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July 2, 2013
Preface
Digital electronic clock is a timing device with a digital display. It has benefits with a high precision (no analog outputs / circuitry), and with a digital visual output. In a common digital clock, there are second, minute, hour, and week counters. The purpose of this project is to make students understand how to connect decoders, displays, counters, and timers to the bread board. Students should understand the characteristics of the bread board (horizontal and vertical electrical conductivity), how to organize the circuitry to make it efficient, and characters of every chips used in the system so every student can wire it properly. We also understand that wiring is an art which has a systematic and colorful way of connection that makes the overall circuit look presentable and easy to follow where the connection starts, leads to and ends. Our digital clock contains displays LC5011-11, decoders, counters and timer. Some of the chips used in the system are the common 7400 series chips such as 74LS247, 74LS74, 74LS20 and 74LS90.
Contents
Requirements Framework of The System Reference Circuit and its Principle Reference Circuit Bread Board 7-Segment Display 7-Segment Decoder (74LS247) Dual D flip-flop (74LS74) NAND Gate (74LS20) Counter (74LS90) Timer (555) Resistor Modulo-60 Counter and Modulo-24 Counter Modulo-7 Counter Problems Problem Solving Advice and Expectation List of Apparatus and Equipments Reference 3 4 6-12 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 15
Requirements
The digital electronic clock requires 5 displays on the bread board and it must display second and minute (modulo60) counter displaying number from 00 to 59, hour (modulo-24) counter displaying number from 00-23, and week (modulo-7) counter displaying number from 1-6 for Monday until Saturday and 8 for Sunday. All we have to do is assemble the displays, decoders and counters to the bread board, providing power and grounding, and inputting the frequency to the system to make it run.
Decoder
Decoder
Decoder
Decoder
Week(7) Counter
Hour(24) Counter
Minute(60) Counter
Week Correction
Hour Correction
Minute Correction
Second Correction
Timer
Bread Board
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. The term is commonly used to refer to solderless breadboard. Because of the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).
7-Segment Display
Power pin
g f a b
e d c Dp
A seven-segment display (SSD), or sevensegment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information.
Power pin
f
15
g
14
a
13
b
12
c
11
d
10
e
9
74LS247
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LT
IB /YBR I BR
GND
The 74LS247 IC has four input leads to which the 4-bit BCD numbers are applied. Each input is labeled with a capital letter, which represents one of the binary-weighted positional values. The seven output leads of the 74LS247 IC, labeled a-g, connect to the seven input leads of the display that have the same letter. These outputs are active-low, which is indicated by the
2R D
13
2D
12
2CP
11
2S D
10
2Q
9
2Q
8
74LS74
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1R D
1D
1CP
1SD
1Q
1Q
GND
The 74LS74 is one of a set of integrated circuits in the 7400 family. It is a microchip that acts like a switch. It has 1 byte of memory to remember the status when it was last triggered. The Dual Flip Flop means there are two of these identical switches contained in the chip package. More modern variations of this unit are seen in many electronics devices, especially robotics.
2D
13
2C
12
NC
11
2B
10
2A
9
2Y
8
74LS20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1A
1B
NC
1C
1D
1Y
GND
This device contains two independent gates, each of which performs the logic NAND function. The Negated AND, NOT AND or NAND gate is the opposite of the digital AND gate, and behaves in a manner that corresponds to the opposite of AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1) output results.
Counter (74LS90)
CPA
14
NC
13
Qa
12
Qd
11
GND
10
Qb
9
Qc
8
74LS90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vcc
R9(1) R9(2)
The 74LS90 is a decade counter, meaning it is able to count from 0 to 9 cyclically, and that is its natural mode. That is Qa, Qb, Qc and Qd are 4 bits in a binary number, and these pins cycle through 0 to 9. You can also set the chip up to count up to other maximum numbers and then return to zero. You set it up by changing the wiring of the R0(1), R0(2), R9(1) and R9(2) lines. If both R0(1) and R0(2) are 1 (5 volts) and either R9(1) or R9(2) are 0 (ground), then the chip will reset Qa, Qb, Qc and Qd to 0. If both R9(1) and R9(2) are 1 (5 volts), then the count on Qa, Qb, Qc and Qd goes to 1001.
Timer (555)
Vcc
8
DIS
7
TH
6
CO
5
555
1 2 3 4
GND
TR OUT
RD
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its ease of use, low price and good stability.
Internally, the 555 Timer IC provides 2 comparators, one for the input signal and the other for the capacitor voltage, and a flip-flop and output driver. Since the comparator reference voltage is chosen as a fixed ratio of the Vcc voltage, the timing is independent of the supply voltage. The 555 Timer ICs key components are the 2 resistors and the 1 capacitor. The 2 components assist in providing the periodic waveform based on the charging/discharging of the voltage applied to the circuit network at pins 2(Trigger) and 7(Discharge).
We use the resistor to increase the resistance in the 7-segment display to avoid the damage in the display caused by great number of electric current. In this system, we used the orange black brown gold resistor which resistance is 300.
number from 0 to 23. The reference circuits designed with 74LS90 are shown in 4 Figures below.
Qd Qc Qb Qa
Qd Qc Qb Qa
+5v
+5v
(modulo-6 counter)
(Decimal counter)
Qd Qc Qb Qa 74LS90
10 CPB CPA 5
Qd Qc Qb Qa 74LS90
+5v
+5v
(modulo-60 counter)
Qd Qc Qb Qa
Qd Qc Qb Qa
+5v
+5v
(modulo-24 counter)
Modulo-7 Counter
Week counter is modulo-7 counter displaying number from 1 to 6 and then 8 in accordance with peoples habits (using from
11
[Sunday]). Its truth table is shown in Table below. The reference circuit designed with 74LS74 is shown in Figure below.
Qd Qc Qb Qa 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 display Monday (1) Tuesday (2) Wednesday (3) Thursday (4) Friday (5) Saturday (6) Sunday(8)
Qd
Qc 74LS20 & 1
Q
Qb
Qa
1
Q Q
1
Q Q
CP
Q Q
CP
CP
CP
74LS74
R D
R D
R D
R D
Problems
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1) Lots of wiring leads into untidy wire arrangement. Do the shortest connections first. 2) Need to remember what each pins represent. 3) Easy to connect, but the work is a little bit tedious. 4) The IC chips label is not clearly visible. 5) Some of the IC chips pins were bent. 6) When cutting the plastic coating, we had to make sure that the exposed wire is long enough to reach the conductor, around one centimeter. 7) It was not easy to peel the plastic coating of the wire. 8) We was confident that our circuit will work, but it was not working well in the end. We need to debug it for around 2 hours trying to find whats wrong.
Problem Solving
1) Be extra careful when wiring.
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2) Make a wiring plan to avoid crossing wires. 3) Color-code the connections, its easier to debug that way. 4) Check the labels on the IC chips under well-lit light. 5) Carefully straighten the bent pins. 6) Ask the instructor to check for the broken chips. 7) Ask the instructor to assist when using frequency generator.
Quantity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DC Source 7-Segment Display 7-Segment Decoder Dual D flip-flop 2 x four inputs NAND gate Counter Resistor Bread board Tweezers, scissors
LC5011-11(common anode) 74LS247 74LS74 74LS20 74LS90 300 (orange black brown gold)
1 5 5 2 1 4 5 1 1
Reference
PPT www.howstuffworks.com en.wikipedia.org
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