Power Electronics

Chapter 6 PWM Techniques

The most widely used control technique in power electronics

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DC/DC

AC/AC

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (Chopping control)

DC/AC

AC/DC
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Outline
6.1 Basic principles 6.2 Some major PWM techniques in DC/AC inverters 6.3 PWM techniques with feedback control 6.4 PWM rectifiers

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6.1 Basic principles of PWM

Similar response to different shape of impulse input

The equal-area theorem: Responses tend to be identical when input signals have same area and time durations of input impulses become very small.
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Basic principles of PWM

Application of the equal-area theorem This is sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) The equal-area theorem can be applied to realize any shape of waveforms

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A list of PWM techniques

Triangular-wave sampling
Natural sampling Uniform sampling

Calculation
Calculation based on equal-area criterion Selective harmonics elimination

Hysteric control Space Vector Modulation (SVM, or SVPWM) Random PWM

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6.2 Some major PWM techniques

Natural sampling Uniform sampling Selective harmonics elimination Some practical issues
Synchronous modulation and asynchronous modulation Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages Ways to improve DC input voltage utilization and reduce switching frequency Connection of multiple PWM inverters

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Triangular-wave natural sampling

Uni-polar PWM in single-phase VSI
V1 Ud + V2 VD2
Control signal Carrier

VD1 R uo

V3 L V4

VD3

VD4

ur uc
Mudulation Carrier

Uni-polar sampling is used to realize uni-polar PWM.

Triangular-wave natural sampling

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Bi-polar PWM in single-phase VSI

V1 Ud + V2 VD2
Control signal Carrier

VD1 R uo

V3 L V4

VD3

VD4

ur uc
Mudulation Carrier

Bi-polar sampling is used to realize bi-polar PWM.

Triangular-wave natural sampling

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In 3-phase VSI

Three-phase bridge inverter can only realize bi-bolar PWM therefore should be controlled by bipolar sampling.
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Triangular-wave uniform sampling

Easier to realize by computercontrol

Modulation factor

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Selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM)

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Frequency relationship between triangularwave carrier and control signal

Asynchronous Modulation Synchronous Modulation

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Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages

Spectrum of 1-phase bridge PWM inverter output voltage No lower order harmonics The lowest frequency harmonics is wc and adjacent harmonics. wc has the highest harmonic content.
Magnitude(%) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 k 1 n 0 0 + -5 0 + -2 + -2 + -4 0 + -1 + -3 + -4 1 2 3 (nc +kr ) a=1.0 a=0.8 a=0.5 a=0

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Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages

Spectrum of 3-phase bridge PWM inverter output voltage No lower order harmonics No harmonics at c. The lowest frequency and highest content harmonics are c2r and 2cr.
1.2 1.0 Magnitude(%) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 k 1 n 0 0 + -2 + -4 0 + -1 + -3 + -5 0 + -2 + -4 1 2 3 (nc +kr ) a=1.0 a=0.8 a=0.5 a=0

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Ways to improve utilization of DC input voltage and reduce switching frequency

Use trapezoidal waveform as modulating signal instead of sinusoidal

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Ways to improve utilization of DC input voltage and reduce switching frequency

Use 3k order harmonics bias in the modulating signal
u ur1 ur3 O ur1 u ur uc
u 1 O -1 uP O -0.5 u 1 O -1 uUN'
Ud 2

urU1

urV1

urW1

uc

t urU urV urW uc

O
Ud 2

uVN' O uWN'

O uUV Ud O -U d

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Connection of multiple PWM inverters

Purposes
Expand output power rating Reduce harmonics
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6.3 PWM techniques with feedback control

Current hysteric control Voltage hysteric control Triangular-wave comparison (sampling) with feedback control

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Current hysteretic control

In Single-phase VSI

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Current hysteretic control

In 3-phase VSI

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Voltage hysteretic control

Ud 2 Ud 2

Filter

+ u* u

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Triangular-wave comparison (sampling) with feedback control

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6.4 PWM rectifiers

Operation Principles

a) Rectification mode

b) Inversion mode

c) Reactive power compensation mode

d) Current leading by

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PWM rectifiers
Three-phase circuit

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PWM rectifiers
Indirect current control
Triangular-wave u*d + ud

PI

id

uR + + R - uA,B,C sin(t+2k/3) (k=0,1,2) uL XL cos(t+2k/3) (k=0,1,2)

R ud + Load

L ua,ub,uc

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PWM rectifiers
Direct current control

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