Pcirf 6 8 Vco

Oscillators
Aleksandar Tasic Electronics Research Laboratory Delft University of Technology
a.tasic@tudelft.nl 2006
UMTS VCO Requirements

VCO design parameters
Oscillating frequency Tuning range Voltage swing Phase noise Supply voltage Power consumption
Technology parameters
Technology Number of metals Transit frequency MIM capacitors Varactors
Design requirement
2.1GHz 400MHz 0.7V -110dBc@1MHz 3V 10mW
Values
BiCMOS 4 50GHz available available
Outline
LC Oscillators Oscillation Signal Steady-State Amplitude Interpretation of Noise in Oscillators Linear Phase-Noise Model Spectral Analysis of Phase Noise Noise Suppression of Bias Current Sources LC-Oscillator Design Procedure
3
LC Oscillators
Negative Resistance Oscillator

1
V CC C
V
L, RL UT
LCV / 2 resonating LC tank
CV
gM
Q1 Q2
active pair
I TAIL
biasing current source

QCS
QCS
Negative Resistance Oscillator - Simplified Model

gMV + V -
-gM GTK C L
oscillation condition
gM GTK gM
1 / LC
gm / 2 C CV / 2
6
oscillation frequency
0
LC Tank
C 2R C L RL
GTK
C L
tank conductance
GTK RL ( 0 L) 2 2RC (
0
C)
GTK
1 0 L QL
1 QC
quality factors
QL
0
RL
QC
1 0CV RC
7
Steady-State Oscillation Signal Amplitude

8
Sub-Outline
Differential Pair Characteristic Large-Signal Conductance Steady-State Oscillation Signal Amplitude
Amplitude Stabilization
Amplitude regulator
amplitude control mechanism
Nonlinear amplifier
well defined nonlinearity timing reference loss compensation
ALC
loop-gain control
y(x) y(x)
Resonator
Resonator
10
Differential Characteristic
IOUT
I OUT
I0
Q1
VIN
Q2
VIN
-I0
1/f0 1/f0
2I 0
iOUT ( t )
I 0 tanh
x cos t 2
vIN ( t ) V1 cos t
current harmonic content

iOUT ( t ) I1 cos t I 3 cos 3 t I 5 cos 5 t ... I 0
n
x V1 / VT
V1
VT
a2 n 1 cos 2n 1 t
In( x )
I 0 an ( x )
an ( x )
tanh
x cos 2
cos( n )d
11
Large Signal (Trans)Conductance

GM 1 ( x )
GM 1 ( x )
I1 V1
gm
I 0 VT I1 VT V1 I 0
2g M a1 ( x) x
GM1(x)/gM 1
1 I1 x I0
0.5
GM 1 ( x) / g M
a1 ( x) x
1 10 x
steady state oscillation condition

GM 1 V1 H 0 j
GM 1 V1 gM gM H0 j
1
1 1 smallsignalloop gain
12
large signalfundamental (trans)conductance smallsignaltrans(conductance)

Current Harmonic Components

output current
iOUT (t ) I1 cos t I 3 cos 3 t I 5 cos 5 t ... I0
n 0
a 2 n 1 cos 2n 1 t
close to square wave if V1 >> VT harmonics of the square-wave signal current
In
4I 0 n
2 I TAIL n
13
Steady-State Oscillation Amplitude

large signal conductance and steady state oscillation condition
GM 1 (V1 )
I1 V1
I1 I TAIL
I TAIL V1
2 I TAIL V1
GM 1 (V1 ) gM
1 k
small signal loop gain (k)
k
2
RTK g M
steady state fundamental amplitude

V1 I TAIL RTK tank resistance current fundamental
14
voltage fundamental
So Far
Design requirement
Values
15
Interpretation of Noise in Oscillators

16
Sub-Outline
Signal Phasor Description Signal Spectral Description Phase-Noise Definition Phase-Noise Specification
17
Bennett Noise Interpretation

White noise spectrum (power spectral density)
N( f ) n(t ) ak cos A t
One noise component (time domain)

k k
ak known amplitude (
k k
2A)
known angular frequency random phase (constant and uniform)
18
Oscillation Signal Description

Ideal vs. actual oscillation signal V0cos 0t vs. V0[1+a(t)]cos[ t+ (t)]
a(t) amplitude modulated component
(t) phase modulated component
19
Oscillation Signal Phasor Description

v(t )
n (t )
[1 a(t )] cos
(t )
cos
n( t)
a(t ) cos
(t ) sin
(t )
a(t)
v(t)
a (t ) in-phase component (AM) can be removed (t ) quadrature-phase component (PM) is unavoidable

20
Oscillation Signal Phasor Description

v(t )
n (t )
[1 a(t )] cos
(t )
n( t)
cos
a(t ) cos
(t ) sin
(t )
a(t)
amplitude control mechanism
v(t)
21
Oscillation Signal Spectral Description

oscillating signal and noise component
AM
f0
f+f0
= +
PM
amplitude modulated component phase modulated component
22
Oscillation Signal Spectral Description

oscillating signal and noise component
f0 f+f0
=
AM
+
PM
amplitude control mechanism phase modulated component
23
Phase Spectrum vs. Oscillation Signal Spectrum

v(t ) A cos A cos
phase spectrum
(f)
0
t t
(t ) A
k
A cos sin
k
t
k
sin
0
sin
oscillation signal spectrum V( f ) ( f f0 ) ( f
f0 )
(f
f0 )
(f
f0 )
-f0
f0
24
Phase Noise Definition

ratio of the noise power in a 1Hz bandwidth at frequency f0+ f and the carrier power
L(
)=10log[Pside-band(
0+
)/Pcarrier (
0)]
[dBc/Hz]
25
Why is Phase Noise Important?

Reciprocal mixing
desired signal covered by the phase-noise skirt of the interferer
26
Phase Noise Specification

Typical blocking profile
Specra of downconverted signals

blocker
desired signal (MDS)

S/N
S/N=SMDS-NxBW
L =N/SBLOCK
BW
L(
f)=SMDS-SBLOCK-10logBW-S/N [dBc/Hz]
27
Linear Phase-Noise Model

28
Sub-Outline
Generic Linear Phase-Noise Model
Circuit-Specific Linear Phase-Noise Model
29
Generic Linear Phase-Noise Model - Outline

Linear Oscillator Model
LC-Tank noise active part noise
(Phase) Noise Factor Phase-Noise Properties
30
Linear Oscillator Model

transconductor noise
-gM GTK C L
LC-tank noise no tail-current source noise
LC-tank impedance (noise shaping)

Z( Z(
0
LC-tank quality factor

Q
2 0
) )
2
j 2
L
0
/ 1
2
j 2 0C
2 0 2
1 0 LGTK
0
2 RTK
4G TK Q
4Q
C
31
GTK
LC-Tank Noise
-gM I(GTK ) GTK C L
tank resistance noise (RTK=1/GTK)

I
2 TK
4KTGTK
tank contribution to the equivalent voltage noise spectral density

V
2 TK
2 TK
Z(
GTK KT ( 0C ) 2
2 0
32
Active Part Noise

I(g M ) -gM I(GTK ) GTK C L
active part contribution to the equivalent voltage noise spectral density

V
2 AP
GTK KT A 2 ( 0C )
2 0
active part noise factor A

excess negative conductance additional noise of the active devices ideally A=1 (i.e., gM=GTK, and no excess noise from the active part)
33
Phase Noise
total voltage noise spectral density
VN,TOT IN,TOT
2 TOT
2 TK
2 AP
2 TOT
GTK KT F 2 ( 0C )
2 0
oscillator noise factor F=1+A resulting phase noise

2 TOT 2 0
L(
L(
1V 2 VS2 / 2
2 FkT PS
KT
1 F 2 Q VS GTK
2
2Q
34
Phase Noise Properties

Leesons phase noise model
2
L(
2 FkT PS
2Q
inversely proportional to tank quality factor (square) inversely proportional to signal power
-20dB/decade slope at mid frequencies (~MHz)

directly proportional to oscillation frequency (square)
35
Phase Noise Plot

1/f noise
Thermal, shot noise
Noise floor due to active elements or instrumentation
Leesons modification to capture 1/f and flat noise part

2
L(
2 FkT PS
2Q
1/ f
36
Circuit-Specific Linear PhaseNoise Model - Outline

Spectral Noise Analysis
oscillation condition LC-tank, gm-cell, current source noise (phase) noise factor
Circuit Noise Analysis

LC-tank, gm-cell, current source noise (phase) noise factor
37
38
Spectral Analysis of Noise in Switching LC-Oscillators

39
Sub-Outline
Duty Cycle of Small-Signal gm-cell Gain Oscillation Condition LC-Tank Noise gm-cell Noise Tail-Current Source Noise (Phase) Noise Factor Bipolar VCO (Phase) Noise Factor CMOS VCO Bipolar vs. CMOS VCO
40
Is it Indeed so Simple?
IGT
L CV CV
LC-tank noise
IC
VB
Q1
VB
Q2
IC
IB
IB
transconductor noise
tail-current source noise
Q CS
ICS
noise from the transistors Q1 and Q2 is switched ON and OFF

noise from current source QCS is modulated by oscillator switching
41
VCO Noise Sources

LC-tank noise 2 iN (GTK ) 2 KTGTK base-resistance thermal noise 2 vN ( rB ) 2 KTrB collector-current shot noise
2 iN ( IC )
qI C
qI B
2 KTg m / 2
2 KTgm / 2
gm,CS 2 ( rB ,CS gm ,CS )2 1
F
base-current shot noise

2 iN (IB )
tail-current source output noise

i ( I TCS )
2 N
2 KT
1 2rB ,CS gm,CS
(
T
)2
42
Active Part - Base Voltage Noise

small signal gain in presence of a large signal
IOUT dIOUT dVIN g(t) VIN
CV L CV
gM
VB
Q1
VB
Q2
1/2f0
Q CS
Q CS
1/f 0
c0
Fourier domain even harmonics

c2 c4
c' 2 k
1 T
T /2
g ' (t )e
T /2
j 2k
0t
dt
Fourier domain convolution = spectra shifting

STK ,VB ( f )
k
c' k SVB ( f
kf0 )
43
Active Part - Base Current Noise

base current (switching) transfer function
I g''( ) : 2
2 B
L CV CV
1.41
Q1 Q2
1
1/2 f0
IB
IB
Q CS
Q CS

c' ' 2 k 1 T
T /2
g ' ' (t )e
T /2
j 2k
0t
dt

STK , IB ( f )
k
c' 'k S IB ( f
kf0 )
44
Active Part - Collector Current Noise

collector current (switching) transfer function
CV L CV
IC g'''( ) : 2
1
IC
Q1
0
1/2 f0
Q2
IC

c' ' ' 2 k 1 T
T /2
Q CS
Q CS
g ' ' ' (t )e

T /2
j 2k
0t
dt

STK , IC ( f )
k
c' ' ' k S IC ( f
kf0 )
45
Active Part Noise Folding

shifting of active part noise spectral components
STK , AP ( f 0
f0 2f0 3f0
2 c '0 SVB ( f 0 2 f ) c ''0 S IB ( f 0 2 f ) c '''0 S IC ( f 0
f) f) f) f)
cAP,0
cAP,2 cAP,4
c '2 2 SVB ( f 0 c '2 2 SVB (3 f 0 ...
2 f ) c ''2 S IB ( f 0
2 f ) c '''2 S IC ( f 0
f ) c ''2 2 S IB (3 f 0
f ) c '''2 2 S IC (3 f 0
active part noise at odd multiples of the resonant frequency is transformed into the LC-tank noise at the resonant frequency
STK , AP ( f 0 f)
2 c AP ,0
2
k
c AP , 2 k
S AP
...
S AP
S AP ( f 0
f)
S AP (3 f 0
46
f ) ...
Tail Current Noise

oscillator switching model
IOUT
Q1 L CV CV
Q2
VIN
1/f0
1/f 0
Q CS
Q CS
ICS
Fourier domain odd harmonics

a1 a3
a 2k 1
1 T
T/2
e
T/2
j ( 2 k 1 ) 0t
dt

STK ,CS ( f )
k
ak S CS ( f
kf0 )
47
Tail Current Noise Folding

shifting of tail-current source noise spectral components
f0 X c1 a 2f0 3f0
STK ,CS ( f 0
ac3
2 a3 S CS (2 f 0
f)
a12 S CS ( f ) a12 S CS (2 f 0
2 f ) a3 S CS (4 f 0
f)
f) f ) ...
2 a5 S CS (4 f 0
2 f ) a5 S CS (6 f 0
tail current noise at even multiples of the resonant frequency is transformed into the LC-tank noise at resonant frequency
STK ,CS ( f 0 f) 2
k
a2 k
2 1
SCS
SCS
SCS (2 f 0
f)
SCS (4 f 0
48
f ) ...
Total Noise
total power spectral density across the LC tank
STOT STK STK ,CS STK , AP
total voltage noise density across the LC tank

V
2 TOT
Z(
2 TK k
c' 2 k V
2 B k
c' ' 2 k I
2 B k
c' ' ' 2 k I
2 C k
a2 k
2 1
2 CS
near linear operation (Q1 and Q2 always ON; gM=GTK)

V
2 TOT
Z(
2 TK
IC 2
IB
2 2V GTK
2 B
49
Other Noise Analysis Methods

Linear frequency domain analysis Craninckx noise superimposed on the carrier
Linear time varying analysis (Impulse Sensitivity Function) Hajimiri

noise added to phase Nonlinear analysis Samori noise added to phase
50
So Far
Design requirement
Values
51
Suppression of Noise in Oscillators Tail-Current Source

52
Outline
Contribution of Tail-Current Source Noise to Phase Noise of LC-Oscillators Techniques for Reduction of Tail-Current Source Noise Analysis of Tail-Current Source Noise Bias Noise Suppression - Design Example
VCO Noise Contributions

IGT
L CV CV
LC-tank noise ~ 1
IC
VB
Q1
VB
CB CA CB CA Q2
IC
IB
IB
transconductor noise ~ 0.5+ck tail-current source noise ~ (0.5+ck)k (k=loop gain)

54
Q CS
ICS
TCS noise >> LC-tank noise + gm-cell noise (k>>1)

VCO Phase-Noise
noise power(LC - tank,- gm cell, current source) PN = signal power (~k2)
TCS noise >> LC-tank noise + gm-cell noise VCO noise power ~ 1 or ck2 phase noise ~ 1/k2 or const TCS noise suppression with RID
VCO noise power ~ 1 or ck
phase noise ~ 1/k2 or 1/k

55
Bias Noise Reduction Techniques

resistive degeneration
ITAIL V IN VIN
inductive degeneration
ITAIL
filtering?
ITAIL V IN
+ R D
CD
com nemitr(CE) resonatiducvedgneratio(RID) resitvdegnratio(RD)
LD
high supply required
large area if integrated noise injection if discrete

transconductor noise always ON reduced output impedance

56
Resonant-Inductive Degeneration (RID)

high TCS noise suppression no voltage headroom I
TAIL
integration
VIN
C LRID
integrated degenerative inductor (LRID) matched with base-emitter capacitance (C ) at 2f0

57
Pros & Cons of RID

good suppression of high frequency TCS noise (2f0) low voltage operation small chip area (vs. discrete solutions) TCS DC noise upconversion large area (vs. resistive degeneration) poorer noise suppression at high supplies (vs. resistive degeneration)
58
Tail-Current Source with Resonant-Inductive Degeneration

ITAIL VIN
C

LRID matched to C at 2f0 rB noise contribution reduced
transconductance gain small at resonance series resonance common-base like configuration (gain of 1) parallel resonance emitter open at resonance (IC floats)
59
L IB noise contribution small RID IC
IB
IC noise contribution removed

Circuit Diagram for Noise Transfer Functions

B r B V B L RID IB C C
- )g (V B V E m
I C
I OUT
IC to IOUT: VB short, IB open IB to IOUT: VB short, IC open VB to IOUT: IC open, IB open

60
Tail-Current Source Noise Contributions

I OUT VB
I OUT IB (f ) gm
(f)
T
LRID
1 j LRID 1/ j C
gm
f gm ( ) fT
series resonance
1 1/ j LRID f 2 1 rB g m ( ) fT
1 1/ j LRID 1 f 2 1 rB g m ( ) fT
C rB LRID
j C
gm
parallel resonance
I OUT IC (f) 1 gm C rB LRID 0 j C
parallel resonance 61
TCS w/ RID vs. TCS w/o RID

TCS noise with degeneration
2 CS , RID
gm fT 2 1 4kT 0 ( ) 2 2 f0 F
2rB gm
2 f0 fT
TCS noise without degeneration 2 gm fT 2 1 I CS 4kT 1 0( ) 2 2 f0 F
2rB g m
more than a factor (fT/2f0)2 noise reduction after RID
2 CS , RID
2 CS
2 f0 fT
for (fT/2f0)=10, a factor of 100 reduction a.tasic@tudelft.nl 2006
62
5.7GHzband VCO
buffer
RID
LC-tank
-gm -cell
5 metals active area 0.1mm2 2 LRID=2.6nH, a.tasic@tudelft.nl 7-turns, 0.01mm 2006
buffer
63
Phase Noise (w/ RID vs. w/o RID)
to ground
to ground
to TCS transistors
to ground
TCS noise into phase noise: w/ RID 9%, w/o RID 77% 64
Phase Noise (w/ RID vs. w/o RID)
without RID with RID
6dB phase-noise improvement with RID

-112dBc/Hz @1MHz from 5.7GHz @ 4.8mA&2.2V 65 a.tasic@tudelft.nl 2006
RID Conclusions
resonant-inductive degeneration for a 4-fold phase noise improvement of a 5.7GHz VCO no voltage headroom required small inductance for resonance at 2f0 cost-effective implementation in multi-layer technologies manifold oscillator phase-noise improvement
66
LC-VCO Design Procedure

67
Sub-Outline
VCO Specifications LC-Tank Design How to Choose LC-Tank Inductance How to Choose LC-Tank Varactor Active-Part Design
68
UMTS VCO
Design requirement
Values
WCDMA Specs
Receiving Band (GHz) Channel Spacing (MHz) Multiplex / Modulation MDSeff (dBm) SNR (dB) / BER Processing Gain (dB) Tx-Rx Isolation (dB) Blocker @ 8MHz (dB)
Value 2.11-2.17 5 (3.84) FDD / QPSK -99 7 / 1E-3 25 50 -46
L (8MHz)=-99-(-46)-10log(3.84e6)-7=-129dBc/Hz
69
Series vs. Parallel Resonator

frequency f0=2.1GHz desired signal power P=10mW
RS L C
QL=20
RTK
L=3nH, C=1.9pF, RS=2 fundamental current and voltage i=100mA, v=0.2V
L=3nH, C=1.9pF, RTK=800 fundamental current and voltage i=5mA, v=4V
very large current
moderate current and voltage

realistic choice
70
Negative Resistance Oscillator

V CC C
V
1
0
L, RL UT
LC
resonating LC tank
CV
CV / 2
Q1
gm / 2
Q2
active part
I TAIL
IC
QCS
IT 2
biasing current source
QCS
71
LC Tank Design
oscillation frequency
f0 1 2 LC
C CV / 2
determine L and C
tuning range
f MAX f MIN CV ,MAX CV ,MIN C PAR 2 CV ,MIN C 1 2 PAR CV ,MIN
2
parasitics impose larger capacitive tuning range
CV ,MAX CV ,MIN
f MAX f MIN
f MAX f MIN
C PAR determine CMAX and CMIN CV ,MIN
72
How to Choose L?
tank conductance
GTK 1 1 0 L QL 1 QC
phase noise
L( )
KT RL 2 RC VS2
2
choice of L
larger L => larger QL
larger L => lower GTK
larger L => larger RL

larger L => poorer L
larger L => lower power consumption larger L => lower fRES, fQ-PEAK larger L => lower tuning range
choose for the largest L having peak Q close to the

operating frequency
73
How to Choose C?
tank conductance
GTK RL ( 0 L )2 2 RC (
0
phase noise
2
C)
L(
KT
RL
2 RC VS2
choice of C
larger C => lower Q larger C => larger GTK larger C => lower RC larger C => slightly better
larger C => larger power consumption

larger C => larger tuning range
choose for C providing not more than the required

frequency tuning range
74
Active Part Design

chosen LC tank parameters determine losses to be compensated
GTK
cross-coupled pair conductance

gM gm / 2
oscillation condition gM>GTK determines the very
RL ( 0 L )2
2 RC (
C )2
minimum compensating active-devices current

IC g mVT 2GTKVT RL 2 ( 0 L )2 2 RC (
2 C ) VT 0
choose for the transistors having enough fT (~10f0) for

the determined collector current
75
What About Phase Noise?

there is nothing better than the best LC-tank
the best LC tank chosen determines power consumption and accordingly active devices operating current
shot noise is directly determined by operating current, i.e., LC tank the larger the transistor the lower the base resistance thermal noise (but more parasitics) choose for as large transistors as possible having
enough fT (~10f0) for the determined collector current
76
Tail Current Source

Tail current noise around even multiples of the oscillating frequency is transformed into the phase noise of the VCO Tail current noise contribution larger than all other contributions together Reducing the output noise power of the current source, its contribution to the phase noise is reduced as well
emitter degeneration reduces the tailcurrent source noise transfer functions resistive degeneration effective at all frequencies but requires voltage headroom inductive degeneration effective in narrow frequency band but requires no voltage headroom
I CS, RID
V B,CS
QCS
IB,CS
IC,CS
ZD
77
So Far
Design requirement
Values
78
VCO Design Example Measurements

79
Post-Design Flow
Oscillator Design Layout Oscillator Chip Packaging Printed Circuit Board Design
Measurement Setup
Interpretation of Results
80
VCO Chip Microphotograph
LRID
-gM C L
LRID
81
Packaged VCO IC
VCO chip bondwire
bondpad
82
Packaged VCO IC on PCB

SMD transformer
SMD resistor
VCO IC package
SMD inductor SMD capacitor
bias choke
83
Measurement Fixture
I/O connectors transformer bias filtering
VCO IC
bias filtering
package
PCB
84
Measurement System
VCC +
+
VVCO + + UTUNE IBUFFER VVCO ITAIL VCC
VCC-XF
Spectrum analyzer
LO
test fixture
IBUFFER
85
Chip and Measurement Equipment Interface
86
Measured Signal Spectrum
signal power
signal frequency
87
Measured Frequency Tuning Range

fLOW=1.8GHz fUP=2.4GHz f=600MHz VTUNE=3V
2,5 2,4
Oscillating frequency [GHz]
2,3 2,2 2,1 2 1,9 1,8 1,7 0 0,5 1
VCC=3V
1,5 Tuning voltage VT [V]
2,5
88
Measured Phase Noise
PN(1MHz)=-110dBc@3mW
89
Measured VCO Performance
VCO design parameters Central frequency Tuning range Voltage swing Phase noise Supply voltage Power consumption
Measurement Results 2.1GHz 600MHz 0.7V -110dBc@1MHz 3V 3mW
90
Poor PCB Design

number of spurs from cables and supply necessity for filtering on supply lines
91
Conclusions
92
So far
LC Oscillators Oscillation Signal Steady-State Amplitude Interpretation of Noise in Oscillators Linear Phase-Noise Model Spectral Analysis of Phase Noise Noise Suppression of Bias Current Source LC-Oscillator Design Procedure
93

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Oscillators

Aleksandar Tasic Electronics Research Laboratory Delft University of Technology

UMTS VCO Requirements

Negative Resistance Oscillator

LCV / 2 resonating LC tank

biasing current source

Negative Resistance Oscillator - Simplified Model

Steady-State Oscillation Signal Amplitude

Differential Pair Characteristic Large-Signal Conductance Steady-State Oscillation Signal Amplitude

current harmonic content

Large Signal (Trans)Conductance

steady state oscillation condition

large signalfundamental (trans)conductance smallsignaltrans(conductance)

Current Harmonic Components

close to square wave if V1 >> VT harmonics of the square-wave signal current

Steady-State Oscillation Amplitude

small signal loop gain (k)

steady state fundamental amplitude

Interpretation of Noise in Oscillators

Bennett Noise Interpretation

One noise component (time domain)

known angular frequency random phase (constant and uniform)

Oscillation Signal Description

(t) phase modulated component

Oscillation Signal Phasor Description

a (t ) in-phase component (AM) can be removed (t ) quadrature-phase component (PM) is unavoidable

Oscillation Signal Phasor Description

amplitude control mechanism

Oscillation Signal Spectral Description

amplitude modulated component phase modulated component

Oscillation Signal Spectral Description

amplitude control mechanism phase modulated component

Phase Spectrum vs. Oscillation Signal Spectrum

oscillation signal spectrum V( f ) ( f f0 ) ( f

Phase Noise Definition

Why is Phase Noise Important?

Phase Noise Specification

Specra of downconverted signals

desired signal (MDS)

Linear Phase-Noise Model

Circuit-Specific Linear Phase-Noise Model

Generic Linear Phase-Noise Model - Outline

(Phase) Noise Factor Phase-Noise Properties

Linear Oscillator Model

LC-tank noise no tail-current source noise

LC-tank impedance (noise shaping)

LC-tank quality factor

-gM I(GTK ) GTK C L

tank resistance noise (RTK=1/GTK)

tank contribution to the equivalent voltage noise spectral density

Active Part Noise

active part contribution to the equivalent voltage noise spectral density

active part noise factor A

oscillator noise factor F=1+A resulting phase noise

Phase Noise Properties

-20dB/decade slope at mid frequencies (~MHz)

Phase Noise Plot

Thermal, shot noise

Noise floor due to active elements or instrumentation

Leesons modification to capture 1/f and flat noise part

Circuit-Specific Linear PhaseNoise Model - Outline

Circuit Noise Analysis

Spectral Analysis of Noise in Switching LC-Oscillators