LLR_2_LEC_2 LIMBA SI LITERATURA ROMANA AN II SEM.

2 Limba Engleza Contemporana Sintaxa 2

TRUE/FALSE

1) 2)

Restrictive Relative Clauses can be extraposed. In case of the following string, phrasal coordination is the result of reduction: In several mental disorders, one of the most evident symptoms is that reality and fantasy conflate in the patients mind. Certain matrix Verbs of communication may trigger the use of the Subjunctive in THAT Clauses functioning as Objects. With the Phrasal Verb to turn out, the Extraposition of the Subject THAT Clause is not compulsory. There are various abstract Negators which are linguistically actualised as several different realisations. Negative Raising cannot apply in the following Complex Sentence: Many studies on animal behaviour demonstrate that the use of tools is not exclusively human. The deletion of the Subordinate Clause occurrence of the identical element is not always an obligatory stage of the embedding by relativisation mechanism. The Subordinate Subject has to be deleted in Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clauses based on Wh-movement. Deletion of the Complement Subject cannot apply with Infinitive Clauses functioning as Adverbials. A matrix Indirect Object and the Complement Subject of an Infinitive Clause functioning as Subject may be identical or not. Subject Control situations are the result of applying passive BE Deletion in the Subordinate Clause. Appropriateness cannot account for connectedness of clauses within the string: We have already probed the deep space far beyond the limits of our Solar System, yet we have merely scratched the surface of our planet.

3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27)

Local logical negation is not pragmatically constrained. The Noun disaster cannot take a THAT Clause as its sentential Subject. In the following string, the Gerund functions as Predicative: There are species that simply do not stand caging. One Deletion may affect the Complement Subject of Gerunds. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the general classification of semantic relations and the various types of syntactic relations. The correspondent in propositional logic of local logical negation is the internal (or contrary) negation. In case of the following string, the Extraposition of the Complement Clause is optional: The military keep it a secret that a special biohazard unit has been sent there. Half Gerunds featuring a pronominal Complement Subject are less typical as Prepositional Objects than the Full Gerunds the Subject of which is also a pronoun. Structures of the type choose, elect, etc + Object Complement are the result of an optional deletion of a progressive BE in the Infinitive Complement Clause. The relativised elements in Non-Finite Participial Relative Clauses are replaced by complex relative pronouns. The occurrence of seldom in a sentence requires the co-occurrence of grammatical Polarity Items. The behaviour of Gerunds with respect to Coordination stands as a counter-argument of their sentencehood. Restrictive Relative Clauses may fill in lexical gaps, acting as substitutes for non-existent in the lexicon labels. The Verb prohibit cannot be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger. With THAT Clauses, Tense distinctions are lost.

28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40)

In case of the following string, phrasal coordination is basic: Linguistic factors and social circumstances intertwine in the evolution of any idiom. Coordinators are not the most explicit Relators. Matrix psychological transitive Verbs can only take extraposed THAT Clauses. If the identical element is an adverb, the Introducer of the Relative Clause can only be that or as. The occurrence of Indefinite Free Relative Clauses typically employs a referential (deictic) use of the definite article as antecedent determiner. Gerunds functioning as Attributes of abstract Nouns undergo Preposition Deletion. The Adjective unlikely cannot be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger. Not all Relative Clauses are non-assertive environments. Lexemes bearing an inherent semantic negation are the result of morphological processes of derivation, by means of which negative affixes are added. The fact that THAT Clauses pass the than-pattern test stands as a proof of their being non-phrases (or abstract nominals). Infinitive Clauses are not VP Complements. All Reduction Rules can operate upon the first conjunct. The following string is an instance of Complex NP Shift freely applying with a Full Gerund: Is the medias uncovering all his dirty wheeling-and-dealing really going to put an end to his scandalous political career? The syntactic function of a Free Relative Clause, and the function of its Introducer may be identical or different. The metalinguistic use of Negation is not representational and conceptual. The Infinitival Complement Indirect Object cannot be promoted as Subject in the Main Clause.

41) 42) 43)

44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60)

Asyndetic relations feature no explicit Connector. As a consequence of their nominal features, Gerunds can no longer be modified by adverbs. Matrix emotive Predicates prevent the occurrence of the Subjunctive in a THAT Clause functioning as Subject. THAT Deletion is not possible with clauses in topical position. The presence of an incomplete Negator does not suffice for the sentence featuring it to pass the Negativity Tests. In Subject-to-Subject Raising patterns, the embedded Infinitival Clause may function as an Adverbial or as a modifier. Both the FOR-TO Infinitive Construction and TO Complementation may evince aspectual distinctions. The evaluative Adjective natural can take a Half Gerund as Subject. Notional concord cannot account for cases of agreement in the plural. The Zero Conjoiner does not occur in syndetic relations. Sentential logical Negation employs the speakers subjective attitude as a pragmatic variable. Within Cleft Constructions, the thematically focused element is not always placed after Copula BE. Certain abstract Nouns co-occurring with THAT Clauses as Predicatives may also take such clauses as Subjects or Attributes. Referential and linguistic identity are the two compulsory prerequisites of relativisation. In relativisation, it is not possible for the Main Clause occurrence of the shared element to be missing, while the one in the Subordinate is retained. The FOR-phrase is not an obligatory constituent in FOR-TO Infinitive Constructions. Sentences featuring only local negation are positive.

61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77)

Complex NP Shift can occur in some patterns featuring a Direct Object THAT Clause. Object Control presupposes a referential identity between the Object in the Main Clause and the Complement Subject. The modal Adjective certain cannot take a Gerund as Subject. Dependent Relative Clauses modify the head of their expressed antecedent. The relation of Coordination renders a parallelism, and a similarity of the conjoined elements. The Extraposition from Object position of Gerundial Clauses is not obligatory. There is no systematic correspondence between idiomatic Affirmative and Negative Polarity Items. The Tense of the Predicative Verb of a THAT Clause does not depend in any way upon the Tense of the matrix Predicative Verb. Half Gerunds are less nouny than Full Gerunds, and less sentency than Embedded (Indirect) Questions. The Coordinator OR may be used to express condition. A for-NP occurring in a Tough Movement pattern is always a matrix constituent. Local negation triggers the occurrence of Negative Polarity Items. THAT Clauses functioning as Attributes of abstract Nouns evince Preposition Deletion. V-Gapping may also delete the identical Auxiliaries. Adjectives cannot take THAT Clauses as Direct Objects. Gerunds do not trigger the turning of a Direct Object into a Genitive Determiner. Polarity Items are derivationally marked as [ assertive].

78) 79) 80)

Transitive Verbs taking Infinitive Clauses as their Subject obligatorily require the deletion of the Complement Subject. In case of Free Relative Clauses functioning as Subject, the replaced antecedent determines the singular or plural form of the matrix Verb. Free Relative Clauses function as Sentence modifiers.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)

Choose the correct function of the embedded clause: The readings of the sensors also automatically trigger readjustments of the system, which is not the case now. a) b) c) d) e) Predicative Sentence modifier Adverbial of Manner VP modifier Nominal modifier

2)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: Microscopic flaws in the material were ___ to detect. a) b) c) d) e) an idea the task believed not impossible careful

3)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: Here is the list of people and materials ___ we need for this special operation. a) b) c) d) e) what whatever that which whichever

4)

Which of the following Nouns can take a sentential Subject? a) b) c) d) e) gear soil illusion ignition cup

5)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: Nobody there fully understood ___ he really meant by uttering those words. a) b) c) d) e) that as what which whence

6)

Choose the correct variant: Complement Clauses cannot function as: a) b) c) d) e) Attributes Direct Objects Indirect Objects Prepositional Objects Predicatives

7)

Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) listen prove admit deny sleep

8)

Which of the following rules applies upon [- specific] and [- referential] constituents? a) b) c) d) e) N-Gapping Subject Control recursive embedding Negative Attraction Negative Raising

9)

Choose the correct function of the embedded clause: These small submarines are specially designed to operate in shallow waters. a) b) c) d) e) Prepositional Object Attribute Predicative Adverbial of Manner Adverbial of Purpose

10)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: We could find no fellow worker or client to have been ___ offended by his words or behaviour. a) b) c) d) e) somewhat somehow to a certain extent in any way at all

11)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: Honestly, I dont have the slightest idea about who is going to get the promotion. a) b) c) d) e) Prepositional Object Indirect Object Subject Determiner Direct Object

12)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Cases of weakly disjunctive OR trigger agreement by proximity. Inchoative Verbs are Subject-to-Object Raising triggers. Matrix Verbs of perceptual approximation allow Negative Raising. Complex NP Shift does not apply with Gerunds. Connectedness resides in the presence of Connectors.

13)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: There is no aggressive elephant to beware of in this herd. a) b) c) d) e) TO Complementation Adverbial of Result Free Relative Clause Predicative Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on deletion Adverbial of Result Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on deletion modifier Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on Wh-movement modifier

14)

Choose the correct variant: The Noun miracle can take as its sentential Subject: a) b) c) d) e) a THAT Clause an Infinitive Clause a Gerundial Clause a Free Relative Clause any of the four types above

15)

Which of the following items is a lexical Affirmative Polarity Item? a) b) c) d) e) still too long since at all once

16)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: The technique presupposes the precise isolation of a certain DNA sequence, the structure of ___ would be then modified. a) b) c) d) e) that what which whatever whom

17)

Choose the correct variant: One Affirmative and one Negative conjunct in a Compound Subject NP trigger agreement: a) b) c) d) e) in the singular in the plural with the Affirmative conjunct with the Negative conjunct by proximity

18)

Choose the correct variant: The semantic equivalence between the initial string and the resulting one is a condition for: a) b) c) d) e) Wh-movement Negative Raising Negative Incorporation Preposition Deletion relativisation

19)

Choose the correct analysis (type, function, function of the Introducer) of the embedded clause: The commanding officer hoped for what his soldiers hoped for, too. a) b) c) d) e) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause, Adverbial of Purpose, Indirect Object Non-Restrictive Relative Clause, Adverbial of Purpose, Prepositional Object Restrictive Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Indirect Object Free Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Indirect Object Free Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Prepositional Object

20)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Effective semantic relations imply a sequence of states of affairs. Semantically, the Full Gerund has an event interpretation. THAT Clauses behave similarly to NPs with respect to Coordination. The occurrence of Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses presupposes a [- specific] antecedent. The Either-Conjoining Test requires of both sentences to be Negative.

21)

Which of the following prepositions can co-occur with Gerunds with passive meaning? a) b) c) d) e) for about beyond upon on

22)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: SEALS members are specially trained to be able to surpass ___ difficulties they may encounter during their missions. a) b) c) d) e) whither whatever that which whereat

23)

Which of the following strings contains an inherent semantic negation? a) b) c) d) e) He could no longer utter a word. John was so ill that he was unable to rise in bed. The defendant does not deny that he was in the bank at the time of the robbery. One can hardly imagine such recklessness! This may just as well be regarded as an illegal operation.

24)

Choose the correct rule(s) that has (have) applied in case of the following string: Peter has been but proves to be no longer a drug addict. a) b) c) d) e) Negative Raising Negative Raising; V-Gapping Conjunction Reduction; Subject-to-Object Raising Right Node Raising; Subject-to-Subject Raising Right Node Raising; Subject-to-Subject Raising; Conjunction Reduction

10

25)

Which of the following Verbs can take two sentential arguments? a) b) c) d) e) imply amaze insist hear believe

26)

Which of the following strings features a metalinguistic use of Negation? a) b) c) d) e) She barely bothers telling her parents anything about her. He is ill-tempered, and she is not a very patient nature either. I told him to get some money, not to steal it! Joan has won the one-mile race, and this is unbelievable! Hardly can he recover in a months time, not even with the best medical care that money can buy.

27)

Which of the following operations implies the existence of a semantically indefinite Complement Subject? a) b) c) d) e) Negative Raising nominalisation BE Deletion THAT Deletion One Deletion

28)

Which of the following Complex Sentences contains a Subordinate Clause functioning as Sentence modifier? a) b) c) d) e) Democracy is often wrongly understood as ones liberty to put into practice whatever crazy idea may cross ones mind. The cars for sale which you can find in newspaper ads are not very expensive. The authorities in charge of the crisis had not complied with any of the demands, which outraged the leader of the hijackers. Leper, which is generally considered a disease of The Middle Ages, still claims victims even today. All the students who had not passed the exam were utterly disappointed.

29)

Choose the correct statement regarding the Complement Subject in the following string: It is not polite to talk in a loud voice in public places. a) b) c) d) e) It has been replaced by it. It has been deleted under indefiniteness. It has been promoted as Subject in the Main Clause. It has been promoted as Object in the Main Clause. It has been deleted under co-referentiality with some NP in the Main Clause.

11

30)

Which of the following Verbs subcategorises for a clausal Direct Object (THAT Clause), and an Indirect Object or a Prepositional Object (/_ S-PNP/)? a) b) c) d) e) bother confuse suggest eat walk

31)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: The footwear that would meet our explorers demands must be expensive. a) b) c) d) e) THAT Clause Direct Object Free Relative Clause Direct Object Non-Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier

32)

Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) live appear hold come die

33)

Which of the following strings features an asymmetric use of a Coordinator? a) b) c) d) e) A good puppet show can amuse the children, and teach them something at the same time. Big cats can be raised as pets but this is not the way to treat a wild animal. We do not positively know whether it was suicide or murder. The cubs were doing what all cubs do: they were eating, sleeping, and playing. Politicians promise so many things and so solemnly, and they forget all about their commitments so quickly and easily!

34)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Right Node Raising is a forward rule in English. THAT Clauses pass the pseudo-cleft test. The Accusative + Infinitive Construction is the result of passivising the Main Clause after Subject-to-Object Raising. Interrogative Sentences are [+ assertive] environments. Affirmative Sentences are pragmatically more constrained than Negative Sentences.

12

35)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: Under such terrible circumstances, they could no longer even think about what was to follow. a) b) c) d) e) Complement Clause Attribute Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier Non-Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Prepositional Object Free Relative Clause Prepositional Object

36)

Which of the following items is a [+ temporal] incomplete Negator? a) b) c) d) e) until not all that scarcely ever never

37)

Which of the following Verbs can take an Infinitive Clause as Prepositional Object? a) b) c) d) e) snore purr knit have consent

38)

Which of the following meanings can be rendered by an asymmetric use of AND? a) b) c) d) e) concessive consecutive conditional any of the three meanings above none of the three meanings above

39)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: Could the ones whom we have voted for disappoint us again?! a) b) c) d) e) Indirect Object Direct Object Subject Genitive Determiner Prepositional Object

13

40)

Which is the correct function of the underlined phrase? The prisoner was unanimously recognised as a real brute. a) b) c) d) e) (Derived) Subject Complement (Derived) Object Complement Prepositional Object Attribute Predicative

41)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: This unstable structure would not bear ___ once again. a) b) c) d) e) that it shakes which is shaking that is shaking shaken shaking

42)

Which of the following Adjectives can take a THAT Clause as Subject? a) b) c) d) e) fresh wet blond unfair warm

43)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: As a matter of fact, she knew practically nothing about the man to whom she had lent so much money. a) b) c) d) e) Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Prepositional Object Predicative

44)

Choose the correct function of the embedded clause: It was almost too good to be true. a) b) c) d) e) Object Complement Adverbial of Purpose Adverbial of Manner Adverbial of Result Predicative

14

45)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: In that impenetrable jungle, the soldiers had relied solely on the indications of the compass, which compass was now lost in the white water of the river. a) b) c) d) e) Subject Subject Complement Direct Object Indirect Object Determiner

46)

Choose the correct operation(s) or rule(s) that has (have) applied in case of the following string: It was not desirable for the third and last group to abort the mission either. a) b) c) d) e) IT-Cleaving Extraposition + IT Insertion Extraposition + IT Insertion; Negative Raising Extraposition + IT Insertion; Conjunction Reduction Conjunction Reduction; Negative Raising

47)

Identify the semantico-pragmatic factor involved in the relatedness of clauses in case of the following string: Helen washed the dishes, wiped them dry, and put them into the cupboard. a) b) c) d) e) cause effect relatedness meaning relatedness among lexemes temporal relatedness relatedness by means of Relators semantic equivalence

48)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): Unexpectedly, crocodiles are so gentle and caring with their offspring as to carry the hatchlings in their mouth without harming them. a) b) c) d) e) Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Purpose Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Adverbial of Purpose Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result; Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Attribute; Gerundial Clause Attribute

49)

Which of the following Verbs corresponds to the subcategorisation frame /_ PNP-S/? a) b) c) d) e) kill seem drink agree tempt

15

50)

Which of the following items is not a grammatical Negative Polarity Item? a) b) c) d) e) yet nevertheless ever either in any way

51)

Which of the following Nouns can occur in Tough Movement patterns? a) b) c) d) e) article education plum curse vow

52)

Which of the following statements is correct? a) b) c) d) e) Gapping deletes identical Adverbials. That cannot introduce a Relative Clause the antecedent of which is determined by a superlative. Only Full Gerunds can function as Subjects. The complete Negator NOT may trigger local negation. None of the four previous statements is correct.

53)

Choose the correct function of the embedded clause: The latest terrorist threat was serious enough to be discussed at the highest levels of the administration. a) b) c) d) e) Prepositional Object Indirect Object Attribute Adverbial of Manner Adverbial of Result

54)

Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string: She has forgotten it amazingly quickly working hard for an honest living. a) b) c) d) e) N-Gapping; Extraposition + IT Insertion N-Gapping; Extraposition + IT Insertion; progressive BE Deletion N-Gapping; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject Extraposition + IT Insertion; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject Extraposition + IT Insertion; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject

16

55)

Which of the following Adjectives can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) sure dark loud young slim

56)

In which of the following environments the Polarity Reversal Rule is optional? a) b) c) d) e) Interrogative Sentences Conditional Clauses featuring the Complementizer if Comparative Clauses introduced by than or as any of the three environments above none of the three environments above

57)

Which type of construction is illustrated by the following string? What really worries me is her ever increasing greediness. a) b) c) d) e) Gerundial Construction, the Complement Subject being deleted under identity Wh-Cleft Construction (Free Relative Clause, focused element right to Copula BE) Nominative + Present Participle Construction Nominative + Past Participle Construction Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction

58)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: There ___ be more such dedicated professors in every university! a) b) c) d) e) as well well either had better would rather

59)

Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses: What was even worse was the fans evidently going wild. a) b) c) d) e) Embedded (Indirect) Question Subject; Half Gerund Direct Object Restrictive Relative Clause Subject; Full Gerund Direct Object Free Relative Clause Subject; Half Gerund Predicative Free Relative Clause Subject; Restrictive Relative Clause Predicative Embedded (Indirect) Question Predicative; Complementizerless THAT Clause Direct Object

17

60)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: Our partners can bet on it that the promotion will have an enormous impact. a) b) c) d) e) THAT Clause Attribute Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier THAT Clause Direct Object Non-Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier THAT Clause Prepositional Object

61)

Choose the correct variant: The presence of an indefinite item in pre-Auxiliary 1 position triggers: a) b) c) d) e) Subject-to-Object Raising Subject Control Dative Movement obligatory Negative Incorporation optional Polarity Reversal Rule

62)

Which of the following semantic relations is not a circumstantial one? a) b) c) d) e) manner purpose comparative temporal none of the four listed above

63)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Negative Attraction (without Incorporation) is more frequent in post-Auxiliary position. In case of Adversative Coordination, the relation is a binary one. Subordination by complementation is grounded upon the referential identity between two nominals. Only Verbs of physical perception rendering accidental, non-intended and / or non-durative perception can be Subject-to-Object Raising triggers. With Gerunds functioning as Prepositional Objects, the preposition has to be deleted.

64)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: I imagine you have double-checked the entire installation. a) b) c) d) e) Free Relative Clause Direct Object Free Relative Clause Predicative Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Direct Object THAT Clause Prepositional Object THAT Clause Direct Object

18

65)

Which of the following prepositions is obligatorily fronted in relativisation out of P-NP strings? a) b) c) d) e) during about to at beyond

66)

Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string: The tall man was noticed by the shop assistant almost brutally scolding the child. a) b) c) d) e) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Main Clause passivisation Subject-to-Object Raising; Main Clause passivisation; progressive BE Deletion THAT Deletion; Main Clause passivisation THAT Deletion; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject; Copula BE Deletion THAT Deletion; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject

67)

Which of the following items can be a Relative Clause Introducer? a) b) c) d) e) as like or for to

68)

Which of the following Connectors cannot be preceded by another Connector? a) b) c) d) e) yet therefore because if or

69)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: He was reluctant ___ details to the media. a) b) c) d) e) giving not giving that we give that he gives to give

19

70)

Which of the following possible antecedent determiners triggers a preference for that as a Relative Clause Introducer? a) b) c) d) e) the all both this my

71)

Which of the following constructions is the result of Copula BE Deletion applying in an Infinitival Direct Object pattern? a) b) c) d) e) IT-Cleft Construction Accusative + (Derived) Object Complement Construction Nominative + Present Participle Construction Object Complement Construction Gerundial Construction

72)

Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause: The fossils which that lucky amateur has unearthed right here in the valley are 80 million years old. a) b) c) d) e) THAT Clause Direct Object THAT Clause Subject Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Non-Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Free Relative Clause Attribute

73)

Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses: The lab assistant simply forgot I had asked for the results to be sent to your office, too. a) b) c) d) e) THAT Clause Prepositional Object; FOR-TO Infinitive Clause Direct Object THAT Clause Direct Object; FOR-TO Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object Free Relative Clause Direct Object; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause modifier Free Relative Clause Subject; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause modifier THAT Clause Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Direct Object

74)

Which of the following items can replace a PNP functioning as Manner Adverbial? a) b) c) d) e) whereby as much that none of the four items above

20

75)

Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses: The relatives were not very happy that you consented to their getting married so soon. a) b) c) d) e) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier; Infinitive Clause Direct Object THAT Clause Prepositional Object; Infinitive Clause Direct Object THAT Clause Predicative; Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object THAT Clause Direct Object; Half Gerund Direct Object THAT Clause Prepositional Object; Full Gerund Prepositional Object

76)

Which of the following items is not a typical Relative Clause Introducer? a) b) c) d) e) why where what who which

77)

Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses: The editor, who was new in the business, had published the manuscript only to discover the plagiarism later. a) b) c) d) e) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier; Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier; Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Purpose Free Relative Clause Subject; Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Attribute Free Relative Clause Attribute; Non-Finite Participial Relative Clause modifier

78)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): Actually, John could not stand his young wifes permanently worrying about whatever might happen to the child. a) b) c) d) e) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier Free Relative Clause Indirect Object Half Gerund Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Indirect Object Full Gerund Indirect Object Full Gerund Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Prepositional Object

21

79)

Indicate which operation(s) or rule(s) has (have) applied in the following string: By any means, it doesnt appear that the same stupid kind of so-called entertainment can be a delight for the viewers to watch almost every night on almost any channel. a) b) Subject-to-Object Raising; Negative Raising; deletion under indefiniteness of the Infinitival Complement Subject Extraposition (+ IT Insertion) of THAT Clause from Subject position; Negative Raising; Polarity Reversal Rule; deletion under identity of the Infinitival Complement Subject; Tough Movement IT-Cleaving; deletion under indefiniteness of the Infinitival Complement Subject; BE Deletion; Polarity Reversal Rule IT-Cleaving; Subject-to-Subject Raising Subject-to-Subject Raising

c) d) e)

80)

Which of the following situations prevents THAT Deletion? a) b) c) d) e) The clause is an Object Clause, and it is questioned. The clause is an Object Clause, and it is relativised. The Complement Subject is a pronoun. The matrix Verb is an intransitive (existential) verb. The clause is an extraposed Object.

81)

Which of the following constructions is the result of progressive BE Deletion applying in a Subject-to-Subject Raising pattern? a) b) c) d) e) Nominative + Present Participle Construction Wh-Cleft Construction IT-Cleft Construction Gerundial Construction Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction

82)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Out of two or several elements in a sentence that are potentially capable of incorporating the NEG, only the first one actually attracts and incorporates it. Causal, consecutive, concessive, conditional, and purpose relations belong to the class of circumstantial semantic relations. Sentences containing grammatical Negative Polarity Items always have Affirmative counterparts. Subordination can be manifest at the level of phrases or of words. Coordination can only express equivalence in both formal and semantico-pragmatic terms.

22

83)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: Nobody was showing any consideration for whatever these people had been anymore. a) b) c) d) e) Prepositional Object Direct Object Predicative Determiner Subject

84)

Which of the following strings contains an idiomatic Negative Polarity Item? a) b) c) d) e) Although Kevin and Roger were the real ones to be blamed for all that had happened, they did not even bother asking about our brothers health. You could scarcely get a worse piece of advice! Nobody will care to take over any of your responsibilities. I dont want to hear anything about this being likely to happen to anyone any longer! I cannot translate this pile of documents till tomorrow, since I didnt sleep a wink last night either.

85)

Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string: The woman realised her son intended trying once more to climb that deadly mountain. a) b) c) d) e) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Copula BE Deletion; N-Gapping Extraposition; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject Subject-to-Object Raising; Copula BE Deletion Subject-to-Object Raising; progressive BE Deletion THAT Deletion; deletion under identity of the Gerund and the Infinitive Complement Subjects

86)

Which of the following Connectors triggers agreement by proximity? a) b) c) d) e) both and not only but also equally and neither nor inclusive, weakly disjunctive OR

87)

Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string: The players quickly judged the newcomer as an individualist. a) b) c) d) e) Complex NP Shift; THAT Deletion Subject-to-Subject Raising; Complex NP Shift Subject-to-Object Raising; Copula BE Deletion Subject-to-Subject Raising; passive BE Deletion Subject-to-Subject Raising; progressive BE Deletion

23

88)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): Their grossly ignoring the most elementary safety regulations almost killed this poor young worker. a) b) c) d) e) Non-Finite Participial Relative Clause modifier Full Gerund modifier Full Gerund Subject Complementizerless THAT Clause Subject; Full Gerund Direct Object Free Relative Clause Subject; Full Gerund Predicative

89)

Choose the correct variant: The obligatory deletion under (referential) identity or under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject is a prerequisite of: a) b) c) d) e) relativisation Subject Control Conjunction Reduction Subject-to-Object Raising Tough Movement

90)

Which of the following items can occur in a string featuring a Gerund with passive meaning? a) b) c) d) e) above across under over past

91)

Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) grasp occur fill rehearse apply

92)

Which of the following Nouns can take a sentential Subject? a) b) c) d) e) pity devil poverty candy soap

24

93)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: Considering the immense resources of that company, they could hire ___ they want to. a) b) c) d) e) which whichever whomever whatever what

94)

Choose the correct function of the embedded clause: Her father must be a devil to do such awful things to a poor little puppy! a) b) c) d) e) Attribute Direct Object Predicative Adverbial of Purpose Adverbial of Reason (or Condition)

95)

Which of the following prepositions is obligatorily fronted in relativisation out of P-NP strings? a) b) c) d) e) through by concerning beneath out

96)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: This snake is ___ to touch, for it rarely bites something larger than its usual prey. a) b) c) d) e) the chosen an idea wanted not so dangerous out of danger

97)

Choose the correct variant: The Noun fact can take a THAT Clause functioning as: a) b) c) d) e) Attribute Predicative Subject any of the three functions above none of the three functions above

25

98)

Which of the following constructions may feature either a Free or a Restrictive Relative Clause, and render a thematic focus occurring right to Copula BE? a) b) c) d) e) Wh-Cleft Construction IT-Cleft Construction Wh-movement Infinitival Relative Clause Construction Participial Construction none of the four constructions above

99)

Identify the semantico-pragmatic factor involved in the relatedness of clauses in case of the following string: The engine of my car does no longer start presently and smoothly, and I suspect a malfunction of the ignition system. a) b) c) d) e) meaning relatedness among lexemes relatedness due to compatibility, common topic relatedness due to the presence of Relators temporal relatedness cause effect relatedness

100)

Which is the correct function of the underlined phrase? In a split second, he felt the bear as ready to attack. a) b) c) d) e) Subject Complement (Derived) Subject Complement (Derived) Object Complement Predicative Prepositional Object

101)

Which of the following Adjectives can take a THAT Clause as Subject? a) b) c) d) e) cold sheer eager anxious incorrect

102)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): One of the outstanding leaders of the opposition has publicly declared his unconditioned support for the majoritys initiative, which bewildered everyone. a) b) c) d) e) Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier; Free Relative Clause Prepositional Object Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier Gerundial Clause Attribute; Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier

26

103)

Choose the correct statement regarding the Complement Subject in the following string: How selfish it was of her to spend all the money on furs, jewels, and gambling! a) b) c) d) e) It has been promoted as Subject in the Main Clause. It has been promoted as Object in the Main Clause. It has been deleted under referential identity with the Prepositional Object in the Main Clause. It has been deleted under indefiniteness. It has been replaced by it.

104)

Choose the correct variant: Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses cannot be: a) b) c) d) e) AP modifiers NP modifiers nominal modifiers Sentence modifiers PNP modifiers

105)

Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) fly occur remove swim make

106)

Which of the following items is a [- temporal] incomplete Negator? a) b) c) d) e) still scarcely at all until seldom

107)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: After a weeks search, the missing members of the crew were declared ___ at sea. a) b) c) d) e) that they are lost that they have been lost to lose (to be) lost to disappear

27

108)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): In a relatively short time, the sole survivor realised he had practically no recollection of him crawling out of the wreck of the plane and nearly 200 meters away. a) b) c) d) e) Half Gerund Prepositional Object THAT Clause Direct Object; Half Gerund Attribute THAT Clause Predicative Free Relative Clause Direct Object Free Relative Clause Attribute; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier

109)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: The camera installed by an extremely frustrated bird lover captured the squirrels ___ the seemingly unreachable, and yet mysteriously vanishing seeds placed in suspended bowls. a) b) c) d) e) that they steal and eat that they stole and ate stolen and eaten to be stolen and eaten (to be) stealing and eating

110)

Which of the following statements is correct? a) b) c) d) e) The metalinguistic use of Negation employs a distinctive stress with contrastive function. Whenever it occurs in a string, the Negator NOT has scope over an entire sentential constituent. The Neither Tag Test requires of two conjoined sentences that the second one should be Negative. The inherently [ assertive] marking of a Polarity Item has to oppose the derivationally assigned [ assertive] feature. None of the four previous statements is correct.

111)

Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses: A normal endowment of common sense ought to tell one that reality may not always be what one expects of it. a) b) c) d) e) THAT Clause Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Predicative THAT Clause Direct Object; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Predicative Infinitive Clause Direct Object; Infinitive Clause Predicative Restrictive Relative Clause Attribute; Infinitive Clause Direct Object Restrictive Relative Clause Prepositional Object; Free Relative Clause Direct Object

112)

Which of the following items cannot be a Relative Clause Introducer? a) b) c) d) e) as whither whatsoever either that

28

113)

Which of the following Verbs is a bisentential one? a) b) c) d) e) feel plan indicate understand commence

114)

Which type of construction is illustrated by the following string? The more and more evident decay of cultural and moral values is what should actually arrest our attention. a) b) c) d) e) Accusative + Present Participle Construction Nominative + Present Participle Construction Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction Wh-Cleft Construction (focused element left to Copula BE, Free Relative Clause) Infinitival Construction, the Complement Subject being deleted under indefiniteness

115)

Which of the following Verbs can take two Prepositional Objects, out of which one may be clausal? a) b) c) d) e) argue deny instruct remember blame

116)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Right Node Raising deletes identical prepositions. Matrix exercitive Verbs of command or of permission trigger the occurrence of the Subjunctive in Subject THAT Clauses. Aspectual distinctions are lost in Infinitival and Gerundial Complement Clauses. Gerunds are not allowed as internal clauses. Infinitive Clauses are less sentency than THAT Clauses.

117)

Which of the following Nouns can occur in Tough Movement patterns? a) b) c) d) e) death instinct burden noise silence

29

118)

Indicate which operation(s) or rule(s) has (have) applied in the following string: The local clergy considered there were still two more churches to be built in town. a) b) c) Preposition Deletion; Subject-to-Object Raising; passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause) THERE Insertion; N-Gapping; passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause) THERE Insertion; THAT Deletion; passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause); deletion by relativisation of the Subordinate Subject; deletion under indefiniteness of the Subordinate Prepositional Object Preposition Deletion; THAT Deletion; Subject-to-Object Raising; deletion under identity of the Subordinate Prepositional Object; Right Node Raising Passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause)

d) e)

119)

Which of the following Nouns can take an Infinitival sentential Subject? a) b) c) d) e) velocity ordeal array pin sparrow

120)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: The spokesman of the Government declared yesterday that there ___ a significant modification in the value added tax collecting system after January, 2007. a) b) c) d) e) will be would be would have been would occur would have occurred

121)

Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string: In this story, the stepmother does not turn out malevolent. a) b) c) d) e) Negative Attraction; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject Subject-to-Object Raising; Negative Attraction Subject-to-Subject Raising; progressive BE Deletion; Negative Raising Subject-to-Subject Raising; Copula BE Deletion; Negative Raising Subject-to-Subject Raising; Negative Raising

122)

Which of the following Nouns cannot take a THAT clausal Predicative? a) b) c) d) e) reason advantage problem fear revision

30

123)

Which of the following Nouns often co-occurs with an Infinitive Clause as Attribute? a) b) c) d) e) plaster engine wish strawberry dust

124)

Which of the following Subject-to-Object Raising triggers requires the removal of the raised NP from post-verbal position? a) b) c) d) e) know certify attest regard recognise

125)

Choose the correct statement: a) b) c) d) e) Relative Clauses cannot be extraposed. Within Restrictive Relative Clauses, which can also function as a Determiner. The preposed constituent in Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clauses based on Wh-movement is always a Prepositional Phrase. Free Relative Clauses never function as Indirect Objects. That can relativise a Genitive.

126)

Which of the following strings features an asymmetric use of a Coordinator? a) b) c) d) e) 5 minutes to launch, and counting. The kittens are healthy, and they are growing with every passing day. We either come up with something really important quickly, or the University will cut off our funding. In fact, yesterday I found the recommended book to be available at Amazon.com but it was too expensive for me to purchase it on the spot. The witness could not tell whether the white van that he saw was a Ford or a Mercedes.

127)

Which of the following Verbs can take two sentential arguments? a) b) c) d) e) cut glitter run prove give

31

128)

Choose the correct variant: Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses modifying long and heavy NPs allow: a) b) c) d) e) Dative Movement passive BE Deletion Subject Control Extraposition and IT Insertion Extraposition (not followed by IT Insertion)

129)

Which of the following Verbs can co-occur with Gerunds with passive meaning? a) b) c) d) e) guess deserve become elect persist

130)

Which of the following statements is correct? a) b) Causative Verbs are Tough Movement triggers. With Verbs taking a clausal Infinitival Direct Object, and also an Indirect Object or Prepositional Object, the identity between the Complement Subject and the Object in the Main Clause is an obligatory condition. Semantically, the Half Gerund has a manner interpretation. Gerunds never undergo Extraposition from Object position. None of the four previous statements is correct.

c) d) e)

131)

Which of the following Verbs cannot be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger? a) b) c) d) e) let hold occasion agree say

132)

Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant: Astronomers are now ___ to have overestimated the number of possibly similar to ours planetary systems in the galaxy. a) b) c) d) e) essential correct common certain natural

32

133)

Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer: The lioness the tracks of which they had lost was later spotted by the bushmen. a) b) c) d) e) Genitive Determiner Prepositional Object Predicative Subject Indirect Object

134)

Which of the following items can introduce an Infinitive Clause functioning as an Adverbial? a) b) c) d) e) if if only only unless else

135)

Which of the following strings contains an inherent semantic negation? a) b) To the great surprise and sorrow of the defence, the judge did not dismiss the charges against the two under age accomplices. For a second or two, the thought that that was a time to run for his life, not to take pictures, had flashed through Johns terrified mind but professional habitude proved even stronger than the self-preservation instinct. It is a commonplace that true heroes are not fearless persons. Lost and disoriented in the endlessness of the sub-Arctic tundra, the explorers could scarcely appreciate the distance they had covered. It was barely her transient beauty but her inexhaustible wit that had so deeply and irreversibly seduced him.

c) d) e)

136)

Which of the following possible antecedent determiners prevents the occurrence of Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses? a) b) c) d) e) this these both each the

137)

Which of the following items is a [- assertive] Relative Clause antecedent determiner? a) b) c) d) e) by no means a(n) as if scarcely

33

138)

Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s): Present day brain surgery makes use of cutting-edge techniques and technology, whereby doctors succeed in performing operations nobody dreamed of just a few years ago. a) b) c) d) e) Gerundial Clause Adverbial of Purpose Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier; Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object; Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Gerundial Clause Predicative Free Relative Clause Attribute; Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier

139)

Which of the following items is a [- negative] [- assertive] environment? a) b) c) d) e) contradictory negation local negation metalinguistic negation Comparative Clause Object Clause

140)

Which of the following operations presupposes the existence of an iterated and sequentially ordered co-referentiality? a) b) c) d) e) Tough Movement One Deletion Independent relativisation recursive embedding Conjunction Reduction at PNP level

34