OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES

C.NAMASIVAYAM. DCT, B.E , M.E . . ,

HISTORY OF LINUX:
Linus Torvalds was studying at the University of Helsinki (Finland). He was using a version of the UNIX operating system called Minix.

Linus decided to create his own operating system in 5 October 1991.

It has features from both SVR4 and BSD ( Unix Based Os ). Stable & low-cost OS. Little Penguin is the Icon for Linux. Originally developed to run on the Intel x86 microprocessor. Workstation or Server www.linux.org

WHAT IS GNU/Linux ?
GNU operating system, initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman.
Free Software Foundation Name (GNU/Linux) . GNU is not Unix project.

GNU operating system uses the Linux kernel.

kernel is the Heart of the OS. Main Purpose:
User or Company can develop the own Applications and added to the OS .

We use Many components of the OS are GNU applications.

www.linuxdoc.org.

WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ?

Linux is open source software.
The source code is publicly available. User can be modified to suit specific needs.

It can also be distributed freely among users.

This concept is the opposite of commercial software (Windows).
Source code is not publicly available. Each user must pay a license fee. Based on copyright laws.

Open source omit the above conditions. Linux can be downloaded at no cost from various web sites.

WHAT IS LINUX ?
An open source version of Unix operating system.
Linux like computer operating system.

Free and Open Source software development & distribution.

Evolved from kernel. Multi user , Multi Tasking & Multi Purpose operating system. Interface between computer/server hardware, and the programs.

WHERE I CAN USE LINUX?

We can use Linux as Server Os or as stand alone Os on your PC.
But it is Best suited for Server. It provides different services/network resources to client.

Server Must Be:

Stable Robust Secure High Performance

1. On stand alone Workstation/PC 2. In Network Environment 3. File and Print or Application Server

Continue :
So we can use Linux for: 1. Personal Work.

2. Web Server.
3. Software Development Workstation. 4. Workgroup Server. 5. Data Center (FTP, Telnet, SSH, Web, Mail, Proxy, Proxy Cache Appliance etc).

LINUX KERNEL ?
Kernel is hart of Linux Os.
It manages resource of Linux Os.
Facility to store data Print data on printer Memory File management, etc

Kernel decides who will use this resource How long and when. It runs your programs (set up to execute binary files)

Continue
kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various programs/application/shell
Kernel Functions:
I/O management Process management Device management File management Memory management

LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS :
Various for-profit companies and non-profit organizations make various Applications , Utilities and other Software.
These combinations of the OS and Software are called distributions.

The Best Linux Distributions

1. Best Linux Desktop Distribution 2. Best Laptop Distribution 3. Best Enterprise Desktop 4. Best Enterprise Server 5. Best Live CD

6. Best Security-Enhanced Distribution

7. Best Multimedia Distribution

BEST DESKTOP DISTRIBUTION :

BEST LAPTOP DISTRIBUTION :

BEST ENTERPRISE DESKTOP :

BEST ENTERPRISE SERVER :

BEST LIVECD :

BEST SECURITY-ENHANCED DISTRIBUTION :

BEST MULTIMEDIA DISTRIBUTION :

LINUX :
Multitasking
Remote tasking ("real networking") Multiuser

Access to shell, programming languages, databases, open-source projects

Better performance, less expensive (free), more up-to-date Distributed processing High level of security

LINUX ESSENTIAL COMMANDS :

BASICS COMMANDS
$ pwd # present working directory $ ls # content of pwd $ ll # similar as ls, but provides additional info on files and directories $ ll -a # includes hidden files (.name) as well $ ll -R # lists subdirectories recursively

$ ll -t # lists files in chronological order

$ stat <file_name> # provides all attributes of a file $ whoami # shows as who you are logged in $ hostname # shows on which machine you are

FILES AND DIRECTORIES :

$ mkdir <dir_name> # creates specified directory $ cd <dir_name> # switches into specified directory

$ cd .. # moves one directory up

$ cd ../../ # moves two directories up (and so on) $ cd # brings you to highest level of your home directory $ rmdir <dir_name> # removes empty directory $ rm <file_name> # removes file name $ mv <name1> <name2> # renames directories or files $ cp <name> <path> # copy file/directory.

HELP :
$ man # general help $ man wc # manual on program 'word count' wc $ wc --help # short help on wc $ info wc # more detailed information system (GNU) $ apropos wc # retrieves pages where wc appears $ help <command> #view the command information

USE FULL COMMANDS :

$ifconfig #view the ip address information's #setup #open the setup windows

$su #switch to root user

$poweroff #shutdown the system $chmod #changing the Permissions $cat <file_name> #view the text file $vi <filename> #edit the text file $kill <pid> #stop the running process $clear #clear the terminal window

$reboot #reboot the pc

FILESYSTEM CONCEPT :
Arrangement of files that can be stored on disk. Easy to find the information from the hard disk. File system is created on a disk partition using the formatting process. Linux uses primarily the Second Extended File System (ext2) or Third Extended File System (ext3). Windows uses FAT, FAT32, NTFS. A hard disk may have one or more partitions or file systems.

FILE SYSTEM DIRECTORY HIERARCHY :

Define the file structure
The file structure is a hierarchy of directories, subdirectories, and files. Users can easily locate files.

COMMON LINUX DIRECTORIES :

File system is called the root ( / ) directory.
Starting point of the file-system hierarchy. It contains critical system files such as the kernel.

STANDARD FILE SYSTEM FILES:

The /root directory is the super users home directory. The /bin (binary) directory contains many of the UNIX commands. The /boot directory contains most of the files necessary to boot a Linux system. The /dev (devices) directory contains files that are pointers to device files. The /etc (etcetera) directory contains system administration files.

The /home directory contains the user home directories.

The /lib (library) directory contains common library files. The /mnt (mount) directory is the standard mount point for files (CD-ROM). The /tmp (temp) directory contains temporary files placed by users. The /usr directory contains files and programs used by all users

THE LINUX SECURITY MODEL :

Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework.

It Allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models.

while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation It has GNU General Public License. Standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux 2.6. AppArmor, SELinux, Smack and TOMOYO Linux. Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) Is an implementation of fine-grained Mandatory Access Control (MAC). and Standard feature in Fedora-based distributions

Vi EDITOR :
Powerful Unix based text editor.
It is a command line text editor. Basic functions of vi editor:
Starting mode
Inserting Text Appending Text Saving the Text Deleting line words and characters. Closing mode

Vi continue
Create a new file by typing
$vi filename Open an already existing file by typing

$vi newname
Open a new file called "testvi," $vi testvi

Vi continue :
Inserting The text into your file.
Press i to inserting the text

Save and Quit.

Pres esc : and wq for save and quit

PARTITIONS CREATION :
Creating number of disk from your hard disk.
There are two types we can create the partition.
1. 2. Text mode installation Graphical mode installation

Text mode installation #fdisk (Basic disk Partition )

#sfdisk
#parted (advanced)

Graphical Mode Installation :

Using Disk Druid Option for creating the Partition.

INVESTIGATING AND MANAGING PROCESSES :

What is a Process?
A process is a set of instructions loaded into memory. Each Process have own Numeric Process ID (PID). PID Used for identification. Normally inherited from the executing user.

Listing Processes
View Process information with ps command. -a includes processes on all terminals -x includes processes not attached to terminals -u prints process owner information -f prints process parentage

Viewing the process information's :

#ps a includes processes on all terminals. #ps f prints process parentage

View the system monitor:

#ps -l view all system running process.

Top and gnome-system-monitor

Display real-time process information
Allow sorting, killing and re-nicing #top

SENDING SIGNALS TO PROCESSES :

By PID: kill [signal] pid . #kill [pid]
By Name: killall [signal] #killall By pattern: pkill [-signal]

NETWORK CLIENTS :
Browse the web
Exchange email and instant messages Access a Linux system remotely Transfer files between systems Use network diagnostic tools

WEB CLIENTS :
Firefox GUI Web Browsers
Fast, lightweight, feature-rich web browser

Tabbed browsing
Popup blocking Cookie management Multi-engine search bar Support for many popular plug-ins Themes and Extensions

Wget Non-GUI Web Browsers

links Provided by the elinks rpm Full support for frames and ssl

links http://www.redhat.com

INSTALLING APPLICATION :
Fedora yum can download and install packages from the Internet.
yum install packagename yum remove packagename yum update yum update packagename #install the new software #remove the already installed software #update your Fedora Linux os. #update the particular software

APACHE :
Introduction
The world's most popular Web server (HTTP server). Originally designed for Unix environments, Provides The full range of Web server features. Including CGI, SSL, and virtual domains. Apache also supports plug-in modules for extensibility. Apache is free software. The name "Apache" derives from the word "patchy"

Apache Server Logo

INSTALLING APACHE SERVER

#yum install httpd or #yum install httpd*

STARTING AN APACHE SERVER :

On the Apache server
chkconfig httpd on

Starting the service

service httpd start

Checking the service status

service httpd status

STOPPING & RESTARTING APACHE SERVER :

#service httpd stop Stop the httpd service

#service httpd restart

Restarting the httpd service

IP BASED VIRTUAL HOSTING :

Steps
1) #mkdir -p /var/www/virtual/www.mega.com/html

Step 2 :
#vi /var/www/virtual/www.mega.com/html/index.html

Step 3:
<html>
<body style="background-color:red"> <form name="input" action="html_form_action.htm" method="get"> First name: <input type="text" name="FirstName" value="SCAS" /><br /> Last name: <input type="text" name="LastName" value="MSCIT" /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Submit" /> </form> <p>If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called "html_form_action.asp".</p> </body>

</html>

Step 3 continue :

Step 4:
# ifconfig

Step 6 :
# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Step 7:
# service httpd restart

Step 8:
# links 192.168. 1. 5 or open in browser window

NAMES BASED VIRTUAL HOSTING :

STEP 1:
#vi /etc/hosts

STEP 2:
Edit the host file add your Domain name 192.168.1.5 www.mega.com

STEP 3:
Restart your Apache server
#service httpd restart

STEP 4 :
Open your browser then check your web page. www.mega.com

STEP 5:
Open your web page using IP. 192.168.1.5

THANK YOU Query's ? namasivayam.cse@gmail.com

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