Department of eCe

GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION Subject Name : Electronic circuits-II Degree/Branch: B.E/ECE Name of Faculty : R.Shankar Year/Semester: II / IV Academic Year: 2010-11

UNIT 1 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 1. Define feedback. A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback. 2. Define positive feedback. If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive or regenerative feedback. 3. Define negative feedback. If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input voltage applied to the basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback. 4. Define sensitivity. Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback. 5. What are the types of feedback? Voltage-series feedback, Voltage-shunt feedback, Current-series feedback, Current-shunt feedback. 6. Write the expression for input and output resistance of voltage series feedback amplifier. Input resistance with feedback, Rif = (1+A) Ri Output resistance with feedback, Rof = Ro / (1+A) 7. Give an example for voltage-series feedback. The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage series feedback. 8. Write the expression for input and output resistance of current shunt feedback amplifier. Input resistance with feedback, Rif = Ri / (1+A) Output resistance with feedback, Rof = Ro (1+A)
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9. Give the properties of negative feedback. i. Negative feedback reduces the gain ii. Distortion is very much reduced 10. Give the effect of negative feedback on amplifier characteristics. Type of feedback Characteristics Voltage gain Bandwidth Input resistance Output resistance Currentseries Decreases Increases Increases Increases Voltageseries Decreases Increases Increases Decreases Voltageshunt Decreases Increases Decreases Decreases Currentshunt Decreases Increases Decreases Increases

11. Define feedback factor or feedback ratio. The ratio of the feedback voltage to output voltage is known as feedback factor or feedback ratio. 12. What is the purpose of mixer network in feedback amplifier? The mixer network is used to combine feedback signal and input signal at input of an amplifier. 13. What is the disadvantage of introducing negative feedback? Negative feedback reduces the gain of the amplifier. 14. List the four basic feedback topologies. Voltage amplifier with voltage series feedback Transconductance amplifier with current series feedback Current amplifier with current shunt feedback Transresistance amplifiers with voltage shunt feedback. 15. Give the expression for gain of an amplifier with feedback. Avf= Av/1+Av

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16.What is loop gain or return ratio. A path of a signal from input terminals through basic amplifier, through the feedback network and back to the input terminals forms a loop. The gain of this loop is the product-A. This gain is known as loop gain or return ratio. 17.What is sensitivity of the transfer gain? The fractional change in amplification with feedback divided by the fractional change without feedback is called the sensitivity of the transfer gain. 18.What is desensitivity? The reciprocal of the sensitivity is called the desensitivity D.It is given as D=1+A 19. What is the effect of lower cutoff frequency with negative feedback? Lower cutoff frequency with feedback is less than lower cutoff frequency without feedback by factor (1+Amid). 20. What is the effect of upper cutoff frequency with negative feedback? Upper cutoff frequency with feedback is greater than upper cutoff frequency without feedback by factor(1+Amid). 21. What is the effect of negative feedback on bandwidth? Bandwidth of amplifier with feedback is greater than bandwidth of amplifier without feedback. 22.The distortion is an amplifier is found to be 3%,when the feedback ratio of negative feedback amplifier is 0.04.when the feedback is removed,the distortion become 15%.Find the open loop and closed loop gain.

23.An amplifier has a voltage gain of 1000.with negative feedback,the voltage gain reduces to 10.Calculate the fraction of the output,that is feedback to the input.

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24. Give the three networks connection used for feedback. For feedback, the networks used are, Sampling network, Feedback networks and mixer networks. 25. What type of feedback is used in oscillator? Positive

26. What are the two types of sampling networks? Sampling network is classified network(b)Current sampling network. 27. Write the two ways of mixer networks. Mixer networks are obtained from, (a)Series(loop)input (b)Shunt (node)input. 28. What is Nyquist criterion? Amplifier is unstable if this curve (curve A Vs f varies from to) encloses the point -1 +j0, and the amplifier is stable if the curve does not enclose this point. 29. What is gain margin? The gain margin is defined as the value of(A) in decibels at the frequency at which the phase angle of lAl is 180. 30. What is phase margin? The phase margin is 180 minus the magnitude of the angle of A at the frequency at which lAl is unity (zero decibels). as,(a)Voltage sampling

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UNIT II OSCILLATORS 1. What is an oscillator? An oscillator is a circuit which basically acts as a generator, generating the output signal which oscillates with constant amplitude and constant desired frequency. 2. What are the classifications of Oscillators? *Based on wave generated: Sinusoidal Oscillator, Non-sinusoidal Oscillator or Relaxation Oscillator Ex: Square wave, Triangular wave, Rectangular wave etc. *According to principle involved: Negative resistance Oscillator, Feedback Oscillator. *According to frequency generated: Audio frequency oscillator 20 Hz 20 kHz Radio frequency Oscillator 30 kHz 30 MHz Ultrahigh frequency Oscillator 30 MHz 3 GHz Microwave Oscillator 3 GHz above. * Crystal Oscillators. 3. Define Barhausen Criterion. The product Av is greater than one this is called Barkhausen criterion. Avf = Av/1-Av Avf = = 1/0 =>1-Av < 0 => Av > 1 this is the condition for feedback Oscillator. An Oscillator which follows Barkhausen criterion is called the Feedback Oscillator. 4. What are the types of feedback oscillators? * RC-Phase shift Oscillator, * LC-Oscillators Tuned collector Oscillator Tuned emitter Oscillator Tuned collector base Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Colpits Oscillator Clap Oscillator
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5. What are the conditions for oscillation? The total phase shift of an oscillator should be 360o. For feedback oscillator it should satisfies Barkhausen criterion. 6. What type of oscillations get produced if phase shift around a loop is 360 and lAl>1?

7. Define piezoelectric effect. When applying mechanical energy to some type of crystals called piezoelectric crystals the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy is called piezoelectric effect.

F 1/T 8. Draw the equivalent circuit of crystal oscillator.

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9. What type of oscillations get produced if phase shift around a loop is 360 andlAl<1?

10. What is Miller crystal oscillator? Explain its operation. It is nothing but a Hartley oscillator its feedback Network is replaced by a crystal. Crystal normally generate higher frequency reactance due to the miller capacitance are in effect between the transistor terminal. 11. State the frequency for RC phase shift oscillator. The frequency of oscillation of RC-phase shift oscillator is F=1/2RC (4k+6)
Where k=2.639.

12. Why in practice lAl is kept greater than unity? To amplify small noise voltage present, so that oscillations can start, lAl is kept initially greater than unity. 13. Give the range of frequencies for the LC oscillators. The range of frequencies for LC oscillators is 200-300 kHz up to few gigahertz (GHz). 14. Give the range of frequencies for the RC oscillators. The range of frequencies for RC oscillators is 20Hz to 200kHz.

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15.Why LC oscillators are not used for low frequency range? At low frequencies,the value of inductor required is large.The large inductor is larger in size and occupies lot of space. It increases size and cost of the circuit.Hence LC oscillators are not used for low frequency range. 16.What is the condition of hfe for the transistor required in the transistorised RC phase shift oscillator?

17.What is the gain requirement for the phase shift oscillator using opamp? The gain of theop-amp required is minimum 29 for the oscillations. 18.Which are the frequency sensitivity arms in the wien bridge oscillator? The arms which decide the frequency of oscillations .i.e.R1-C1 and R2-C2 are the frequency sensitive arms. 19. What is the gain requirement for the wien bridge oscillator? The gain requirement for wien bridge oscillator is minimum 3. 20.State the expression for the frequency of oscillations in the wien bridge oscillator.

21.Which substance is practice show the piezoelectric effect?Which substance shows most dominating piezoelectric effect? The main substances exhibiting the piezoelectric effect are quartz,Rochelle salt and tourmaline.Rochelle salts have the greatest piezoelectric activity. 22. Which substance is commonly used for RF oscillators and filters? The Quartz is inexpensive, easily available in nature and shows adequate piezoelectric effect and hence used for RF oscillators and filters.
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23. What is LC oscillator? The oscillator which uses the elements L and C to produce the oscillations are called LC oscillators. These oscillators are used for high frequency range from 200 kHz up to few GHz. 24. Write two oscillator circuits, which use tank circuit. The oscillator circuits are,(a)Colpitts oscillator (b) Hartley oscillator. 25. What is mounting capacitance of a crystal? When the crystal is not vibrating, it is equivalent to a capacitance due to the mechanical mounting of a crystal. Such a capacitance existing due to the two metal plates separated by a dielectric like crystal slab , is called mounting capacitance denoted as CM or C. 26. What is represented by resistance, inductance and capacitance in the ac equivalent circuit of a crystal? In the ac equivalent circuit of the crystal,R denotes internal frictional losses.L denotes mass of crystal i.e. inertia C denotes stiffness in vibrating condition. 27. What is Armstrong oscillator? In Armstrong oscillator, a transformer is used, whose primary acts as L in the circuit while the voltage across secondary is used as feedback. 28. What is tickler oscillator? Armstrong oscillator is called as tickler oscillator, because it uses small secondary winding called tickler coil. 29. Give few applications of crystal oscillator. The applications of crystal oscillator are,(a)Computers(b)Counters(c)Basic timing devices in electronic wrist watches etc. 30. How is the frequency stability of s device can be improved? The frequency stability of a device can be improved by the following ways.(a)Enclosing the circuit in a constant temperature chamber. (b)Maintaining constant voltage by using zener diodes. (c)The load effect is reduced by coupling the oscillator to the load loosely or with the help of a circuit having high input impedance and low output impedance.

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UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS

1. What is a tuned amplifier? The amplifier with a circuit that is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow band of frequencies are called tuned amplifiers. 2. What is the expression for resonant frequency? Fr =1/2LC 3. What happens to the circuit above and below resonance? Above resonance the circuit acts as capacitive and below resonance the circuit acts as inductive. 4. What are the different coil losses? Hysteresis loss Copper loss Eddy current loss 5. What is Q factor? Q factor is the important characteristics of an inductor. It is the ratio of reactance to resistance. 6. What is dissipation factor? It is referred as the total loss within a component i.e1/Q 7. What is the classification of tuned amplifiers? Single tuned, Double tuned, Stagger tuned 8. What is a single tuned amplifier? An n amplifier circuit that uses a single parallel tuned circuit as a load is called single tuned amplifier. 9. What are the advantages of tuned amplifiers? They amplify defined frequencies. Signal to noise ratio at output is good They are suited for radio transmitters and receivers

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10. What are the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers? The circuit is bulky and costly The design is complex. They are not suited to amplify audio frequencies. 11. What is neutralization? The effect of collector to base capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal that cancels the signal coupled through collector base capacitance. This process is called neutralization. 12. What are double tuned amplifiers? The amplifiers having two parallel resonant circuit in its load are called double tuned amplifiers. 13. What is a stagger tuned amplifier? It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are taken and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal to the bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called stagger tuned amplifier. 14. What are the advantages of stagger tuned amplifier? The advantage of stagger tuned amplifier is to have better flat, wideband characteristics. 15. What are the advantages of double tuned over single tuned? 1. Possess flatter response having steeper sides 2. Provides larger 3 db bandwidth 3. Provides large gain-bandwidth product 16. What are the different types of neutralization? 1. Hazeltine neutralization 2. Rice neutralization 3. Neutrodyne neutralization 17. What is rice neutralization? It uses center tapped coil in the base circuit. The signal voltages at the end of tuned base coil are equal and out of phase.

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18. What is unloaded Q? It is the ratio of stored energy to the dissipated energy in a reactor or resonator. The unloaded Q of an inductor or capacitor is X/Rs. Where X-The resistance Rs-The series resistance. 19. What are the applications of mixer circuits? Used in radio receivers. Used to translate signal frequency to some lower frequency 20.If the resonant frequency and the effective loaded Q of a single tuned amplifier are 600 khz and 10 respectively.calculate the bandwidth of a 3 stage cascaded synchronously tuned single tuned amplifier.

21. A single tuned amplifier using n channel JFET with gm=5mA/V and rd=20 k has tank circuit with L=1Mh.series resistance of the coil R=25 and C=1Nf.Calculate the voltage gain at resonance if RL=32K.

22. An inductor of 250H has Q=300 at 1 MHz Determine Rs and Rp of inductor.

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23. A parallel resonant circuit has an inductance if 150 H and a capacitance of 100 pf. Find the resonant frequency.

24. What is the relation between Q and bandwidth? BW=fr/Qr Where BW=Bandwidth Fr=Resonant frequency Qr=Quality factor 25. Define unloaded and loaded Q of tuned circuit. Unloaded Q is the ratio of stored energy to dissipated energy in a reactor or resonator. The loaded Q or Q1 of a resonator is determined by how tightly the resonator is coupled to its terminations. 26. How are amplifiers classified? (a)Capacitive coupled. coupled (b) Inductive coupled (c) Transformer

27. What is effective quality factor? Effective quality factor=Susceptance of inductance L or Capacitance C Conductance of shunt resistance R1 28. Define the quality factor Q in terms of L and R. The quality factor Q of the coil at resonance is given by,Qr=rL/R Where r=Resonant frequency. 29. Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned circuit? When quality factor is high inductor losses are less. Another important point is that when Q is high, bandwidth is low and we get better selectivity. Hence Q is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits.

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30. What is narrow band neutralization? A process of cancelling the instability effect due to the collector to base capacitance of the transistor in tuned circuits by introducing a signal which cancels the signal coupled through the collector to base capacitance is called narrow band neutralization.

UNIT IV WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS 1. What is a Multivibrator? The electronic circuits which are waveforms are called Multivibrators. 2. Name the types of Multivibrators. Bistable Multivibrator, MonostableMultivibrator, Astable Multivibrator 3. How many stable states do bistable Multivibrator have? Two stable states. 4. When will the circuit change from stable state in bistable Multivibrator? when an external trigger pulse is applied, the circuit changes from one stable state to another 5. What are the different names of bistable Multivibrator? Eccles Jordan circuit, trigger circuit, scale-of-2 toggle circuit, flipflop and binary. 6. What are the applications of bistable Multivibrator? It is used in the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing of the Binary information. It also finds applications in the generation and processing of pulse type waveforms. 7. What are the other names of monostable Multivibrator? One-shot, Single-shot, a single-cycle, a single swing, a single step Multivibrator, Univibrator. 8. Why is monostable Multivibrator called gating circuit? The circuit is used to generate the rectangular waveform and hence can be used to gate other Circuits hence called gating circuit. used to generate nonsinusoidal

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9. Why is monostable Multivibrator called delay circuit? The time between the transitions from quasi-stable state to stable state can be predetermined and hence it can be used to introduce time delays with the help of fast transition. Due to this application is Called delay circuit. 10. What is the main characteristic of Astable Multivibrator? The Astable Multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from one quasi- stable State to other without any external triggering pulse. 11. What is the other name of Astable Multivibrator- why is it called so? As it does not require any external pulse for transition, it is called free running Multivibrator. 12. What are the two types of transistor bistable Multivibrator? Fixed bias transistor circuit Self bias transistor circuit. 13. Why does one of the transistors start conducting ahead of other? The characteristic of both the transistors are never identical hence after giving supply one of the Transistors start conducting ahead of the other. 14. What are the two stable states of bistable Multivibrator? Q1 OFF (cut off) and Q2 ON (Saturation) Q2 OFF (Cut off) and Q1 On (Saturation) 15. What finally decides the shape of the waveform for bistable multivibrator? The spacing of the triggering pulses 16. How are the values R1, R2 and VBB chosen in bistable Multivibrator? It is chosen in such a way that in one state the base current is large enough to drive the transistor into saturation while in other state the emitter junctions is well below off. 17. What is the self biased Multivibrator? The need for the negative power supply in fixed bias bistable Multivibrator can be eliminated by rising a common emitter resistance RE. The resistance previous the necessary bias to keep one transistor or and the other OFF in the stable state such type of biasing is called self biasing and the circuit is called self biased bistable Multivibrator.
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18. What are the advantages of monostable Multivibrator. used to introduce time delays as gate width is adjustable used to produce rectangular waveform and hence can be used as gating circuit. 19. What are the applications of astable Multivibtrator? used as a clock for binary login signals used as a square wave generator, voltage to frequency converter. 20. What is a complementary Multivibrator? It is turning half the circuit upside down. So one transistor is n-p-n while the other is p-n-p. The circuit is called complementary Multivibrator circuit. 21. Define UTP and LTP of the Schmitt trigger When Vi reaches to VBE1 +VE the Q1 gets driven to active region. This input voltage level is called upper threshold point.It is also called turn on threshold level. The level of Vi at which Q1 becomes OFF and Q2 on is called lower threshold point. 22. What are the two types of wave shaping circuits? (a) Linear wave shaping circuits (b)Non- Linear wave shaping circuits 23. What is the important application of Schmitt trigger? It is used as an amplitude comparator It is used as a squaring circuit. 24. What are clipping circuits? Clipping circuits are used to select for transmission that part of an arbitrary waveform which lies above or below some reference level.

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25.Draw and define the square waveform.

26. Draw and define the ramp waveform.

27. Draw high pass RC circuit.

28. What is corner frequency of high pass RC circuit?

The frequency f1 at which the Xc =R and gain is .707 i.e drop in signal is 3 dB is called corner frequency of high pass RC circuit.

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29. What type of response is obtained when high pass RC circuit with very small time constant is subjected to square waveform? The response with very small time constant is a train of impulses. 30. What is tilt? Give its expression. The decay in the amplitude of the output voltage waveform when the input level is maintained constant is called tilt or decay.

31. What is the relation between tilt and time constant? The general expression for tilt is,

32. What is the relation between 3dB frequency and time constant? For high pass RC circuit, the lower 3Db frequency f1 is given by,

33.What is the relation between tilt and 3Db frequency? The tilt is given by,

34.Define transmission error. In case of ramp response of high pass RC circuit,output falls away from input.This departure of output from linearity is called the transmission error.

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35.Define rise time. It is the time required by the output response to rise from 10% to 90% of its final steady state value. 36.What is clamper circuits? The circuits which are used to add a d.c level as per the requirements to the a.c ouput signal are called clamper circuits. 37.What is quasi stable state of monostable multivibrator? The unstable state of monostable multivibrator in which circuit remains for some time and returns to stable state,is called quasi-stable state. 38.What is astable multivibrator? The astable multivibrator has both the states as quasi-stable states.None of the states is stable state.Due to this, the multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from one quasi-stable state to other,without any external triggering pulse.The rate of transition from one quasi-stable state to other is determined by the circuit components. 39.Astable multivibrator does not require any external trigger pulse for the transition.Justify stating true or false. This is true statement.For the reason,refer the answer of the above question. 40.What are the two types of non linear wave shaping circuits? (a)Clipping circuits (b) Clamping circuits.

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UNIT V BLOCKING OSCILLATORS AND TIMEBASE GENERATORS 1. Define Blocking Oscillator? A special type of wave generator which is used to produce a single narrow pulse or train of pulses. 2. What are the two important elements of Blocking Oscillator? Transistor and pulse transformer 3. What are the applications of blocking Oscillator? It is used in frequency dividers, counter circuits and for switching the other circuits. 4. Give the expression for co-efficient of coupling K=M/LpLs M-> Mututal Inductance Lp Ls -> Primary Inductance -> Secondary Inductance

5. Give the formula for transformation ratio n= Ns/Np = transformation ratio Ns= Secondary Turns; Np= Primary turns 6. Define overshoot. It is the amount by which the output exceeds its amplitude during first attempt. 7. Define flat top response. The position of the response between the trailing edge and the leading edge. 8. Define droop or a tilt The displacement of the pulse amplitude during its flat response is called droop or a tilt. 9. What are the applications of pulse transformer. i. ii. to invert the polarity of the pulse to differentiate pulse
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10. When do the cores saturates? When L->o as B-> Bm, the core saturates 11. What is the other name of astable Blocking Oscillator? Free running blocking Oscillator 12. What are the two types of astable Blocking Oscillator? 1. Diode controlled Astable Blocking Oscillator. 2. Re controlled Astable Blocking Oscillator. 13. Define Sweep time in saw tooth generator The period during which voltage increases linearly is called sweep time. 14.What is the other name of saw tooth generator? Ramp generator 15. Define Displacement error in the saw tooth generator? It is defined as the maximum difference between the actual sweep voltage and linear sweep which passes through the beginning and end points of the actual sweep. 16. What is constant current charging? A capacitor is charged with a constant current source. 17. What is pulse transformer? A pulse transformer is basically a transformer which couples a source of pulse of electrical energy to the load; keeping the shape and other properties of pulse unchanged. The voltage level of the pulse can be raised or lowered by designing the proper turns ratio for the pulse transformer. 18. State the features of pulse transformer. Generally iron cored and small in size The leakage inductance is minimum. The interwinding capacitance is low. The core has high permeability. They have high magnetizing inductance.

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19. Draw the equivalent circuit of pulse transformer. Explain the various Elements in it.

20.What is the limiting value of load resistance in monostable blocking oscillator using emitter timing?

21. What is the effect of saturation voltages on pulse width?

22. What is the necessity of damping in monostable blocking oscillator using emitter timing? If the damping is not provided then the waveform shows a tendency to produce a backswing oscillation which exceeds zero base voltage level.

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23. What do you mean by voltage time base generators? Circuits used to generate a linear variation of voltage with time are called voltage time-base generators. 24. What do you mean by linear time base generator? Circuits provide an output waveform which exhibits a linear variation of voltage with time are called linear time base generators. 25. What are the applications of the voltage time base circuits? (a)In CRO (b) In radar (c)In television indicators (d)In precise time measurements and (e)In time modulation 26. Define restoration time or fly back time. The time required for the return for the sweep voltage to the initial value is called the restoration time or the return time, or the flyback time. 27. Define sweep time. The period during which voltage increases linearly is called sweep time. 28. List important sweep parameters. Important sweep parameters are:sweep speed error, displacement error and transmission error. 29. Name the different errors in generation of sweep waveforms. Different errors in generation of sweep waveforms are sweep speed error, displacement error and transmission error. 30. Define sweep speed error. It is the ratio of difference in slope at beginning and end of sweep to the initial value of slope.

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31. Define displacement error. It is defined as the maximum difference between the actual sweep voltage and linear sweep which passes through the beginning and end points of the actual sweep. 32. Give the expression for sweep voltage for exponential sweep circuit. Vs=V(1-e-t/RC) 33.Give the expression for sweep speed error.

34.Give the expression for displacement error.

35.Define sweep speed. The sweep speed is defined as the rate of change of sweep voltage with respect to time. 36.List various sweep circuits. (i)Exponential charging circuit. (ii)Constant-current charging circuit. (iii)Miller circuit (iv)Phantastron circuit (v) Bootstrap circuit (vi) Inductor circuit 37.What is the purpose of compensating network? A compensating circuits are added to improve the linearity of the bootstrap and the miller time-base generators. 38.Which type of sweep is obtained from UJT sweep circuit? Exponential type of sweep is obtained from UJT sweep circuit.

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39.What is a function of hold off circuit in the fixed amplitude sweep circuit? The hold off circuit in the fixed amplitude sweep circuit delays the return to the initial state.This time allows the capacitor C to discharge completely before returning to the initial state and gate generator to respond to the next positive going pulse. 40.What are the purpose of connecting emitter follower stage in fixed amplitude sweep circuit? The emitter follower stage is used in fixed amplitude sweep circuit for the sake of its high input impedance.

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GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ECE Subject Name : Electronic Circuits-II Degree/Branch: B.E/ECE Name of Faculty : R.Shankar Year/Semester: II / IV Academic Year: 2010-11

UNIT I SIX MARKS 1. Draw the block diagrams of the four possible feedback topologies and explain any one of the topology. 2. Prove that the bandwidth of the amplifier increases with negative feedback. 3. Explain Nyquist criterian to analyze the stability of feedback amplifiers. 4. Explain the effect of negative feedback on the input resistance for a voltage shunt feedback amplifier. 5. Show how negative feedback reduces gain of an amplifier. 6. Distinguish between series feedback and shunt feedback. 7. Draw the feedback topology block diagram with voltage series feedback and derive the input impedance. 8. Describe briefly the general characteristics of negative feedback amplifier. 9. How the negative feedback amplifier improves stability, reduces noise and increases the input impedance? 10. What do you understand by feedback in amplifiers? Explain the terms feedback factor and open loop gain. TEN MARKS 1. Discuss quantitatively on the effect of topology of a feedback amplifier upon output resistance. Also obtain the expression for output resistance for all four topologies. 2. Draw the circuit diagram of voltage series feedback amplifier using BJT and analyze the circuit to determine the input and output resistance. 3. Explain with circuit diagram a negative feedback amplifier and obtain expression for its closed loop gain. 4. Draw the circuit diagram of an amplifier with current series feedback. Derive the expressions for gain, input and output resistances with feedback. 5. Explain with relevant information, how the negative feedback amplifier improves stability, reduces noise and increase the input impedance.

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6. Draw the block diagram of current sampling-series mixing feedback configuration and drive an expression for transfer gain, input resistance and output resistance. 7. Draw the basic circuit of the voltage shunt feedback amplifier and describe the concepts involved in such an amplifier. 8. Find the voltage gain,feedback factor,input resistance and output resistance of a series-shunt pair type two stage feedback amplifier using transistors with hfe=99 and hie=2K,shown in Fig.2.

9. Explain negative feedback with the help of the emitter follower as an example. Why is the emitter follower so called? 10. An amplifier with 2.5 Kilo ohm input resistance and 50 kilo ohm output resistance has a voltage gain of 100.The amplifier is now modified to provide 5% negative voltage feedback in series with the input. Calculate (a) the voltage gain (b) the input resistance and (c) the output resistance with feedback.

UNIT II SIX MARKS 1. Explain the Bakhausen criterion to be satisfied for sustained oscillations 2. Explain Clapp oscillator and derive its frequency of oscillation. 3. A crystal has the following parameters:L=0.5 H,Cs=0.06pF,Cp=1 pF and R=5K.Find the series and resonant frequencies and correspo nding Q-factor of the crystal. 4. Explain RC phase shift oscillator with neat circuit diagram.Derive its frequency of oscillation. 5. Draw the circuit of RC phase shift oscillator.With R=6k,C=1500 PF and Rc=18k,obtain its operating frequency. 6. Draw the circuit diagram of a pierce crystal oscillator and explain its operation.
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7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Wien bridge oscillator? 8. Brief about frequency ranges of RC and LC oscillators. 9. Explain the need for three RC networks for the circuit functioning. 10. Describe the principles involved in the Twin-T network. TEN MARKS 1. Explain the principle of operation of Wien Bridge oscillator and derive the expression for its frequency of oscillation. 2. Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of the quartz crystal oscillator and write the expression for series and parallel resonant frequencies. 3. In a Colpitt's oscillator, the values of the inductors and capacitors in the tank circuit are L=40 mH,C1=100pF and C2=500pF (1) Find the frequency of oscillation (2) If the input voltage is 10V,find the feedback voltage. (3)Find the minimum gain, if the frequency is changed by changing 'L' alone. (4)Find the value of C1 for a gain of 10 (5)Also,find the new frequency of oscillation. 4. Explain the operation of a Colpitt's oscillator and derive an expression for its frequency of oscillation and condition for sustained oscillation. 5. Explain the working of RC phase shift oscillator using BJT with small signal equivalent circuit and derive the expression for frequency of oscillation. 6. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of Hartley oscillator. Also derive the expression for frequency of oscillation and condition for sustained oscillation. 7. With a neat diagram, explain the operation of a transistor Pierce crystal oscillator. 8. Explain working of Miller type oscillator with circuit. Give two applications. 9. Draw the circuit diagram of Armstrong oscillator and explain its function. 10. Draw the circuit of Franklin oscillator and explain its working. UNIT III SIX MARKS 1. Explain the Hazeltine method of neutralization. 2. Brief about frequency ranges of RC and LC oscillators. 3. Derive the equation for the gain-bandwidth product of a single tuned amplifier circuit. 4. A tank circuit has a capacitor of 100 pf and an inductor of 150H.The series resistance is 15.Find the impedance and bandwidth of resonant circuit. 5. Give notes on the function of synchronous tuning circuits. 6. What is tuned amplifier? What are the various type of tuned amplifiers? 7. Brief about high frequency limitations of amplifiers 8. Brief the principles of Stagger tuning.
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9. Explain the Coil neutralization. 10. Discuss elaborately on the stability of Tuned amplifiers. TEN MARKS 1. Discuss the working of single tuned and synchronously tuned amplifiers. 2. Explain class 'C' tuned amplifier and derive its efficeincy. 3. What is the need for neutralization in tuned amplifiers? Explain a narrow band and a broad band neutralization methods used. 4. Explain with a circuit diagram, the operation of a Double Tuned amplifier. 5. Define quality factor. Obtain the quality factor for a parallel resonant circuit. 6. Explain single tuned voltage amplifier and discuss its frequency response. 7. Draw the equivalent circuit of capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier and derive the equation for voltage gain. 8. Derive the equations for Q factors of RL and RC circuits. 9. Derive the equation for 3 dB bandwidth of double tuned amplifier. 10. What is a stagger tuned amplifier? Explain its working. UNIT IV SIX MARKS 1. Compare and contrast: Monostable and Bistable Multivibrator. 2. Explain the difference between the operational feature of collector coupled and emitter coupled Astable multivibrator. 3. With a neat circuit explain the operation of a Schmitt trigger. 4. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of bistable multivibrator derive necessary equations and plot its waveforms. 5. Explain the methods of base triggering of a bistable multivibrator. 6. What is clipper? With the help of circuit diagram and waveforms describe the operation of positive and negative clipper. 7. Differentiate between positive clamber and negative clamper. 8. List the applications of Astable and bistable multivibrator. 9. Explain lower and upper threshold voltages in Schmitt trigger. 10. Draw the circuit diagram of complementary transistor monostable multivibrator and explain its operation. TEN MARKS 1. Describe the performance of collector coupled astable multivibrator, with relevant diagrams. 2. Sketch the circuit of a bistable multivibrator and explain the circuit operation.

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3. Explain the operation of collector-coupled monostable circuit with circuit diagram, waveform and equivalent circuit during each state. 4. Explain the operation of Schmitt Trigger with neat circuit diagram and response of Schmitt trigger circuit for different loop gains. Also explain how hysteresis is eliminated in Schmitt Trigger. 5. Calculate the component values of a monostable multivibrator developing an output pulse of 140 s duration.Assume hFEmin=20 Ic(sat)=6 mA,VCC=6 V,VBB=-1.5 V.Draw the circuit for monostable multivibrator with calculated values. 6. Explain the unsymmetrical and symmetrical triggering of bistable multivibrator. 7. What is the necessity for modifying the astable multivibrator? Explain its operation. 8. Describe the operation of biased clipper and combination clipper. 9. Draw the circuit diagram of complementary transistor monostable multivibrator and explain its operation. 10. Design a Schmitt trigger circuit to have Vcc=12V,UTP=5V,LTP=3V and Ic=2mA using two silicon NPN transistors with hFE(min)=100 and I2=0.1 Ic2.

UNIT V SIX MARKS 1. Explain with circuit diagram. How UJT acts as sawtooth generator. 2. How frequency control is established using core saturation? 3. In a sample UJT sweep circuit,the resistance and capacitance are 100K and 0.4F.The ratio of peak-point voltage to supply voltage is 0.57. (1).Find the frequency of the sweep(2).If C is increased to 0.5 F,what should be the value of R to maintain the same frequency of sweep. 4. With simple diagrams, describe the principle of bootstrap circuit. 5. Describe the response of a highpass RC circuit for step input, squarewave input and ramp input. 6. Explain how saw tooth waveforms are generated using UJT. 7. Define the following terms with respect to a time base signal sweep time and flyback time. 8. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the operation of a push- pull astable blocking oscillator with emitter timing. 9. What is pulse transformer?Explain its equivalent circuit. 10. Give the simple miller sweep circuit using NPN transistors.

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TEN MARKS 1. Draw the circuit diagram of a monostable transistor blocking oscillator with emitter timing. Explain its operation with the equivalent circuit during the pulse formation. 2. Explain the operation of bootstrap time base generator with circuit diagram and waveforms. 3. Draw the circuit of a current time base generator. Explain the working of the circuit with associated waveforms. 4. Describe the working of UJT relaxation oscillator. 5. Draw and explain the miller saw tooth generator. 6. With the circuit diagram explain the working of a free running blocking oscillator. 7. Explain the linearization technique using constant current circuit. 8. Draw the circuit diagram of a monostable transistor blocking oscillator with base timing. Explain its operation. 9. With a neat circuit diagram, explain the method of generating a trapezoidal waveform to be used in current time base generators. 10. Derive the parameters 1, 2, and L in terms of the pulse transformer Para-meters.

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GNANAMANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ECE Subject Name : Electronic Circuits-II Degree/Branch: B.E/ECE Name of Faculty : R.Shankar Year/Semester: II / IV Academic Year: 2010-11

Assignment-I 1. Draw and explain the block diagrams of the four possible feedback topologies. 2. Compare the four feedback topologies. 3. Explain Nyquist criterion to analyze the stability of feedback amplifiers. Assignment-II 1. Draw the diagram of following oscillators (i)Clapp oscillator (ii) Twin T- oscillator (iii) Hartley (iv) Colpitts (v) Wien bridge 2. Draw and explain class C tuned amplifier. 3. Explain i) Hazeltine neutralization (ii) Coil neutralization. Assignment-III 1. Explain the operation of collector-coupled monostable circuit and Schmitt Trigger circuit. 2. Explain with circuit diagram. How UJT acts as saw tooth generator. 3. Explain the operation of bootstrap time base generator with circuit diagram.

Motivation I ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS BASED MINI PROJECTS Motivation-II ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS BASED PAPER PRESENTATION

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