Fig 5 watermarked

Fig 6 Fig 8 gain v/s correlation

In DWT-SVD based approach watermark is embedded only in the 4th level V and H sub bands. Correlation coefficient of 0.8 is for the value of gain factor 3.7.This infers that the watermarking approach has good payload capacity. Image perceptibility is also satisfactory as on watermarking the original image doesnt loose its originality for high value of gain. The pixel are readily varied the gain value exceeds 1.5 above 2. The original image looses its perceptibility Attacks on Watermarked Images The Lena watermarked image with the gain factor of 1 is used to experiment the extraction of watermark for different types of the attacks 1. Gaussian Noise The different values of mean and variance are used and the watermark is extracted .fig 9 shows the watermarked image attacked by the Gaussian noise and its respective extracted watermark is shown in fig 10.

of 0.998 and PSNR of 91.26dB and on increasing the values of LEN and THETA above 10 and 15 respectively .The watermarked image looses its original perceptibility and the extracted watermark has only the correlation of 0.57 Hence the watermarking method is robust to the wide range of blurring parameters.

Fig. 11 blurring noise added LEN=10 THETA=12

Fig. 12 extracted watermark 3. Rotational Noise The watermark is extracted for the various values of rotational angels. Figure 13 shows some of the watermarked images and the respective extracted watermarks with the correlation coefficient and PSNR with respect to the original image in fig 14.

Fig 9 mean=0.2, variance=0.3

Fig 10 Extracted watermark The watermark is extracted for the value of mean and variance below 0.3 and variance below 0.5. Hence the watermarking approach is robust to addition of Gaussian noise. Fig. 13 rotated to 10 degrees 2. Blurring Noise Blurring noise is applied on the watermarked image for the variable values of the LEN and THETA the following fig 11 shows the Blurring noise added image and the fig 12 shows extracted image For many values of THETA when length is kept constant to one the extracted watermark has a constant correlation Fig. 14 extracted watermark

As shown in the above figures the watermark can be extracted for the degrees of rotation and the correlation with the original watermark is satisfactory. The extracted watermark gives has highest correlation for 0,180,360 degrees of rotation and almost reduces for 270, 120, 90 degrees with the correlation coefficient around 0.445. 4. Resize Noise Resized watermarked image is resized to the original image size so that watermark can be extracted. The watermarked image was resized to the various percentages as illustrated in the below figures.

fields such as Fingerprinting, data hiding, copyright protection, Copyright, Data Authentication, Medical Safety etc. Future Work 1. The image watermarking of colored images can be developed by separating red green and blue primary colors independently and reconstructing back to get the watermarked color image. The watermarking was proposed for the gray scale images which can be further implemented for different multimedia data such as video and audio. This is in the immediate demand in the market for security and copyright applications. Advanced and faster watermarking methods for live audio and video streams can be implemented where the speed of processing the immediate data is an issue.

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REFERENCES Fig. 15 resized to 25% [1] Sin-Joo Lee; Sung-Hwan Jung A survey of watermarking techniques applied to multimedia Industrial Electronics, 2001. Proceedings, ISIE 2001. IEEE International Symposium on 2001, Page(s): 272 - 277 vol.1 [2] Saeed K. Amirgholipour, Ahmad R. Naghsh-Nilchi Robust Digital Image Watermarking Based on Joint DWT-DCT International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications Volume 3, Number 2, June 2009 [3] Navneet Kumar Mandhani Watermarking Using Decimal Sequences: A thesis. [4] Vallabha VH Multiresolution Watermark Based on Wavelet Transform for Digital images [5] R. A. Ghazy , N. A. El-Fishawy, M. M. Hadhoud, M. I. Dessouky and F. E. Abd El-Samie An Efficient BlockBy-Block SVD-Based Image Watermarking Scheme Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal. [6] Er-Hsien Fu Literature Survey on Digital Image EE381K-Multidimensional Signal Watermarking Processing 8/19/98 [7] Yuval Cassuto, Michael Lustig and Shay Mizrachy Real-Time Digital Watermarking for Audio Signals Using Perceptual Masking [8] Santi P. Maity, Malay K Kundu and Tirtha S. Das, Robust SS watermarking with improved capacity, Pattern Recognition Letters, Volume 28, Issue 3, February 2007, pp 350-356. [9]http://www.aquaphoenix.com/lecture/matlab10/index.h tml

Fig. 16 extracted watermark DWT-SVD based watermarking is robust to the resizing for various values of resizing the extracted watermark can be easily correlated with the correlation coefficient not below 0.98 one example is shown in fig 15 and its extracted watermark in fig 16 because the noise hardly affects the V band where watermark is added. V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Conclusion SVD method requires both the watermark and the host image or the original image to extract the watermark. This may not be possible in practical applications. DWT-DCT method requires only host image to detect the watermark from the watermarked image and watermark to separate the original image from watermarked image, this provides authentication, Digital signature, Security which may be applicable in various fields where the latter factors are necessary. The SVD and DWT-DCT watermarking methods did assure satisfactory results for robustness to the wide ranges of attacks and also the payload capacity so the effort is made to improve the robustness by employing DWT-SVD cascade of spatial and transform domain, which assured confidential results comparative of other discussed watermarking methods. The above discussed watermarking method can be employed in the