Rvenk 1

Power Quality Monitoring
R Venkatesh Crompton Greaves Ltd.
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Power Quality Monitoring

Why monitor? What to monitor? What are the limits? When to monitor? Where to monitor? How to monitor? Who should monitor? What to do with data?
Why Monitor?
The Transition & Drivers

From 2D power to 3D power
Quantity Cost
Increasing cost of poor PQ Awareness of poor PQ Standards & Regulations Increased sensitivity of equipment Energy conservation & SD
Quantity Quality Cost

Implications of Poor Power Quality

Increased currents & losses in the system Lower Energy efficiency Blocked capacity / Higher Investment Additional heating and lower reliability / life Failure of equipment Mal-function of equipment Poor operational efficiency Poor quality of products manufactured
Implications of Reactive Power

Increase in currents Increase in T & D and equipment loss Blocked capacity Reduction in voltage stability margins Over heating and loss of life of equipment Resonance!?
Implications of Harmonics
Increase in currents Increase in T & D and equipment loss Blocked capacity / higher investment Over heating and loss of life of equipment Resonance!? Equipment Failure /mal-function Poor Quality of production
Benefits of Reactive Power Compensation

Reduction in currents Reduction in losses - energy savings Reduction in demand - Reduction in demand charges Release of blocked capacity - better utilization Better voltage stability margins Improvement in power factor - avoided penalty / incentive
Benefits of Harmonic Filtering

l l l l l l l
Reduced currents - sizing, capacity - released & deferred Lower losses in lines & equipment (Copper, core & stray) Reduced demand Elimination of failure & mal function Compliance to standards Better quality production Higher operational efficiency
Benefits of power quality Improvement

Direct Benefits / Technical Benefits
Energy Savings Release of blocked capacity Reduced temperature rise Increased reliability / Life of equipment (e.g. Transformer, Motors, electronics, capacitors...) Reduced mal-function of equipment (e.g. Drives, Relays, Meters)
Indirect / Regulatory Benefits

Penalty savings / Incentives (e.g. Demand charges, pf penalty) Tax benefits Compliance to standards & Regulations (e.g. IEEE 519)
A basic requisite for costing (quantification) of poor power quality and also for the formulation of proper standards, guidelines & regulations is the measurement of power quality and the availability of power quality data. PQ variations such as momentary interruptions, voltage sags, switching transients and harmonic distortion can impact customer operations, causing equipment damage and significant costs in lost production and down time. Electric utilities must be able to characterize and assess the system performance at all levels of the system. Especially in a deregulated environment it is very important to assess the system performance and identify the sources of power quality problems as to plan system improvements and also to track performance indices.
Power Quality Monitoring-Benefits

Understanding PQ and reliability Prioritizing system improvements Identifying problem conditions Information services Enhanced quality of delivery Formulation of Regulations Formulation of Standards
Power Quality Monitoring-Industrial

Energy & demand profiling Harmonic evaluation Voltage sag & ride through conditions Power factor correction Transient & Switching problems Unbalance conditions
Power Quality Monitoring-PS

Equipment performance trends Switching transients Performance indices monitoring & Benchmarking Equipment loading & loss of life Feeder load monitoring & projections
What to monitor?
Power Quality
Power = Voltage x Current S=VxI
Power Quality = Voltage Quality x Current Quality
PQ Aspects
Voltage - shape & magnitude
Steady state limits Frequency Distortion - Frequency content Sags & Swells Transients Unbalance - Phase and magnitude
Current- shape & magnitude

Magnitude Distortion - frequency content Phase angle Transients Unbalance
Common Manifestations of Power quality

Reactive power - Low power factor Harmonics - current & voltage distortions Frequency limits - under & over frequencies Steady state voltage limits - under & over voltages Transients Sags & Swells Unbalance Sequence components Black outs & Brown outs Flicker Neutral shifts
Symptoms of Harmonics
Nuisance tripping / operation of switchgear / fusegear PF improvement not commensurate with capacitor addition Premature / frequent failure of equipment Mal function of equipment Overheating of cables, equipment Neutral burn outs Excess energy consumption Low power factor Memory loss in electronic equipment Poor Product quality Audible noise in cables, busbars, transformers Difficulty in installing compensation systems
1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 -1 180 360
Pure Sine Wave Voltage (Available Only in Textbook!) Good voltage quality at the customer bus is the utilitys responsibility Good quality for load current drawn from the bus in the customers responsibility. Current quality affects voltage quality & vice-versa
Sag
Interruptions
0
Harmonics Transients
Manifestations of Poor Power Quality

Power Quality definition

For utility, PQ = reliability and continuity. For manufacturer, PQ = no rejection of product on account of poor quality - High operational efficiency for-end-user of equipment, PQ = proper functioning of equipment. Formal definition of PQ: PQ problem = any power problem manifested in V,I or frequency deviations that result in failure/mal-operation of customer equipment. IEEE: PQ= the concept of powering equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.
Terms & Definitions

For Steady State Phenomena
Amplitude Frequency, Spectrum & Modulation Source impedance Notch depth & Notch area
For non-steady state phenomena

Rae of rise Amplitude Duration Frequency, spectrum Rate of occurrence Energy potentia
Terms & Definitions

Transients Impulsive & oscillatory Long duration voltage variations OV, UV, Sustained interruption Short duration voltage variations Interruption, sags, swells Voltage imbalance Waveform distortion-DC offset, Harmonics, interharmonics, notching, noise Voltage fluctuation Power frequency variations
Reliability Indices
SAIFI=System average interruption frequency index SAIDI= System average interruption duration index CAIFI= Customer average interruption frequency index CAIDI = Customer average interruption duration index ASAI =Average system availability Index THD
Site Survey
Nature of problem Characteristics of sensitive equipment History Coincident problems Possible sources Existing power conditioning devices, sources & loads System data & electrical diagram Implications and benefits of improvement
What are the limits?
PQ - Requirements
Power quality is driven by customer satisfaction / requirements. What is good enough quality for an arc furnace load is not enough for a machine with ASD. What is good enough for ASD machine is not enough for a computer center. Power quality is good if the customers load performs properly.
Types Norms
Standards & Guidelines Statutory requirements Utility regulations
Standards & Guidelines

System Disturbances
Deviation from clean voltage consideration for current drawn
Harmonics
For systems For equipment
Grounding
Impact of transients & safety
Standards for system disturbances

Steady State voltage limits in ANSI C84.1
+/- 5% nominal & +5.8% to -8.3% short time
NEMA MG-1-1987 for motor de-rating for unbalance voltage conditions

max. unbalance of 3% on no load Motors to operate at 1% unbalance
Flicker curves - IEEE standard 519-1992

IEEE draft 1250 on momentary disturbances & guidance for mitigation. No limits prescribed ANSI C84.1 - temporary under voltages at f0 ANSI/IEEE standard 446-1987.(orange book) CBEMA curves ITIC curves

Alte rn a tiv e p o w e r a c c e p ta b ility c u rv e s C u rve F IP S p o w e r a c c e pta b ility CBEMA c u rve Y ear 1978 A p p lic atio n A u to m atic d a ta p ro c e ss in g (A D P ) e q u ipm e nt C o m p u te r b u s in e s s e q u ip m e nt In fo rm a tio n te c h n o lo g y e q u ip m e nt In d u s trial lo a ds S o u rc e U .S . fe d e ra l g o ve rn m e n t C o m p u te r b u sin e ss e q u ip m e nt m a n ufa ctu re rs a s s oc ia tio n In fo rm a tio n te c h n o lo g y in d us try c o u n c il IE E E sta n d a rd 4 9 3
1978
IT IC c u rve
1996
F a ilu re ra te c u rve s fo r in d u s tria l lo a d s A C lin e vo lta g e to le ra n c e s IE E E E m e ra ld B ook
1972
1974
M a in fra m e c om p u te rs S e n s itive e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e nt
IE E E sta n d a rd 4 4 6
1992
IE E E sta n d a rd 1 1 0 0

Transient over voltage protection of LV equipment - ANSI/IEEE C62 Recommended practice on surge voltages in LV AC power systems - ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Guide on surge testing for equipment connected to LV AC power circuits ANSI/IEEE C62.45-1987

IEC - 1000-3-3: Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in LV supply systems for equipment with rated current < 16A IEC - 1000-3-5: Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in LV supply systems for equipment with rated current > 16A IEC - 1000-3-7: Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker for equipments connected to medium and high voltage power supply systems
Standards for Harmonics

IEEE standard 519 - 1981
VS < 69 kV, THD < 5% Lower limits of THD for higher system voltages
IEEE 519 revised in 1992

5% limit remains limits for current distortion at PCC Limits for current THD ranges from 2.5 - 20%

Countries where limits are specified
Australia, France, Sweden, UK & USA
CBIP recommendations
THD = 3%, individual = 1%
No utility norms CIGRE norms for Voltage distortion

ANSI / IEEE standard 18 gives limitations for capacitor banks ANSI / IEEE C57.12.00 gives limits for current distortion for transformers at full load (5%) ANSI / IEEE standard C57110 gives the recommended practice for establishing transformer capacity when current distortion exceeds 5% National Electric code gives recommended practice for sizing of neutral conductors ANSI C82.1 gives the max. THD ofr HF FL ballast as 32%
IEEE Standard for Voltage Harmonics
IEEE 519 [5] - Voltage Distortion Limits
Bus Voltage V < 69 kV 69 V < 161 kV V 161 kV
Individual Vh (%) 3.0 1.5 1.0
THDV (%) 5.0 2.5 1.5
IEEE Standard for Current Harmonics

IEEE 519 [5]
l
General Distribution Systems (120V - 69 kV) Isc / IL h < 11 11 h < 17 17 h < 23 23 h < 35 h 35 TDD (%) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------< 20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5 20 - 50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8 50 - 100 10 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12 100 - 1000 12 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15 > 1000 15 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20
l
General Sub-transmission Systems (69 kV - 161 kV) Limits are half those for general distribution systems.
General Transmission Systems ( > 161 kV) Isc / IL h < 11 11 h < 17 17 h < 23 23 h < 35 h 35 TDD (%) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------< 50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5 50 3.0 1.5 1.15 0.45 0.22 3.75 Above current distortion limits are for odd harmonics. Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonics limits. For all power generation equipment, distortion limits are those with Isc / IL < 20. Isc is the maximum short circuit current at the point of common coupling PCC. IL is the maximum fundamental frequency 15- or 30-minute load current at PCC. TDD is the Total Demand Distortion (= THD normalised by IL).
Standards for grounding

Grounding implications Safety of operating personal Safety of equipment Reduce damage due to transients Provide signal reference
Standards for grounding

ANSI / NEPA 70 - 1993: Grounding of neutral conductors (single point) Segregation of neutral & ground conductors for sensitive & other loads Running of power & control cables Use of ground wires and conduit returns IEEE 1100-1992 (Emerald Book) gives recommended practice for grounding of sensitive electronic equipment
Statutory Requirements
Graduated standards Compliance requirements based on equipment, application and country Statutory requirements - e.g.
CE VDE FCC IEC 1000 limits (EN EMC directive)
Utility Regulations
Most powerful Pricing as a tool to achieve objectives Types Class
Monetary Non-monetary
Applicable to Utilities Applicable to customers
Types of Utility Regulations

Monetary
Maximum demand charges Contract demand Power factor surcharge Harmonic metering
Non-monetary
Grounding requirements Protection requirements
Utility Regulations
Tariff & Non Tariff Tariff as a tool for PQ improvement In appropriate & Obsolete
Tariff related
Cost of reactive power
Non tariff related

Cable sizing
Should be contextual and also futuristic
Example of monetary regulation

Power factor surcharge
APSEB: 1% of energy bill for ever 0.01 below 0.9 + 1.5 5 for every 0.01 below 0.85 + 2% for every 0.01 below 0.8 + 3% for ever 0.01 below 0.75 TNEB: Re. 1.0 for every kVARh consumed in windfarms
Classes of Utility Regulations

Applicable to utilities
Voltage & limits Frequency & limits Unbalance & limits Distortion limits (voltage distortion)
Applicable to
Nature of current drawn (harmonics) magnitude & phase angle of current drawn Safety & compliance norms
When to monitor?
When
Before installation of plant / Equipment Before expansion After problem occurrence / suspect Annually / Periodically Formulation of guidelines Continuously
Where to monitor?
Where
Close to sensitive /critical equipment Close to source PCC / metering point Major Nodes / Branches
Examples of Loads
Harmonics in Power Systems
Sample Single Line Diagram
Sample Single Line Diagram
How to monitor?
How-I
Level
Basic monitors
DSO, multimeter, demand meters
Dedicated monitors
Harmonic analyzer, flicker meter, event/disturbance recorders, impedance analysers
Advanced monitors
Mode
Stand alone Integrated Continuous
How-II
Snap shot Full cycle Continuous
Who should monitor?
Who
Supplier of power
Contractual obligations System performance monitoring & improvement
Consumer
Improvement measures Compliance Monitor performance, new installations
Regulator
To ensure compliance To formulate standards
Manufacturer
Performance guarantee Design & Development
What to do with data?
Data Analysis
Collection of raw data Compilation of data Analysis of data
Trending Limit analysis Correlation Advanced AI systems Diagnosis, Recommendations & Actions
To summarize
Monitoring PQ is important Data collection should be systematic Data analysis is important PQ monitoring equipments are available PQ Audit should be made mandatory for specific customers
References
Trends in power quality monitoring, Mark McGranaghan, IEEE power engineering review, October 2001. Understanding power quality problems voltage sags & interruptions, Math H J Bollen, IEEE press. An integrated approach to power quality improvement, R Venkatesh & S R Kannan, - ET power tech 2001. Solutions to the power quality problem, Prof. Ray Arnold, IEE power engineering journal, April 2001 Power quality issues a distribution company perspective, IEE power engineering journal, April 2001 Monitoring power for the future, Afroz K. Khan, IEE power engineering journal, April 2001
Thank You
Dr. R Venkatesh Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Email: venkatesh.r@cgl.co.in

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Power Quality Monitoring

R Venkatesh Crompton Greaves Ltd.

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

Power Quality Monitoring

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com

The Transition & Drivers

Quantity Quality Cost

Implications of Poor Power Quality

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Implications of Reactive Power

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Benefits of Reactive Power Compensation

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Benefits of Harmonic Filtering

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Benefits of power quality Improvement

Indirect / Regulatory Benefits

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Power Quality Monitoring-Benefits

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Power Quality Monitoring-Industrial

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Power Quality Monitoring-PS

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Current- shape & magnitude

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Common Manifestations of Power quality

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1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 -1 180 360

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Manifestations of Poor Power Quality

Power Quality definition

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Terms & Definitions

For non-steady state phenomena

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Terms & Definitions

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What are the limits?

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Standards & Guidelines

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Standards for system disturbances

NEMA MG-1-1987 for motor de-rating for unbalance voltage conditions

Flicker curves - IEEE standard 519-1992

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Standards for system disturbances

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Standards for system disturbances

F a ilu re ra te c u rve s fo r in d u s tria l lo a d s A C lin e vo lta g e to le ra n c e s IE E E E m e ra ld B ook

M a in fra m e c om p u te rs S e n s itive e le c tro n ic e q u ip m e nt

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Standards for system disturbances

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