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Fluid Mechanics Section 4 Control Volume Analysis [Chapters 5 & 6 in the text book]
Paul S. Krueger Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX 75275 pkrueger@lyle.smu.edu (214) 768-1296 Office: 301G Embrey
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Mass and Energy Equations (Ch. 5) System and Control Volume (CV) Concepts
Sometimes we are only interested in the global behavior in a specific region of the flow. We have two approaches to analyze large chunks of flow: 1) Control Mass: Look at a fixed quantity of matter (a closed system) 2) Control Volume: Look at a specific region in space. A control volume (CV) is a region we specify. It can move, change shape, or remain fixed depending on what we need. Because CVs focus on what we want, they are usually more convenient for analyzing fluid flows.
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Then, conservation of mass says that mass is not created or destroyed. Physically
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To find the rate at which mass leaves the CV, consider flow across a small region of the outlet:
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Similarly,
This works for pipes with inlets and outlets. A more general form is to combine the inlet and outlet integrals into an integral over the entire control volume surface (CS):
) dA = 0 dV + (u n t CV CS
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Notes: The CS integral is an area integral (2D) over the surface of the control volume is the outward unit normal to the CS n
>0 u n <0 u n =0 u n
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So far we have been considering only fixed CVs. But if the surface of the CV is allowed to move, we have
) dA = 0 dV + (Vr n t CV CS
where
Vr u u CS
Is the velocity relative to the CS (uCS is the control surface velocity specified by you!)
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where Msys is the mass of the system coincident with the CV at a given instant. Since a system is a fixed quantity of matter, dMsys/dt = 0 and the above result reduces to our previous expression for conservation of mass. However, for any per-unit-mass quantity b that convects with the fluid, it is also true that dBsys ) dA = b dV + b(Vr n t CV dt CS where Bsys is the amount of b in the system coincident with the CV at each instant.
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dBsys ) dA = b dV + b(Vr n t CV dt CS
is called Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) and it relates changes in system properties to changes in the CV. For example,
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Find U3
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Notes on selecting a CV: Edges are placed where info is known or desired. Edges are perpendicular to u (if possible) at inlets and outlets. Now apply conservation of mass (COM):
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Thus,
Rearranging,
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where
& = Vn dA and m
Vn = u n
If the flow density is constant across each inlet and outlet (though not necessarily the same at each inlet/outlet) we have
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COM:
Outlets:
Inlet:
Combine:
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4) Jet Engine
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In this frame of reference, the flow is steady and we write COM as:
Thus,
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where
We can transform this into an expression for CVs using RTT. In this class, however, we will consider only a special type of CV when dealing with the energy equation
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Types of energy:
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Work:
where
Recall,
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On the walls:
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To simplify things, lets assume p, e, and are constant across the inlet and exit (but may be different at the inlet and exit). Then we can write our previous result as
where
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is called the kinetic energy correction factor and accounts for non-uniformity of the flow: = 1 for uniform flow > 1 otherwise Lets rewrite the current result into a form more convenient for future calculations:
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Notes: The units of all terms in this expression are length (m, ft).
Is called the total head and represents the height of a static fluid particle with potential energy per unit mass 2 equal to p + Vave 2 + gz
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Mathematically, the useful work output (input) by a pump (turbine) is related to the flow as follows
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COM:
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Energy equation:
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2) Fireboat Pump
Energy Equation:
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But:
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3) River Flow
Determine the head loss due to the drag on the rocks in the river
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Energy equation:
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4) Jet Pump
What is the head loss between (1) and (3) due to mixing?
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Note:
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Note: Flow does not cross streamlines (it is tangent to the streamlines) so this streamtube has only one inlet and one outlet as before.
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For steady incompressible flow with no shafts crossing the streamtube, the energy equation gives:
Now assume that viscous effects are negligible along the streamtube. This means that
This is often satisfied if the streamtube is not near any walls not within a pipe
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or,
1 1 2 p2 + V2 + s z 2 = p1 + V12 + s z1 2 2 1 p + V 2 + s z = constant 2
or,
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2 Note that p + V 2 + s z will, in general, be a different constant on different streamlines (SLs). That is, we cannot apply Bernoullis equation across streamlines in general (see 5-4 in the textbook). In a special case, however, the difference in the constant across streamlines is easy to determine
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In this flow, a fluid particle moves at a constant speed horizontally. Thus, a force balance for the particle is exactly the same as in hydrostatics:
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2 p + V 2 + s z is the same constant on all streamlines That is, for straight, horizontal streamlines
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We want to use Bernoullis equation to relate V to p1 and p2. To use Bernoullis equation, first draw and label the streamline you will be using with Bernoullis equation.
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Combine:
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Definitions:
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Static Port
Pitot Tube
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Static Port
Pitot Tube
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2) Free Jet
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The streamlines are straight and horizontal, so the pressure variation across the streamlines is hydrostatic. But, the fluid is in free fall here with nothing to support its weight, so the pressure change across streamlines should be zero! Thus, the pressure inside the jet equals the pressure outside the jet:
p jet = patm
Free-Jet Condition
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Note:
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Words of caution: If you cant draw a streamline between two points, you (probably) cant use Bernoullis equation.
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particle
= ma
For a system of particles, we write dPsys Fsys = dt where Psys is the total momentum of the system. We can use RTT to transform this into an equation for a CV, or just write down by inspection:
Net force on the CV
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Mathematically we have
CV
) dA = udV + u(Vr n t CV CS
where Vr is the velocity relative to the CS as defined earlier. Note that u is momentum per unit volume. Forces on a CV:
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Shear (Fs):
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CV
dA gz dV + Fs + Fext = pn
CS CV
Just remember, there are four forces you need to account for: Pressure External Weight Shear (mostly seen in pipe flow and boundary layers)
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N2 Examples:
1) Force on a Tank
Assume incompressible and steady flow. What reaction force from the ground is necessary to hold the tank in place?
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Forces:
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Step 3: Determine
CV
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Equate components:
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Key lessons from this problem: When the exterior of the CV is exposed to patm, you only need to use gage pressure when evaluating forces We were able to reduce N2 to
where
For steady flow with uniform flow at the inlets and outlets we can generalize this to
F
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CV
For non-uniform flow we have to be more careful. Returning to N2 and imposing the steady flow assumption we have
If the flow is parallel (i.e., all in the same direction at a given inlet/outlet) then
F
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CV
For V = Vn,
1 V = dA A Vave
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Notes: is called the momentum-flux correction factor. = 1 for uniform flow > 1 otherwise (Vave)in and (Vave)out are not necessarily equal even if |(Vave)in| = |(Vave)out|.
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Assume incompressible and steady flow. Find the forces Fx and Fy required to hold the elbow in place.
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Forces:
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Equating Components:
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3) Jet Pump ( 1)
Assume incompressible and steady flow. Find the pressure difference between (1) and (3) ignoring shear on the walls. Does shear increase or decrease the pressure difference?
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Forces:
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By COM: Because the inlet and outlet areas are the same we also have
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Thus Finding :
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With shear:
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F
In this case
CV
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Forces:
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Step 2: [Unnecessary: no unknowns] Step 3: Forces (x-component only) Step 4: N2 (x-component only)
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