You are on page 1of 36

ABSTRACT

This report is about the overview of a telecom network, various components involved in the intricate design of the telecom system and the technologies associated with it. Over the years, the telecom industry has gained subsistence and now it has become a necessity. It has metamorphosed itself from the use of magneto telephones to mobile phones, wired connections to wireless connections. The technologies involved in this metamorphoses are also discussed in this report.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Tele Communication has come a long way ever since its inception. BSNL has played a huge role in establishing a network, here in India. Earlier known as DOT, this organisation came to be known as BSNL in October 2000.

What Is a Telephone Exchange? A telephone exchange is a hub to which all subscribers are connected. It performs the function of voice exchange i.e. one subscribers voice is given to the other and vice-versa. Over the years manual exchanges have given way to digital exchanges. Previously electro mechanical exchanges were used in India namely Cross bar and Strowger exchange but owing to a huge amount of traffic it wasnt possible to switch manually. In 1980s PITHROTHA LTD introduced C-DOT exchange(electronic exchange) in India. Thereafter it was OCB-283 exchange which proved very important in this series to replace electronic exchange. This led to the birth of digital exchange. Now it is WLL & GSM mobiles which have also proved a mile stone in the tele communication sector. It was in 2002 when BSNL introduced this technology and today it has over 50 lacks mobiles users all over the country. WLL system is also a mobile system but with limited mobility in the city only while GSM can cover all cities of the country.

Hence, tele-communication has metamorphosed the world and today the world seems to be a small place to live in.

CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF TELECOM NETWORK

3 requisites for communication: Sender Medium Receiver

Communication is a bidirectional process. This two way communication thus require a pair wires connecting the two subscribers involved. One of the wires is called uplink and the other downlink. Every subscriber is connected to a telephone exchange installed in the heart of a city.

In olden days one subscriber could talk to the other only through an operator sitting at the exchange or switching room. Subscriber A would ask the operator to connect him to subscriber B. On acknowledgement of the request the operator would connect the two. This manual work became tedious and hence auto exchange was introduced. This was an electro mechanical exchange which also required manual labour to some extent. Further improvement of technology lead to the invention of electronic exchange. It was fully automatic.

Communication over cities required their corresponding telephone exchanges to be connected by over-head cables. Since, every subscriber required a pair of wire to communicate bidirectionally, the no of over-head cables connecting the two telephone exchanges increased prodigiously. This demanded for a new technology. Hence, carrier technology was introduced in which several signals were transmitted over 1 cable through a process called multiplexing. Next coaxial system was introduced in which 1 cable had 27000 channels. Subsequently they gave way to microwave system of communication which didnt require any cable. Microwave system: audio electromagnetic wave waves sent to the atmosphere

reflected waves captured by antennas and reconverted This had 900 channels. This system also lead to problems like temporary signal loss due to poor weather condtions. Hence, was discarded. The latest technology that we use today is optical fibre communication system. In this system sound energy is converted to light which is transmitted over optical fibres. This has 99% efficiency.

FRAMEWORK: State level Unit Circle

District (SSAsecondary switching area) Telsil(SDCAshort distance charging area) 1 SSA has 7-8 SDCAs under it. Each SDCA has several exchanges under it.
5

Functions of DOT: Policy formulation Review of performance Licensing Wireless spectrum management Administrative monitoring Research and development International relations

CHAPTER 3 PULSE CODE MODULATION AND MUTIPLEXING


6

Pulse

Code

Modulation

(PCM)

converts

analog

signals

to

digital

format(signal).This process has four major steps. Step One: Filtering Frequencies below 300Hz and above 3400Hz (Voice Frequency range) are filtered from the analog signal. The lower frequencies are filtered out to remove electrical noise induced from the power lines. The upper frequencies are filtered out because they require additional bits and add to the cost of a digital transmission system. The actual bandwidth of the filtered signal is 3100Hz (3400-300). It is often referred to as 4kHz. Step Two: Sampling The analog signal is sampled 8000 times per second. The rate at which the analog signal is sampled is related to the highest frequency present in the signal. This is based on Nyquist Sampling Theorem. In his calculations, Nyquist used a voice frequency range of 4000Hz (which represents the voice frequency range that contains intelligent speech). Thus, the standard became a sampling rate of 8000Hz, or twice the bandwidth. The signal that is the result of the sampling process contains sufficient information to accurately represent the information contained in the original signal. The output of this sampling procedure is a Pulse Amplitude Modulated, or, PAM signal. Step Three: Quantizing In the third step of the A/D conversion process, we quantize the amplitude of the incoming samples to one of 225 amplitudes on quantizing scale. Thus, in this step the sampled signal is matched to the segmented scale. The purpose of step three is to measure the amplitude (or height) of the PAM signal and assign a decimal value that defines the amplitude. Based on the quantizing scale, each sampled signal is assigned a number between 0 and +127 to define its amplitude.

Step Four- Encoding In the fourth step of A/D conversion process, the quantized samples are encoded into a digital bit stream (series of electrical pulses). A digital encoder recognizes the 255 different voltage levels of the quantized samples, converts each into a specific string of 8 bits (1s and 0s) that represent a particular voltage value. Each bit position in the 8-bit word (byte) is given a decimal weight (2 to some power ), except for the first bit position. Using this coding scheme, we can code any number between +127 and 127. For example:- If the PAM signal measures +45 on the quantizing scale, the output of the encoding step is 10101101. This binary number (or 8 bit word) is transmitted over the network as a series of

electrical or optical pulses. This series of pulses is called a digital bit stream. The PCM process requires a 64000bps channel to encode a 4kHz audio input signal because 8000samples/sec.*8 bits/word=64000bps. This is known as the DS0 (Digital Signal 0) or VF (Voice Frequency) in the digital hierarchy. It is the basic building block of the digital network. Digital to analog conversion at the receive end of the transmission, the digital signal may need to be converted back into its analog form. Each 8-bit word (byte) that enters the decoder results in one PAM signal value. The decoder: Reads the 8-bit binary word inputs ,creates a stream of 8000 pulses per second. These pulses have an amplitude of +127 to 127. The filtering process smoothes out the stream of 8000 pulses per second into an analog waveform that closely resembles the waveform that was input into the A/D converter at the originating end. The filter stores a part of each pulses energy and slowly releases it until the next pulse arrives. The filter thus reconstructs the analog signal at a rate of 8000 times per second.

MULTIPLEXING Multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. Time division multiplexing: Time division multiplexing(TDM) is a digital (or in rare cases, analog) technology. TDM involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream, one after the other, and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver. If done sufficiently and quickly, the receiving devices will not detect that some of the circuit time was used to serve another logical communication path. Signalling in PCM(PDH): The CCITT has defined PCM Standards for 32 channel and 24 channel systems. In 32 channel PCM systems, The 8-Bit code relating to 30 speech channels are time divisioned multiplexed into a frame which repeats after 125us. Each 8-Bit code is inserted into a time slot within the frame. Time slot 0 is used for alignment; Time slots 1-15 and 17-31 are used for encoded speech related to 30 channels. The slot 16 is dedicated for the use of signalling. Time available for 1 channel(1 time slot) = 125us/32 = 3.9us Bit rate = 2.048 Mb/sec over 30 channel

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Introduction :

It is an international standard networking principle and a multiplexing method. The name of hierarchy has been taken from the multiplexing method which is synchronous by nature. The evolution of this system will assist in improving the economy of operability and reliability of a digital network. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting larger amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.

Historical Overview :

In February 1988, an agreement was reached at CCITT study group XVIII in Seoul, on set of recommendations, for a SDH representing a single world wide standard for transporting the digital signal. The three different country standards of PDH developed over a time period. The aim of these standards was to simplify interconnection between network operators by allowing inter-connection of equipment from different vendors to the extent that compatibility could be achieved. It was achieved by SDH in 1990. The Basic Unit Of Transmission:

10

The basic unit of framing in SDH is a STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1), which operates at 155.52 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Framing: In packet-oriented data transmission, such as Ethernet, a packet frame usually consists of a header and a payload. The header is transmitted first, followed by the payload (and possibly a trailer, such as a CRC). In synchronous optical networking, this is modified slightly. The header is termed the overhead, and instead of being transmitted before the payload, is interleaved with it during transmission. Part of the overhead is transmitted, then part of the payload, then the next part of the overhead, then the next part of the payload, until the entire frame has been transmitted. STM-1 frame is 2,430 octets in size. In STM-1 nine octets of overhead are transmitted, followed by 261 octets of payload. This is repeated nine times until 2,430 octets have been transmitted, taking 125 s. SDH Frame: The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1) frame is the basic transmission format for SDHthe first level of the synchronous digital hierarchy. The STM-1 frame is transmitted in exactly 125 s, therefore, there are 8,000 frames per second on a 155.52 Mbit/s OC-3 fibre-optic circuit. The STM-1 frame consists of overhead and pointers plus information payload. The first nine columns of each frame make up the Section Overhead and Administrative Unit Pointers, and the last 261 columns make up the Information Payload. Carried within the information payload, which has its own frame structure of nine rows and 261 columns, are administrative units identified by pointers. Also within the administrative unit are one or more virtual containers (VCs). VCs contain path overhead and VC payload. The first column is for path overhead; it is followed by the payload container, which can itself carry other containers. Administrative units can have any phase alignment within the STM frame, and this alignment is indicated by the pointer in row four.
11

The section overhead (SOH) of a STM-1 signal is divided into two parts: the regenerator section overhead (RSOH) and the multiplex section overhead (MSOH). The overheads contain information from the transmission system itself, which is used for a wide range of management functions, such as monitoring transmission quality, detecting failures, managing alarms, data communication channels, service channels, etc. Basic Definitions: 1. STM(Synchronous Transport Module) This is the information structure used to support information pay load and over head information field organized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125 micro seconds. 2. CONTAINER The first entry point of the PDH signal is the container in which the signal is prepared so that it can enter into the next stage i.e. virtual container. In container1 the signal speed is increased from 32 bytes to 34 bytes in the case of 2Mbps. 3. VIRTUAL CONTAINER In virtual container the path over head {POH) fields are organized in a block frame structure either 125 micro seconds or 500 micro seconds. The POH

12

information consists of only 1 byte in VC-1 for 125 micro seconds frame.

Merits Of SDH:

1. Simplified multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques 2. Direct access to lower speed tributaries, without need to multiplex/demultiplex the entire high speed signal. 3. Enhanced operations, Administration, Maintenance & provisioning capabilities . 4. Capable of transporting existing PDH signals. 5. Capable of transporting future broadband channel bit rates. 6. Capable of operating in a multi-vendor and multi-operator environment .

13

CHAPTER 4 LATEST SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

Switching can be defined as setting up of a temporary path between two or more systems. This is done in telephone exchanges. Over the years manual exchanges have been over ridden by digital exchanges.
14

Tele Exchange Manual Electro-Mechanical Electronic Digital Types Of switching: Subscriber lines connected to same exchange Local Subscriber line to trunk to other exchanges Outgoing call Subscriber line to trunk from other exchanges Incoming call A pair of trunks to different exchanges Transit call

The first 3 come under PSTN(public switch telephone network) and the last under TAX(trunk automatic exchange). Subscriber lines can only be connected to PSTN and not TAX. TAX is only a media.

Digital Switching: Digital switching system is a system in which signals are switched in a digital form. This is accomplished in a digital exchange. In a more technical language, it is the interconnection of time slots. There are of two types: Space switching: It interconnects corresponding time slots of the different PCM hierarchy. Time switching: It interconnects two time slots on incoming PCM highway and outgoing PCM highway.

15

Digital Exchanges: 1. ESWD: M/S Siemens(Germany) 10,000-2,50,000 PSTN lines 2. OCB-283: M/S Alcatel(France) 10,000-2,00,000 PSTN lines 3. C-DOT: Indian technology MAX-XL(Main automatic exchange- extra large) 40,000 PSTN lines MAX-L(Main automatic exchange- large) 20,000 PSTN lines

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

The latest technology that we use today is optical fibre communication system. In this system sound energy is converted to light which is transmitted over optical fibres. This has 99% efficiency. The fibre is made up of borosilicate glass.

16

Types of fibre: 1. Step index fibre: The refractive index is constant throught the fibre i.e.1.47. It only changes at the cladding. 2. Graded index fibre: The refractive index is maximum at the axis of the fibre and gradually decreases as we move towards the cladding. Classification: Single Mode: It is an optical fibre designed to carry only a single ray of light. A typical single mode optical fibre has a core diameter between 8 and 10 um and a cladding diameter of 125 m. Multi mode: It is an optical fibre in which multiplexing is done at optical level. It is mostly used for communication over short distances.

Advantages Of Optical Fibre Communication: Unlimited bandwidth No effect of electric and magnetic fields
17

Noise immune

CHAPTER 5 GSM OVERVIEW

What Is GSM? GSM is a standard for a Global System for Mobile communications. Global System for Mobile communications, a mobile phone system based on multiple radio cells (cellular mobile phone network). It has been agreed upon and is completed by ETSI, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Two main standards are followed: 1. GSM 900 (global system for mobile communications in the 900 MHz band) 2. DCS 1800 (digital cellular system for the 1800 MHz band) GSM 900 is a designed for extensive radio coverage even in rural areas. DCS 1800 is designed for radio coverage in areas with very high subscriber density. GSM is a global standard, GSM 900 being used in most European, Asian and pacific countries, GSM 1800 being used in the same place to increase the capacity of the system, and GSM 1900 being used primarily in the US. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia. GSM network can be divided into following broad parts:

18

1. Mobile Station(MS): The MS consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio transceiver, display and digital signal processors, and the SIM card. It provides the air interface to the user in GSM networks. As such, other services are also provided, which include: Voice teleservices Data bearer services The features' supplementary services 2. Base Subsystem Station(BSS): The BSS is composed of two parts namely:

Base Transceiver Station(BTS): The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio link protocols with the MS. In a large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be deployed. The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves a single cell.

Base Station Control(BSC): The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio channel setup, frequency hopping. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC. It assigns and rekeases frequencies and time slots for MS.

19

3. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) performs the function of switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as the management of mobile services such as authentication.

20

Various components of MSC are: Home Location Register(HLR): The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription in the form of SIM then all the information about this subscription is registered in the HLR of that operator. Visitor Location Register(VLR): The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. Authentication Center(AUC): The Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering of the radio channel. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.

Equipment Identity Register(EIR): The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) identifies each MS. An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved.

Access Method: Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access
21

(TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot. Frequency Band: The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only). Channel Spacing: This indicates separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. GSM Operation: The operation of the GSM system can be understood by studying the sequence of events that takes place when a call is initiated from the Mobile Station. Call from Mobile Phone to PSTN: When a mobile subscriber makes a call to a PSTN telephone subscriber, the following sequence of events takes place: 1. The MSC/VLR receives the message of a call request. 2. The MSC/VLR checks if the mobile station is authorized to access the network. If so, the mobile station is activated. If the mobile station is not authorized, service will be denied. 3. MSC/VLR analyzes the number and initiates a call setup with the PSTN.
22

4. MSC/VLR asks the corresponding BSC to allocate a traffic channel (a radio channel and a time slot). 5. The BSC allocates the traffic channel and passes the information to the mobile station. 6. The called party answers the call and the conversation takes place. 7. The mobile station keeps on taking measurements of the radio channels in the present cell and neighbouring cells and passes the information to the BSC. The BSC decides if handover is required, if so, a new traffic channel is allocated to the mobile station and the handover is performed. If handover is not required, the mobile station continues to transmit in the same frequency. Call from PSTN to Mobile Phone: When a PSTN subscriber calls a mobile station, the sequence of events is as follows: 1. The Gateway MSC receives the call and queries the HLR for the information needed to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR. 2. The GMSC routes the call to the MSC/VLR. 3. The MSC checks the VLR for the location area of the MS. 4. The MSC contacts the MS via the BSC through a broadcast message, that is, through a paging request. 5. The MS responds to the page request. 6. The BSC allocates a traffic channel and sends a message to the MS to tune to the channel. The MS generates a ringing signal and, after the subscriber answers, the speech connection is established.

23

7. Handover, if required, takes place, as discussed in the earlier case. What Is GPRS? The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. GPRS is NOT related to GPS (the Global Positioning System), a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabled networks offer 'always-on', higher capacity, Internet-based content and packet-based data services. This enables services such as color Internet browsing, e-mail on the move, powerful visual communications, multimedia messages and location-based services. GPRS is used to implement high-speed data transmission between the MS and some other party. GPRS utilizes multiple BTSs in the same BSS. The MS sends different packets to different BTSs, which are reconstructed at the SGSN. This enables the MS to use a higher transmission speed than one transmission channel can handle. GPRS facilitates several new applications that have not previously been available over GSM networks due to the limitations in speed of Circuit Switched Data (9.6 kbps) and message length of the Short Message Service (160 characters). GPRS will fully enable the Internet applications you are used to on your desktop from web browsing to chat over the mobile network. Other new applications for GPRS, profiled later, include file transfer and home automation- the ability to remotely access and control in-house appliances and machines. It should be noted right that the General Packet Radio Service is not only a service designed to be deployed on mobile networks that are based on the GSM digital mobile phone standard. The IS-136 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) standard, popular in North and South America, will also support GPRS. This follows an agreement to follow the same evolution path towards third generation mobile phone
24

networks concluded in early 1999 by the industry associations that support these two network types.

What is CDMA? CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access is a form of access scheme that has been widely used within 3G cellular telecommunications systems as well as being used in a number of other technologies as well. CDMA technology gave some significant advantages when compared to the technologies used for previous in terms of overall performance and specifically in terms of spectrum efficiency. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology with the use of different codes to separate between different stations or users rather than different frequencies of time slots as in the case of previous access technologies. In this way, CDMA is different to the previous schemes used to provide different cellular users with access to the radio network. CDMA history: CDMA is based around a form of transmission known as Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The CDMA history can be directly linked back to the 1940s when this form of transmission was first envisaged. As electronics technology improved, it started to be used for covert military transmissions in view of the facts that the transmissions look like noise, it is difficult to decipher without the knowledge of the right codes, and furthermore it is difficult to jam.

25

With the revolution in cellular telecommunications that occurred in the 1980s a then little know company named Qualcomm working on DSSS transmissions started to look at this as the basis for a cellular telecommunications multiple access scheme CDMA - code division multiple access. The concept of CDMA had to proved in the field and accordingly Qualcomm was joined by US network operators Nynex and Ameritech to develop the first experimental CDMA system. Later the team was expanded as Motorola and AT&T (now Lucent) joined to bring their resources to speed development. As a result this it was possible to start writing a specification for CDMA in 1990. With the support of the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) a standards group was set up. This group then published the standard for the first CDMA system in the form of IS-95, resulting in the formal publication of IS-95-A in 1995. The first CDMA system was launched in September 1995 by Hutchison Telephone Co. Ltd. in Hong Kong and SK Telecom in Korea soon followed along with networks in the USA. This was only one cellular telecommunications system, although it was the first. Its development lead on to the CDMA2000 series of standards. The use of CDMA did not stop with CDMA2000 as it became necessary to evolve the GSM standard so that it could carry data and provide significant improvements in terms of spectrum use efficiency. Accordingly CDMA, in the form of Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) was adopted for this standard. Key elements of CDMA: CDMA is a form of spread spectrum transmission technology. It has a number of distinguishing features that are key to spread spectrum transmission technologies:

Use of wide bandwidth: CDMA, like other spread spectrum technologies uses a wider bandwidth than would otherwise be needed fort he transmission of the
26

data. This results in a number of advantages including an increased immunity to interference or jamming, and multiple user access.

Spreading codes used:

In order to achieve the increased bandwidth, the

data is spread by use of a code which is independent of the data.

Level of security:

In order to receive the data, the receiver must have a

knowledge of the spreading code, without this it is not possible to decipher the transmitted data, and this gives a measure of security.

Multiple access: The use of the spreading codes which are independent for each user along with synchronous reception allow multiple users to access the same channel simultaneously.

GSM Vs CDMA The two technologies address differently the same fundamental problem of mobile communication, how to divide the finite frequency of airwaves between multiple users at the same time, or, how to make more than one person to carry on a conversation on the same frequency without causing mutual interference.

In common analogy, imagine a room full of people, all trying to carry on one-on-one conversations. In GSM (TDMA), each couple takes turns talking. They keep their turns short by saying only one sentence at a time. As there is never more than one person speaking in the room at any given moment, no one has to worry about being
27

heard over the background din. In CDMA, each couple talk at the same time, but they all use a different language. Because none of the listeners understand any language other than that of the individual to whom they are listening, the background din does not cause any real problems.

In technical jargon, GSM (TDMA) does it by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns transmitting and receiving in a round-robin fashion. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at any given moment, but he only uses it for short bursts. CDMA on the other hand, uses a special type of digital modulation called Spread Spectrum, which takes the users voice stream bits and splatters them across a very wide channel in pseudo-random fashion. Multiple users voice stream bits is splattered across the complete bandwidth, separated by codes thereby distinguishing each user from the other.

CHAPTER 6

INTELLIGENT NETWORK AND SERVICES

The Intelligent Network, typically stated as its acronym IN, is a network architecture intended both for fixed as well as mobile telecom networks. It allows operators to
28

differentiate themselves by providing value-added services in addition to the standard telecom services such as PSTN, ISDN and GSM services on mobile phones. It provides enhanced services to the subscriber as per their requirement at different tariffs. The major driver behind the development of the IN system was the need for a more flexible way of adding sophisticated services to the existing network.

ARCHITECTURE Earlier, exchanges had a small amount of intelligence, with software programs and related data for call routing and control of basic telephone services. Present intelligent networks are equipped with a larger data reference store and software capable of controlling more powerful services. Intelligence can be added to the existing network in distributed or centralised manner, according to the situations dictated by new network, equipment used, and service to be provided by the new network. In a distributed intelligent network, call routing and service control is spread over many sites or exchanges. Each exchange stores large data which is necessary for setup and control of a wide range of services offered. This sort of intelligence can be created continually enhancing the present exchanges, and progressively adding software and hardware to cope with new service needed. Software implementation is a very complex process. To maintain exchange software up-to-date is also difficult.

SMP

LOI

29

SSP

SCP

SSP

IP

SSP

LE

LE

LE

Service switching Point(SSP): This is co-located with the telephone exchange itself, and acts as the trigger point for further services to be invoked during a call. The SSP implements the Basic Call State Machine (BCSM) which is a Finite state machine that represents an abstract view of a call from beginning to end (off hook, dialling, answer, no answer, busy, hang up, etc.). As each state is traversed, the exchange encounters Detection Points (DPs) at which the SSP may invoke a query to the SCP to wait for further instructions on how to proceed. This query is usually called a trigger. Trigger criteria are defined by the operator and might include the subscriber calling number or the dialled number. The SSF is responsible for entertaining calls requiring value added services. Service Control Point(SCP): This is a separate set of platforms that receive queries from the SSP. The SCP contains service logic which implements the behaviour desired by the operator, i.e., the services. During service logic processing, additional data required to process the call may be obtained from the SDF. The logic on the SCP is created using the SCE. Intelligent Peripheral(IP): This is a node which can connect to both the SSP and the SCP and delivers additional special resources into the call, mostly related to voice data, for example play voice announcements or collect tones from the user. Local Exchange(LE): Several local exchanges are connected to SSP.

30

IN Services

S.No. Access 1. 1800 2. 1801 3. 4. 5. 6. 1805 7. 8. and 9. 1862

Services

Service

FPH(Free Phone Service)

VPN(Virtual Private Network)

ITC/VCC Televoting Charge Free ACC(Account Calling Card) FLPP(Fixed Line Pre Paid) Direct Access

1802 1803 1804

FLPP Remote Access Televoting Chargiable

1806 1861

PRM(Premium Rate Service)

1867

31

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION

The training period was really a very enriching and informative experience for us. Besides learning a lot of things we got a feel of how people work there. We got to see various practical scenarios involved in tele communication as well. It really has enhanced my knowledge prodigiously. Learning new things has always interested me and i think this has given me a platform to build my career upon. I never thought there was so much behind a phone call!!! In a nut shell it was a great experience and i would again like to thank all those people who have been instrumental in the success of this training.

32

CHAPTER 8 COMPANY PROFILE

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Presently it is one of the largest & leading public sector unit in India.

BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence. Today, it has about 46 million line basic telephone capacity, 8 million WLL capacity, 52 Million GSM Capacity, more than 38302 fixed exchanges, 46565 BTS, 3895 Node B ( 3G
33

BTS), 287 Satellite Stations, 614755 km of OFC Cable, 50430 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.6 Lakhs villages .

BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services.

BSNL is numero uno operator of India in all services in its license area. The company offers vide ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to suite every customer.

BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has 55,140,282 2G cellular customers and 88,493 3G customers as on 30.11.2009. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms.

BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers.

The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.

Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than
34

Rs.351,820 million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99,390 million (US $ 2.26 billion) for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is worth about Rs.630,000 million (US $ 14.37 billion).

The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_network 3. BSNL handouts

35

36

You might also like