Chapter 11

Tolerancing
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Tolerancing
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Tolerances are used to control the variation in size that exists on all manufactured parts. The amount that a size is allowed to vary depends on the function of the part & its assembly.
electric drill vs. jet engine

The more accuracy required in a part (smaller tolerance) the greater the cost. Tolerances allow for interchangeable parts, which permits the replacement of individual parts in an assembly instead of replacing the whole system if a part goes bad or fails.

Tolerance
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Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary. It is the difference between the maximum size and the minimum size. Tolerances can be expressed on a drawing in several ways: a general tolerance note in the titleblock. direct limits, or as tolerance values applied directly to a dimension. (Fig. 11.8) geometric tolerances (Fig. 11.31a) notes referring to specific conditions (page 364)

Dimensions
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Limit dimensions:
2.504 2.496 .500 .506

Plus/minus dimensions: +0.008 2.496 -0.000 unilateral

0.500

+0.006 -0.000

bilateral
2.500 0.004 0.503 0 .003

Tolerancing Terms
s s

Nominal size: the name or general size. Often expressed as a fraction. Basic size: the theoretical size used as a starting point for the application of tolerances. Nominal size in decimal format. Actual size: the measured size of the finished part. Limits: the maximum & minimum sizes shown by the toleranced dimension. MMC (maximum material condition): the condition of a part in which it contains the most amount of material. EX: biggest shaft or smallest hole. LMC (least material condition): the condition of a part in which it contains the least amount of material.

Tolerance, MMC, LMC?

s

Limit dimensions:
2.504 2.496 0.500 0.506

Tolerance?
Width Hole

MMC?

Plus/minus dimensions: +0.008 2.496 -0.000 unilateral

0.500

+0.006 -0.000

bilateral

2.500 0.004

0.503 0 .003

Complete Activity 10 TOL-1

s

Remember x.xxxx
I.e. 0.1234 I.e. 2.1200

Fit
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Fit: the degree of tightness between mating parts. The three most common types of fit found in industry are: Clearance fit - there is always a space between the 2 mating parts. (shaft is smaller than the hole) Interference fit - the 2 mating parts always interfere with one another in assembly. (shaft is bigger than the hole) Transition fit - sometimes a clearance fit & sometimes an interference fit between the mating parts.

Tolerancing Terms
s

s s

Basic size: the theoretical size used as a starting point for the application of tolerances. Nominal size in decimal format. Allowance: the min. clearance or max. interference between 2 parts.
Clearance Interference

Maximum Interference Clearance Min or Max? Minimum

Clearance Fit

Interference Fit

0.001

0.001

ALLOWANCE =

Page 362 - Hands On 11.1a & b in groups on the board and c by yourself
Hands-On (not Figure) 11.1 Are the fits clearance, transitional or interference? Use categories below (Mistakes in textbook)
A Hole Tolerance? Shaft Tolerance? Minimum clearance/ interference? Maximum clearance/ interference? Allowance? B C

Complete Activity 10 TOL-3 #s 4, 5, & 6

Shaft (Tab) Information given? Size of tab, clearance fit, allowance 0.005, and tolerance on slot is .002. Minimum or maximum interference? Which is between Largest Hole / Smallest Shaft? Largest Hole / Largest Shaft? Smallest Hole / Largest Shaft? Smallest Hole / Smallest Shaft?

Basic Systems
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Basic Hole System

Standard reamers, etc., are used to produce holes and standard gauges used to check sizes. Shafts are machined. Determine Minimum hole size, apply allowance, then apply tolerances.

Basic Shaft System

Not used often. However, advantageous when shafts cannot be easily machined to size or when several parts fit onto one shaft. Determine Maximum shaft size, apply allowance, then apply tolerances.

ANSI Standard Fits

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A group of English unit tolerance relationships developed called preferred precision fits. They are specified in ANSI B4.1. The five classes are: Table 11.1 pg 367
Running & sliding fits (RC) Clearance locational fits (LC) Transition locational fits (LT) Interference locational fits (LN) Force or shrink fits (FN)

These tolerances are specified in Appendixes 5 through 9, pages a23-a30. The values in these tables are given in THOUSANDTHS of an inch. Example: 1.2 = 0.0012

Class RC9: Basic DIA = 2.0000

RC means? 9 means?

Hole limits = Shaft limits = Shaft Tolerance = Hole Tolerance = Max. Clearance = Min. Clearance =

s s s s

Class FN2: Basic DIA = 0.5000

FN means? 2 means?

Hole limits = Shaft limits = Shaft Tolerance = Hole Tolerance = Max. Interference = Min. Interference =

s s s s

Complete Activity 10 Tol-2 and Finish Tol-3 (#s 1, 2, & 3)

Metric Fit - Terms

s

s s

Basic size: size to which limits of deviation are assigned. (Fig.11.9, p 365) Must be same for both parts Basic sizes selected from chart in Table 11.2 (p 371) Deviation: difference between the actual size and the basic size. (Fig 11.14, p. 369) (Tolerance) Upper deviation: difference between the max. size limit & the basic size. Hole system: Upper deviation (tolerance) is the difference between the largest shaft size and the basic size (minimum clearance or maximum interference, also known as allowance). Shaft system: Upper deviation (tolerance) is the difference between the largest hole and the basic size (maximum clearance or minimum interference). Lower deviation: difference between the min. size limit & the basic size. Hole system: Lower deviation (tolerance) is the difference between the smallest shaft size and the basic size (maximum clearance or minimum interference). Shaft system: Lower deviation (tolerance) is the difference between the smallest hole and the basic size (minimum clearance or maximum interference, also known as allowance).

Metric Fit - Terms

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Fundamental deviation: the deviation closest to the basic size. (Fig 11.18, p 370) Preferred Fits: There are 2 systems used to indicate preferred fits in the metric system. (Table 11.3, page 372) Hole basis
Capital H indicates Hole Basis System.

Shaft basis
Any other capital letter, I.e. S, indicates Shaft Basis System

Basic Shaft System

Fundamental deviation for the shaft equals the basic size Basic size applied to shaft the type of fit will determine whether the basic size will be the largest shaft or the smallest shaft.

Fundamental deviation for the hole equals the allowance

Upper deviation (Minimum clearance / allowance)

Lower deviation (Maximum clearance)

Basic Hole System

Fundamental deviation for the shaft equals the allowance Upper deviation (Minimum clearance / allowance)

Fundamental deviation for the hole equals the basic size

Lower deviation (Maximum clearance)

Basic size applied to hole the type of fit will determine whether the basic size will be the largest hole or the smallest hole.

Metric Fit Terms contd

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International Tolerance Grade (IT): a group of tolerances that vary depending upon the basic size, but have the same level of accuracy within a given grade. (Page 370, Fig
11.17 & 11.16)

There are 16 IT grades. The smaller the grade number, the smaller the tolerance zone. Tolerance Value. See Appendix 10, page a31, for IT grades.

Preferred Metric Fits

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hole size is the basic size. The fundamental deviation for a hole basis system is indicated by a capital H. EX. 50H8

Hole basis: the system of fits where the minimum

Basic size is 50 which is the DIA in mm Tolerance Grade: Hole Symbol: H8 Fundamental deviation is H - capital H refers to the Basic Hole system Fundamental deviation value is the nominal size: IT grade is 8: Close Running fit Tolerance value for 8 is (Append. 10) Mating part is f7 (Append. 11-12) Shaft Symbol: f7 Fundamental deviation is f
Fundamental deviation value is the allowance

Hole Limits? Shaft Limits? ISO Symbol: = 50H8/f7

(Append. 11-12) (Append. 11-12)

Preferred Metric Fits

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Shaft basis: the system of fits where the max.

shaft size is the basic size. The fundamental deviation for a shaft basis system is indicated by a lowercase letter.

EX.

50h7
Basic size is 50 which is the DIA in mm) Tolerance Grade: Shaft Symbol: h7 Fundamental deviation is h - lower case h refers to the Basic Shaft system Fundamental deviation value is the nominal size: IT grade is 7: Close Running fit Tolerance value for 7 is (Append. 10) Mating part is F8 (Append. 13-14) Hole Symbol: F8
Fundamental deviation value is the allowance (Append. 13-14)
(Append. 13-14)

Hole Limits? Shaft Limits? ISO Symbol: 50h7/F8

(Append. 13-14)

Look Up
s

What type of fit is a 6H7/s6? (text has

a typo find H7/a6 and fix your text. It should be s instead of a)

Hole or Shaft Basis System? Type of Fit?

s

6S7/h6?
Hole or Shaft Basis System? Type of Fit?

Shaft Basis System, DIA 32, Locational Interference

Write the specification (ISO Symbol) for the above information.

Try the following problem in groups on the board

Given: Basic DIA 41mm, use Hole Basis System, Sliding Fit
Write Specification: Hole: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits = Shaft: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits =

Tolerance =

Tolerance =

Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference? = Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference? = Allowance =

Try the following problem in groups on the board

Given: Basic DIA 41mm, use Shaft Basis System, Sliding Fit
Write Specification: Hole: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits = Tolerance = Tolerance = Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference = Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference = Allowance = Shaft: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits =

Try the following problem in groups on the board

Given: Basic DIA 58mm, use Shaft Basis System, Force Fit
Write Specification: Hole: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits = Shaft: Fundamental Deviation = Fund. Dev. Value = IT = IT Value = Limits =

Tolerance =

Tolerance =

Maximum Clearance / Minimum Interference = Minimum Clearance / Maximum Interference = Allowance =

Complete Activity 11 Pages Tol-4 & 5