D|JJux|un and D|JJuxerx:

F|uw |n turhumach|nex |x dum|nated hy d|JJux|un

Cunuerx|un uJ dynam|c head |ntu xtat|c prexxure
a) Ax|a| cumprexxur h|adex cu||ect|un uJ para||e| d|JJuxerx
h) CF cumprexxurx perJurmance |x ||m|ted tu rad|a| d|JJuxerx
Reduct|un uJ W
1
tu W
2
uccur 1. BL muxt rema|n attached
2. Nu xeparat|un
3.
W
2
W
1
xhuu|d he kept ahuue m|n. ua|ue Jur |uxxex tu he |uw
Examples of diffusion
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Diffusion occurs due to
1. Area Change
2. Flow curvature
Diffusion in ducts
Conical
Annular
Symmetrical straight axis diffusers
Square section 2-D rectangle
Types of axial flow diffusers
Diffusion in constant area bend
Diffusion occurs locally when flow
Approaches a bend in a constant
Area duct
Diffusion
Diffusion
When the axis of the diffuser is curved,
The overall diffusion is added to the local
diffusion
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Boundary layer considerations:
Static pressure increasing, velocity decreasing
1. Angle increases
2. Vel. Profile is less full
3. 3. 3. 3. * increases
4. Static pr. Increases up to point where =90 =90 =90 =90
0 00 0
5. Any further increase result in flow reversal (separation)
z
w
= _
6C
6y
]
w

Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Risk factor in diffuser design
Maximum pressure recovery when the boundary layer nearly separates
Small area ratio moderate
pressure recovery
Moderate area ratio higher
pressure recovery
Higher area ratio no
pressure recovery
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Influence of inlet boundary layer
1. Skaters in the middle have enough velocity to get over the hill
2. Skaters on the outside are brushing against the wall, their velocity
so much reduced they have insufficient KE to surmount the hill
Turbulent BL will not withstand as much diffusion as thin turbulent BL
Skate boarding analogy to diffusion
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
D|JJux|un un the h S d|agram
C
pr
=
P
2
P
1
P
1
P
1
(1)
P
P

= _
T
T

]
y
y1
= _
T

C
2
2C
P
T

_
y
y1
= _1
C
2
2C
P
T

_
y
y1
1
C
2
p

2p

P P

C
2
2
. . (2)
Suhxt|tut|ng equat|un 2 |n equat|un 1 we get
C
Pr

P
2
P
1
C
+_1
p
2
p
C
2
2
C
_
P
o1
P
o2
Inlet total
state
outlet total
state
outlet static
state
Inlet static
state
h
o2=
h
o1
C
1
2
/2
C
2
2
/2
o1 o2
2
1
E
n
t
h
a
l
p
y
,

h
Ps1 Ps2
Diffusion on h-S diagram
Suhxt|tut|ng equat|un 2 |n equat|un 1 we get
C
Pr

P
2
P
1
p

C
1
2
2
+_1
p
2
p
1
C
2
2
C
1
2
_
Fur |uw Mach numher and nu |uxxex,
P
2
= P
1
, p
2
= p
1
The ahuue equat|un reducex tu
C
Pr
_1
C
2
2
C
1
2
_ In th|x equat|un
C
2
C
1
ca||ed de Ha||er numher
< u.72 or comprcssor coscoJc; or
C
2
C
1
= . 72 , C
Pr
= . 5
Fur ruugh h|ade xurJacex due tu |nduxtr|a| pu||ut|un ur xa|t depux|t C
Pr
. 45
Velocity ratio and theoretical
Pressure rise coefficient
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Entropy, S
Theoretical pressure rise as a design guide
W
ex
= W
|n

1 C
Pr,th

Diffuser effectiveness:
q
D
=
C
Pr
C
Pr,th

Parameters Influence Diffuser Performance
1. Diffuser CS (Circular, rectangular, elliptical, annular)
2. Ratio of length-inlet hydraulic diameter
3. Size and shape of inlet BL
4. Mach number at inlet
5. Direction of inlet flow (axial, at an incidence, swirling, log spiral, etc)
6. Steady Periodic or fluctuating flow
7. Straight axis or curved
8. Smooth walls or rough or shaped (eg. Ribbed)
9. Downstream conditions (plenum, tail pipe, transverse wall etc.,)
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Wall contouring Splitter vanes
a) Ribbed Diffuser b) Bell shaped Diffuser c) Diffuser with splitter vanes
Improved Cpr Slightly improved Cpr
Diffuser is Shorter
Obtain shorter diffuser
Alternate forms of axial diffuser
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com
Vane radial diffusers
a) Straight vanes
b) Curved vanes
c) Wedge vanes d) Multiple trumpets
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
vaned
vaneless
B
e
s
t

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

p
o
i
n
t
1. Vaneless diffuser requires considerable radial length
2. High frictional losses due to long path length of spiral flow
3. Vanes can be used to direct the flow in radial direction, increase rate of diffusion
4. At off-design, incidence adds complexity-flow separation & stalling
5. Diffuser design data should be used carefully
6. Different rotor has different design as exit conditions are different
7. Vane diffuser has higher Cpr than vaneless but range is reduced
c) Wedge vanes d) Multiple trumpets
e) Single scroll
f) Low solidity vane diffuser
Relative flow coefficient, / / / /d
B
e
s
t

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

p
o
i
n
t
Prepared by Dr. S. Ramamurthy, ramamurthy302@gmail.com