22/9/2011

Referencing and Citations

BMC2912 | Research Methodology
Prepared by Noranis Ismail

FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

Introduction
Why do I need to reference? quote another person word for word (direct quotation)

paraphrase or summarize

use statistics (eg. Population)

use tables, figures, diagrams and appendices.

use controversial facts, opinions, or a date which might be challenged

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FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

Introduction
Three main reasons for citing accurate references:

To give credit to other authors concepts and ideas

To provide the reader (often the marker / examiner of the assignment) with evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading

To enable the readers of your work to locate the cited references easily

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

When to Reference?
Whenever you use any source of information for:

Your inspiration

Particular facts, theories, findings or ideas in an authors work

Specific data or statistics

A direct quotation

Paraphrasing an authors words

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of using or copying someone elses idea or work and
trying to present it as your own.

It is a serious misconduct at University and should be avoided at all times.

The best way to avoid being accused of plagiarism is to acknowledge the resources upon which you have based your ideas

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Styles of Referencing
There are different styles of referencing, such as:

Harvard Oxford APA ( American Psychological Association) MLA ( Modern Language Association)

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Styles of Referencing
HARVARD
A standard system of citing and listing references makes it easier to trace academic and other knowledge efficiently.

Was developed in USA, grew popularity in 1950s and 1960s and become the most common system in use internationally.

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citing, Reference and Bibliography

Citing When you use another persons work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, or by including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. This acknowledgement is called a citation.

When you are using the Harvard style, your citation should include: 1. The author or editor of the cited work 2. The year of publication of the cited work

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FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citing, Reference and Bibliography

Reference A reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text.

Bibliography A list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The format used for Bibliography is the same as reference list.

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: In Text Referencing

You may acknowledge the source of your information or ideas within the text of your work in various ways.

Quotation You may quote the author's exact words to support your argument

When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.

Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:Example:
Weir (1995) states that defining roles and their remits is not simple (p.10).

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FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: In Text Referencing

Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-

Example:
In Text Referencing

Thomas and Ingham (1995) in discussing staff development state that Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others (p.33)

OR
Quotation

In a discussion about the staff development state that: Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others (Thomas and Ingham 1995 : p.33)

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: In Text Referencing

Author's original text ( DO NOT REFER TO THIS FORMAT)

One of the most commonly used phrases in the design world: "the client didn't get it." And yes, of course, some clients genuinely don't and never will. But think long and hard before laying the blame for a poorly executed project at the feet of the non-designer. A critical part of the designer's job is to explain why something has to be done a certain way. If you can't convince the client, who chooses to go another, disastrous route, that's not actually his or her fault. It's yours.

Helen Walters, 2009, Dos and Dont for Designers Dealing with Business
.

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: In Text Referencing

In Text Referencing
Year Published Authors SURNAME ONLY Verb Single Inverted Commas Quote from Article

Walters (2009) concludes that, A critical part of the designers job is to explain why something has to be done a certain way. (p.54)
Page Number

(Starts with Authors surname with year followed by a verb , the quote and page number in bracket)

Quotation Example:
Single Inverted Commas Quote from Article

A critical part of the designers job is to explain why something has to be done a certain way. (Walters 2009: p.54).
Page Number Authors SURNAME ONLY Year Published

(Starts with the quote and ends with Authors Surname year and page number in a bracket)

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means to restate accurately and succinctly in your own words something you have read.

If your work does not refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource but to general themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown.

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: Paraphrasing
Author's original text ( DO NOT REFER TO THIS FORMAT) Sure, the core activity is just talking to people. But writing is more than just typing, and design is more than knowing how to use a pencil. Design research is about much more than holding a video camera and watching what people do. Hold your design research to the same standard of excellence as the rest of your work. You'll know you've succeeded when you can represent your customer's perspective on current and future products; when you've found something surprising out of the fieldwork, and when you've distilled those surprises into implications like new products ideas, new features, a design brief. Sure, you could have come up with those ideas without doing research, but now you can make a complete case from uncovered need to relevant solution. If you can't pull this off, get some help from someone who can.

taken from an article by Steve Portigal, 2009, 5 Keys to Successful Design

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: Paraphrasing
General Theme
First few words of your sentence Authors SURNAME ONLY Year Published

Simplify the paragraph in your own words but the facts are taken from the article

A lot of techniques (Portigal 2009) of research in design perspectives is so much more than observing and getting the results, its more into getting new knowledge and solutions

Specific Idea

Authors SURNAME ONLY

Year Published

Select some sentences from the paragraph and rewrite the facts by using your own words based on your understanding

Portigal (2009) claims that activities in design research are more than handling interviews, writing facts or holding a video camera observing on peoples reactions.

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Citations: Images or Print Screens

Example

Item Number

Figure 1: Attack of the Killer Website Source: (creativebehavior.com 2007)

Use only MAIN LINK not the whole url! Year of the image published

Image Title

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The Quick Guide to Referencing

Source: Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies forpreventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Angeles

22/9/2011

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

The Quick Guide to Referencing

Source: Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies forpreventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Angeles

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Verbs that helps with author- prominent referencing

Source: Academic Learning Support, January, 2007, Harvard (Author-Date) Referencing Guide, Central Queensland University,

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Tips on Getting Started

Remember to record all the documents you read

Note down:

Who is responsible for the document, is it a personal author or organization

When was the document published or for electronic documents, made available

Title What is the title of the book

If it is an article, note the article title and journal title

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

Tips on Getting Started

Note down (cont..) If it is a website, identify what part of the site you are looking at.

Location information, publishers details for books, volume and pages for
journals

Website addresses, if in doubt, use the home page address which is more
stable, and give routing to the page you are viewing

Electronic sources, note the date accessed and take a printed copy of the front
page

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22/9/2011

FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

References List: Guide

Please refer to your Harvard Referencing Guide for detailed referencing format

Books
Authors SURNAME Initial First Name Year Published Book Title Publisher

1) Utterback, J. (2006) Design-Inspired Innovation, World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte.Ltd

Internet
Authors SURNAME

Initial First Name Year Published Online Article Title Term: Online

1) Portigal, S. (2009) 5 Keys to Successful Design Research [Online] Available from: http://www.core77.com/hack2work/2009/09/five_keys_to_successful_design.asp [Accessed 11th September 2009]
Full Website Link The date that you browsed the webpage

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BMC2912| Research Methodology

References List: Guide

Please refer to your Harvard Referencing Guide for detailed referencing format

Image
Image Title Term : Image Year

1) Figure 1: Attack of the Killer Website [Image] (2007) Available from:

http://www.creativebehavior.com/image/wallpaper7 [ Accessed 5th April 2009]
Complete link The date that you browsed the webpage

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22/9/2011

FACULTY OF MULTIMEDIA CREATIVITY

BMC2912| Research Methodology

References List: Notes

Reference List

o Need to list it out according to type of source and in alphabetical order

o Only use surname and Initial of the main name for reference list

o Please include page number if you have any in your sources.

o If there is no year published in the article, please use n.d. (no date) instead.

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