Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Unit I- ideal and real gas equation 1. Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and its effect on the physical properties of substances. 2. The Temperature - a quantity which indicates how hot or cold the body is. The temperature is indicator of direction for heat flow. 3. Macroscopic thermodynamics is only concerned with the effects of the action of many molecules, and these effects can be perceived by human senses. 4. The behaviour of the gas is described by summing up the behaviour of each molecule. Such a study is made in microscopic or statistical thermodynamics. 5. Thermodynamic system is defined as a region in space upon which attention is concentrated in the analysis of a problem. 6. Surroundings: Everything external to the system is called the surroundings or the environment. 7. boundary : The system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundary 8. An open system is defined when a fixed volume is under study. There can be mass transfers as well as energy transfers across the boundary. 9. A closed system is a system that exchanges only energy with its surroundings, not matter. 10. Thermodynamic properties are observable or measurable properties of the system(pressure, temperature, volume) 11. Classification of properties a. Intensive properties (Independent of mas) Properties have same value in any part of the system and it is independent of mas (pressure, temperature) b. Extensive properties (mas dependent) Depends on mass of the system and de not maintain same value across the system (mass, volume, enthalpy, energy) 12. The specific condition of the system is called State of the system. the properties are used to describe the state of the system. 13. Path : The succession of states passed through during a change of state is called the path 14. Process: the path is completely specified, the change of state is called a process 15. when no change in any macroscopic property then the system is in equilibrium 16. Applications of thermodynamics a. To predict the equilibrium state of a reactive mixture as well as the natural direction of change in a system not at equilibrium b. thermodynamics cant predict how long it takes for equilibrium to be reached 17. An ideal gas is a theoretical gas or imaginary gas composed of a set of randomly moving, non-interacting point like particles and they obey the gas law always. An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that obeys gas law under all conditions S.Gunabalan Associate Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology Karaikal.

Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

18. Properties of ideal gas a. The gas particles are so small (Point mass) or nearly zero mass or virtually no volume b. The collisions between ideal gases are elastic. i.e. no attractive or repulsive force during collision 19. Ideal Gas Equation of state The functional relationship between P, V & T ( ) 20. The ideal gas equation is for perfect gas

21. Important Laws of Perfect Gases a. Boyle's Law The Volume of a given Mass of a Gas varies inversely as its absolute Pressure, provided the moles and Temperature remains constant. b. Charles's Law The volume of a given Mass of a Gas varies directly as its absolute Temperature provided the moles and Pressure is kept constant. c. Gay Lussac law The Pressure of a given Mass of a Gas varies directly as its absolute Temperature provided the moles and volume is kept constant. d. Avogadro's Law For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant e. Regnault's Law:This Law states that "The two specific Heat at constant Pressure (Cp) and specific Heat at constant Volume (Cv) of a Gas do not change with the change of Temperature and pressure. f. Joule's Law:This Law states that "The internal Energy of a given quantity of a Gas depends on the Temperature. 22. The specific heat - the amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of the substance through a unit rise in temperature. 23. The product of mass and specific heat (mCv) is called the heat capacity at constant volume (J/K) 24. The latent heat is the amount of heat transfer required to cause a phase change in unit mass of a substance at a constant pressure and temperature.

S.Gunabalan Associate Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology Karaikal.