MR Ramesh Bhatia (Compatibility Mode)

Effective Power Quality Monitoring System
Presentation by Ramesh Bhatia G General l Manager M (Corporate Sales) Schneider Electric Conzerv India Pvt Ltd
1
23rd Sept 2008
Power Quality - Expectations

From Utilities: > Stable Voltage >U Undistorted di t t d Voltage V lt Waveform W f From Customer: > Maintaining g Good Power Factor >> Incentive for good PF >> KVAH Billing > Generate G no h harmonics i >> No regulation yet
2 16-Sep-09 Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv
Proprietary & Confidential
Power Quality Harmful effects of poor quality

Industry resorting to power from DG sets for critical operations due to frequent and unscheduled interruptions, unstable voltage etc. Poor PF results in higher T&D Losses. Harmonics result in damage to capacitors, other equipment, overheating etc
16-Sep-09
Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

HARMONICS
16-Sep-09

WHAT ARE HARMONICS ?
HARMONIC IS DEFINED AS A COMPONENT OF PERIODIC WAVE (OR A SIGNAL) WHOSE FREQUENCY IS INTEGER MULTIPLE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY. CURRENT HARMONIC VOLTAGE HARMONICS
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HARMONIC COMPONENTS
16-Sep-09

Harmonic Distortion Standards

No BIS known or available. IEEE 519 lays down current distortion limits and these are termed as Users responsibilty. responsibilty Voltage distortion limits are termed as Utilitys Utility s responsibilty responsibilty.
16-Sep-09

Current Distortion Limits

ISC/I1 <20 20<50 <11 4.0 7.0 11<h< 17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 17<h< 23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 23<h< 35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 35<h 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 THD 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0
50<100 50 100 10.0 100<10 12.0 00 >1000 15.0
16-Sep-09
Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv Proprietary & Confidential
Voltage Distortion Limits

Bus Voltage at PCC <69 KV 69>161 KV >161 KV Individual Voltage THD Distortion 30 3.0 1.5 1.0 5 2.5 1.5
16-Sep-09
Distortion Limits - Effects

Difficult to establish a correlation between distortion amplitude and harmful effects. Effect Eff of f voltage l distortions di i on generation i of f current harmonics in a plant is also difficult to predict. Consequently, it is difficult to pinpoint when harmonics mitigation should be resorted to. Harmonics analysis followed by monitoring is the only way.
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EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
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EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

POOR POWER FACTOR UNEXPLAINABLE OVERHEATING OF TRANSFORMERS AND AUDIBLE HUM SUDDEN INCREASE IN KVA DEMAND AND PENALISATION BY EB FREQUENT FAILURE OF CAPACITORS & CONTACTORS NUISANCE TRIPPING OF DRIVES HEATING OF CABLES AND MOTOR WINDINGS DEGRADATION OF SYSTEM EFFICIENCY ENERGY LOSSES MALFUNCTIONING OF ELECTRONICS METERS SAFETY RISKS
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SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TO HARMONICS

Blinking of Incandescent Lights Transformer Saturation Capacitor Failure Harmonic Resonance Circuit Breakers Tripping Inductive Heating and Overload Computer Malfunction or Lockup Voltage Distortion Conductor Failure Inductive Heating Electronic Equipment Shutting down Voltage Distortion Flickering of Fluorescent Lights Transformer Saturation Fuses Blowing for No Apparent Reason Inductive Heating and Overload Motor Failures (overheating) Voltage Drop N t lC Neutral Conductor d t and dT Terminal i lF Failures il Additive Additi T Triplen i l C Currents t Electromagnetic Load Failures Inductive Heating
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SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TO HARMONICS CONT'D
Overheating g of Metal Enclosures Inductive Heating g Power Interference on Voice Communication Harmonic Noise Transformer Failures Inductive Heating
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Effects of Harmonics
Excess harmonics in network can lead to:Excess energy consumption Poor capacity utilisation of network Damages to components like capacitors, D G sets, computers etc. etc Nuisance tripping of circuits leading to production loss And many y more associated p problems
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About Us
Schneider Electric A Global Company
INR 119 119,450 450 crore revenue in i 2008 114,000 people in more than 100 countries >200 factories around the world R&D centres in 25 countries
Schneider Electric in India

5,500 employees 9 manufacturing sites, 4 distribution centers around the country, 2 R&D centers in Bangalore 400 authorized partners (Distributors, System Integrators and Panel Builders) One Regional Project & Engineering Centre
Schneider Electric and Conzerv unite to lead Energy Efficiency
* Energy Efficiency
FACTORS EFFECTING POWER FACTOR
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16-Sep-09

Relevance of K Factor
( Source : Xitron Technologies)
Harmonic currents cause overheating in transformers and other equipment. K Factor defines the heating effect of harmonics. K Factor 1.0 indicates linear load with no harmonics. Transformer supplying non linear loads may require de-rating.
22
16-Sep-09

Relevance of K Factor
( Source : Xitron Technologies)
RMS load current maybe higher than indicated by y KVA load. Increase in Eddy currents due to harmonics generates additional heat. heat Either oversize de-rated transformer or transformer with higher K factor will be required
Crest Factor
( Source: Environmental Potentials)
Crest factor is ratio of peak voltage to rms value in a voltage waveform. For sinusoidal waveform Crest factor is 2 Lower crest factor indicates flat topped waveform whereas crest factor higher than 1.41 indicates spiky shape. Crest factor has relevance in the harmonics content of a waveform.
T t l Harmonic Total H i Distortion Di t ti

Environmental Potentials)
( Source:
Total harmonic distortion is Ih/If for current

where Ih is effective value of all harmonics and If is effective value of fundamental
For sinusoidal voltages or currents THD is zero.
25
16-Sep-09

I d t i l Power Industrial P Factor F t

Potentials)
( Source: Environmental
26
16-Sep-09

I d t i l Power Industrial P Factor F t

Potentials)
( Source: Environmental
When sinusoidal voltage is applied across variable speed drives or thyristor controlled equipment the resultant current waveform could take the shape as shown in the previous slide. Spikes ik would ld imply i l high hi h frequency f content of f current. By B reducing d i the th sharpness h of f spikes ik with ith use of f filters power factor can be improved.
Effect of Harmonics on Power Factor

Power factor is cos , where is the phase difference between current and voltage. Power is calculated from VI Cos. When distorted waveshapes are present, expression i for f power becomes b more complex l and d meaning of PF has to be enlarged. It is then called Displacement Power factor.
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29
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Eff of Effect f Harmonics H i on Power P f factor

Waveshape in the previous slide consists of fundamental with 5th ,7th and higher harmonics of amplitude approximately 25%, 25% 16.6% 16 6% and12.5% and12 5% of fundamental respectively. p depends p not only y on the harmonic content but Waveshape also on their respective phase differences. For this current waveform, power will also be a complex calculation based on displacement
power factor. f t
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Power Factor
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Power Factor
EB Billing Unity D G / T G Sets ? kVAR = kW ( tan 1 - tan 2 ) Or use the capacitor selection chart
32
16-Sep-09

R l Relevance of f Power P Factor F t in i Gensets G t Good Power Factor when operating p g Gensets reduces T&D losses T&D Loss = I2 X R where I is current flowing thru cables and R is cable resistance. Genset engine should not be overloaded.If genset is rated for 1000 KVA at 0.8 0 8 pf then loading should not exceed 800 KW.
Location of capacitors
Main distribution boards (Unity) Sub S b di distribution ib i boards b d (o.95) ( 95) Load ends (0.85)
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16-Sep-09

Benefits of PF Improvement

35
Avail rebates from SEB R d d heat Reduced h loss l of f network k Voltage improvement Reduced maximum demand charges
16-Sep-09 Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv
Solution for Power Factor

Power Quality Audit can indicate sources or loads which have low PF. Installation of PFI Panel consisting of PF Controller with Capacitors, Contactors etc Install Intelligent Power Factor Controller if capacitors with manual control already exist. If capacitors are inadequate for achieving required PF, then capacitors will have to be added.
P Power F Factor t I Improvement t Panel P l

Compact modular stand alone unit Comprises of capacitors, Contactors, isolating switch, , Power factor HRC fuses, Controller Models from 35kVAr to 200kVAr
Monitoring
38
16-Sep-09

Instrumentation for Measurement
39
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EMS SYSTEM
CONZERV eLAN
DATA CONVERTOR
LAN NETWORK HUB
40
EM 6000 Series
EM 3000 Series
ETHERNET
16-Sep-09
CONVERTOR
RS 485-RS232 DATA CONVERTOR Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv CONVERTOR

Benefits of Monitoring
PF variations in distribution Alarms for any abnormalities Harmonics level through THD P di i Maintenance Predictive M i schedule h d l of f equipments based on run hours Manpower reduction
Remote Monitoring
42 42 16-Sep-09
16-Sep-09

How EIP works.
Broadban d User EMS PC
Online Analysis of Plant Data
Conzerv Server
43 43
16-Sep-09
16-Sep-09

DSL CONNECTION
EMS PC
Online Data Analysis
ISP
(Internet Service Provider)
GSM /CDMA MODEM
EMS PC
CONZERV HO
GSM/CDMA TOWER
EMS PC GSM/CDMA MODEM
Fig: Schematic diagram EIP (Way to Save)
44 44
16-Sep-09
16-Sep-09

HARMONICS MITIGATION
45
16-Sep-09

SOLUTION FOR HARMONICS

Detailed harmonic analysis Design and installation of filters Filters - Active A i / Passive P i Filters Fil - Tuned / Detuned Filters
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SOLUTION FOR HARMONICS
HARMONIC FILTER SYSTEM
HARMONIC FILTER SYSTEM IS A COMBINATION OF CAPACITOR BANKS WITH SERIES REACTOR TUNED FOR A PREDOMINANT FREQUENCY PROVIDES LOW IMPEDANCE PATH FOR THE CURRENTS HARMONIC
BELOW HARMONIC FREQUENCY, IT IS CAPACITIVE AND INJECTS REACTIVE POWER TO THE NETWORK AND ABOVE HARMONIC FREQUENCY IT IS INDUCTIVE PREVENTS RESONANCE
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16-Sep-09

Monitoring Harmonics
Necessity for monitoring arises when some untoward incidents in power distribution occur. Initially I i i ll a full f ll fledged fl d d harmonic h i analysis l i should h ld be b carried i d out to establish the extent of the problem. In this analysis p of individual harmonic at all loads of amplitude significance should be measured and solution implemented. Thereafter, Thereafter routinely it maybe necessary to monitor THD at such loads to verify and establish that no deterioration takes place.

Capacitors used for PF improvement may get damaged g g and even blow up p due to harmonics as capacitors offer low p to high g frequency q y currents. impedance PF Capacitors resonating with inductive loads can also cause damage in the circuit due to heavy voltage build up.
MEASUREMENTS
50
16-Sep-09

True RMS vs Average Sensing

Meters can be of two types Average sensing or true rms. There is significant difference in measurement when waveform distortions are present. present True rms is .707 of peak value in perfect sinusoid or q DC level which produces p same heating g effect. equivalent Av sensing for perfect sinusoid is the same. When waveform is other than sinusoid av sensing value can be higher or lower depending on the waveform. waveform
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Measurements
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Power quality measuring and control
16-Sep-09
53
NETWORK ANALYZER
16-Sep-09
54
NETWORK ANALIZER: Multi-graphic V V, I I, W example
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Detect
SOME OF THE FINDINGS
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TRANSFORMER 21 (Individual Harmonic Level)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (V ,I, KW GRAPHS)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (PF GRAPHS)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (WAVEFORM DISTORTION)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (Individual Harmonic Level)
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Thank you
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Effective Power Quality Monitoring System

Power Quality - Expectations

Power Quality Harmful effects of poor quality

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

WHAT ARE HARMONICS ?

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Harmonic Distortion Standards

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Current Distortion Limits

50<100 50 100 10.0 100<10 12.0 00 >1000 15.0

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv Proprietary & Confidential

Voltage Distortion Limits

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv Proprietary & Confidential

Distortion Limits - Effects

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TO HARMONICS

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TO HARMONICS CONT'D

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Schneider Electric A Global Company

Schneider Electric in India

Schneider Electric and Conzerv unite to lead Energy Efficiency

FACTORS EFFECTING POWER FACTOR

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

( Source : Xitron Technologies)

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

( Source : Xitron Technologies)

( Source: Environmental Potentials)

T t l Harmonic Total H i Distortion Di t ti

Total harmonic distortion is Ih/If for current

For sinusoidal voltages or currents THD is zero.

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

I d t i l Power Industrial P Factor F t

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

I d t i l Power Industrial P Factor F t

Effect of Harmonics on Power Factor

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Effect of Harmonics on Power Factor

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Eff of Effect f Harmonics H i on Power P f factor

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Solution for Power Factor

P Power F Factor t I Improvement t Panel P l

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Instrumentation for Measurement

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

LAN NETWORK HUB

RS 485-RS232 DATA CONVERTOR Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv CONVERTOR

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv Proprietary & Confidential

How EIP works.

Broadban d User EMS PC

Online Analysis of Plant Data

Copyright 1986-2005, ConZerv