Lecture4:Carolingian l / Ottonian/German RomanesqueArchitecture

Thedevelopmentofthe q Romanesque 768 1100

WhatisRomanesqueArchitecture? Romanesque:
Thestyleofarchitectureprevailinginwesternandsouthern h throughthe12th h centuries,characterizedby Europefromthe9th heavymasonryconstructionwithnarrowopeningsandfeatures suchastheroundarch,thebarrelvaultandthegroinvault
MoreSpecifically S f ll Timeframe: f EarlyRomanesqueorPreRomanesqueorFirstRomanesque 9th,10th centuries(orearlier),beforetheyear1000+/ PoliticalSignificanceoftheCarolingian andOttonian periodsinthe developmentofEarlyRomanesque HighRomanesque periodofgreatchurchbuildingacross Europe:11th,12th centuries(10001150+/) Romanesqueasthefirst Romanesque as the first International InternationalStyle Style

PoliticalMapofEuropeintheCarolingianEra

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Charlemagne:(b742814)
CharlestheGreatKingoftheFranks 9th Centurybronzestatuette, idealimageofCharlemagne, PalatineChapel PortraitofCharlemagne byAlbrecht Durer(16th CenturyGermanartist)
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AachenCathedral:Aachen,Germany(AixlaChapelle) currentview,fromnorthshowinglateradditions Palatine Chapel is in the center originalchapelbuilt:796 PalatineChapelisinthecenter original chapel built: 796804 804

Ph hotoSacredDestination ns

Aachen: Planreconstructionof palacecomplexatthe timeofCharlemagne: (796 804) (796804) OdoofMetz,incharge ofpalaceconstruction 1. PalatineChapel 2. AudienceHall 3. Atrium/ Courtyard 4. Gallery

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ModelofpalaceandPalatineChapelinthetimeofCharlemagne

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PhotoSacredDestinations

PalatineChapel:CurrentViewfromWest

PalatineChapel:SketchReconstructionView

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PalatineChapel:EyeLevelView p y
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CUAslidearchiv ve

PalatineChapel:InteriorView

Carolingianrenaissanceskill:perfect imitationofclassicalcapitals,columns arereusedRomanorByzantineworks interiorspace

PhotosSacred dDestinations

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Interiorspace: height/clearstorywindow height / clearstory window clear octagonal form / no ambiguity relatively heavy structure intricate artisanship / highly skilled mosaics, carvings columns as screens

Anorthern SanVitale?

PhotoSacredD Destinations

SanVitale,Ravenna(54648) Plan

PalatineChapel(796804) Plan

Wh t diff Whatdifferences,similaritiesdoyousee? i il iti d ?

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PalatineChapelvs.SanVitale: p

1. Cleargeometricstructureofspacevs. g p ambiguousmorefreeflowing(lateantique) space 2. BeginningofMedievalbayform veryclear inPalatineChapel(compartmentalized) 3. Heavy structurevs.lightandheavystructure 4. Emphasis onheightvs.emphasisonheight and dbreath b th 5. Towers, Westwork entry characteristicearly MedievalformseeninthePalatineChapel, not in San Vitale. notinSanVitale.

A. B.

Upperstoryplan barrelvault y groinvault g Lowerstoryplan

C. D.

Section Narrow comparedto SanVitale Reconstructedelevation

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GermignydesPres,Oratory,806(rebuilt187677) viewfromtheeast nearBenoitsurLoire,France

Phot toSacredDestinations

Thispronouncedvertically, upwardliftingofthehighest massbeyondthelevelofthe highestroofhaslittletodowith theByzantinechurchthat resolvesitsamassedvolumesat thecentraldome (Kostof,p276)

ChurchofTheodulf,advisorof Charlemagne g Partiallyrebuiltinthe19th century Visigoth/Moorish(Spain)+ Byzantine influences Byzantineinfluences Unique,survivingsmaller Carolingianwork

GermignydesPres,Oratory,Plan. E i ti C li i ExistingCarolingianwallsshaded ll h d d

PhotoSacr redDestinations

Viewofapsemosaic p

Lookingupatlanterntower

Viewofcentralspace

PhotosS SacredDestinations

 Northerntimberroof form +Romantriumphal form Roman triumphal arch? Medievalpatterning, flatnaiveformsvs. originalclassical i i l l i l precedent?

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Lorsch Germany Carolingianmonasterygateway(C800) Lorsch,Germany Carolingian monastery gateway (C 800)

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Lorsch Gateway incontextofreconstructedmonasteryplan LorschGateway in context of reconstructed monastery plan

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TheCarolingianMonastery: g y

Theguardiansofcultureandlearningin g g MedievalEurope CentralpoliticalinstitutioninCarolingian society StGallPlan literaryplan,idealized monasteryform St.Riquier actualmonastery,only archeologicalandmanuscriptevidence h l i l d i t id survives Corveyabbeychurch survivingwestwork example

Conantp57

St.GallPlan Interpretation

StGallPlan Manuscript

ManuscriptinmonasterylibraryinStGall, Gall Switzerland neverbuilt

StGallPlan InterpretativeModel

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StGallPlan InterpretativeChurchInteriorSketch

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Engraving(1612)

Plan:geometriclayoutdiagram

S Ri i M St.Riquier,Monastery,Centula,France:(79099) C l F (790 99)

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SquareSchematism WalterHornsInterpretation: p Modulararithmetic relationshipsbetweenparts S Squareofthecrossing f th i area wherethenaveandthe transeptintersect key geometricmodule Widthoftransept=widthof nave(cf.StPeters) Fixedarithmeticrelationship betweenthewidthandlength g ofthecomponentparts the bays Columnplacementmarksthe bay divisions baydivisions
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clarity/modularbaydivisions

Westwork upperlevel Westwork upper level

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Westwork entrylevel

Corvey,abbeychurch(873885) WestElevation

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Massing,/towers originalreconstruction
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Westworkplan:entrylevel/ section above sectionabove

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Westwork:upperlevel,interiorview

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CarolingianArchitectureCharacteristics: l h h
SquareSchematism rigid,orderedbaysystem Height:towersandspires Height: towers and spires Steppedmassing Basilicanave+transept Doubleended/ Double ended / Westwork Westwork Frontispiecewestelevationwithtwintowers Woodtrussroofingsystem

TheEmpireofOttotheGreat, circa963 Germanportionof Charlemagnesempire

ThedisintegrationofCharlemagnes empire divisionintoareasthatwill empire division into areas that will becomeGermanyandFrance,after 814

OttonianArchitecture:ReignofOttotheGreat:936975 Stylistically significantinGermanythrough11th century

Naveview lookingeast

Exteriorview westside

St.Cyriakus,Gernrode(961andlater):Exampleof Ott i OttonianvariationonCarolingianidealtype i ti C li i id l t

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StPantaleon,Cologne Late10th Century y

StBonifcae,Freckenhorst (c.1090) ( )

SS.PetrusandGorgonius, th Minden(mid10 ( century)

WestworkVariations:ThreeGermanFaadeExamples p

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StMichaels,Hildesheim(100133):viewfromsoutheast

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SketchRestorationasof100133(Conant)

Plan(Roth)

Interiorview,nave,lookingeast (reconstructedpostWWII)

St Michaels St.Michael s,Hildesheim(100133) Hildesheim (100133)

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Column details cubeshaped,impostcapitals

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StMichaels,Hildesheim(100133): Section / Axonometric Section/Axonometric

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Viewfromeast

Viewfromnortheast

SpeyerCathedral,SpeyerGermany(c.1030andlater)

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Nave walltreatment: Articulatedwall/woodroof fullythreedimensional systemtyingwallintovaultingtobedevelopedin France

SpeyerCathedral: Restorationasin1061 plan andperspectivesketch

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Sta alleyp148

EngravingofRemodeledNave(10811160)

Speyertoday:Navew/vaulting

MariaLaach,BenedictineMonastery(begunc.1093): Viewfromnorthwest GermanRomanesquestyle