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6
Shear, Bond,
Anchorage,
Development Length
and Torsion
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
14
Limit State of Collapse
in Shear – Numerical
Problems
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
6.14.1 Introduction
Lesson 13 explains the three failure modes due to shear force in beams
and defines different shear stresses needed to design the beams for shear. The
critical sections for shear and the minimum shear reinforcement to be provided in
beams are mentioned as per IS 456. In this lesson, the design of shear
reinforcement has been illustrated through several numerical problems including
the curtailment of tension reinforcement in flexural members.
Problem 1:
100 (1609)
p = = 1.43
250 (450)
From Table 6.1 of Lesson 13, τc = 0.67 + 0.036 = 0.706 N/mm2 (by linear
interpolation).
Vu 250 (10 3 )
τv = = = 2.22 N/mm 2 and τcmax = 2.8 N/mm2 (from Table
bd 250 (450)
6.2 of Lesson 13).
Hence, τc < τv < τcmax. So, shear reinforcement is needed for the shear force
(Eq. 6.4 of Lesson 13).
Hence, spacing of the stirrups as obtained from Eq. 6.5 of Lesson 13:
According to cl. 26.5.1.5 of IS 456, the maximum spacing of the stirrups = 0.75
d = 0.75 (450) = 337.5 mm = 300 mm (say).
Problem 2:
Solution 2:
75 (3.5) (3.5)
M u at section 1 - 1 = = 459.375 kNm
2
Mu 459.375 (10 6 )
2
= = 6.125 N/mm 2
bd 300 (500) (500)
100 (1609)
p = = 1.43
250 (450)
From Table 6.1 of Lesson 13, τc = 0.67 + 0.036 = 0.706 N/mm2 (by linear
interpolation).
Vu 250 (10 3 )
τv = = = 2.22 N/mm 2 and τcmax = 2.8 N/mm2 (from Table
bd 250 (450)
6.2 of Lesson 13).
Hence, τc < τv < τcmax. So, shear reinforcement is needed for the shear force
(Eq. 6.4 of Lesson 13).
Hence, spacing of the stirrups as obtained from Eq. 6.5 of Lesson 13:
According to cl. 26.5.1.5 of IS 456, the maximum spacing of the stirrups = 0.75
d = 0.75 (450) = 337.5 mm = 300 mm (say).
Though it is better to use 4-28T as Ast and 2-20T + 2-16 as Asc with proper
curtailment from the practical aspects of construction, here the bars are selected
to have areas close to the requirements for the academic interest only.
Width b = 300 mm
(Here, the negative sign is used as the bending moment increases numerically in
the same direction as the effective depth increases.)
Table 6.1 of Lesson 13 gives τc = 0.82 N/mm2 < τv (= 1.074 N/mm2). Hence,
shear reinforcement is needed for shear force obtained from Eq. 6.4 of Lesson
13:
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus =
sv
where Asv = 100 mm2 for 8 mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups. This gives sv =
162.087 mm (f y = 415 N/mm2). IS 456, cl. 26.5.1.6 gives the spacing
considering minimum shear reinforcement (Eq.6.3 of sec. 6.13.7 of Lesson 13):
0.87 f y Asv
sv ≤
0.4 b
or sv ≤ 300.875 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c, as shown in Fig.
6.14.3.
Clause 26.2.3.2 of IS 456 stipulates that any one of the three conditions is
to be satisfied for the termination of flexural reinforcement in tension zone (see
sec. 6.13.10 of Lesson 13). Here, two of the conditions are discussed.
2 V
τv ≤ (τ c + us ), which gives Eq. 6.9 of Lesson 13 as
3 bd
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Vus ≥ (1.5 τv – τc) b d
After the curtailment, at section 2-2 Ast = 2048 mm2 (3-28T + 1-16T bars), gives
p = 2048 (100)/300 (400) ≅ 1.71 %. Table 6.1 of Lesson 13 gives τc = 0.7452
N/mm2 when p = 1.71% (making liner interpolation). Now from Eq. 6.2 of Lesson
13:
Mu
Vu − tanβ
d (10 3 ) {187.5 - 234.375 (0.1)/0.4}
τv = = = 1.074 N/mm 2
bd (300) (400)
0.87 f y Asv d
sv ≤
Vus
Hence, provide 8 mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups @ 130 mm c/c, as shown in Fig.
6.14.4.
Additional stirrup area for a distance of 0.75 d {= 0.75 (400) = 300 mm} =
0.4 b s/fy, where spacing s is not greater than (d/8βb), where βb = cut off bar
area/total bar area = 2048/3066 = 0.67. Since, additional stirrups are of lower
diameter, mild steel bars are preferred with fy = 250 N/mm2. Maximum spacing s
= d/8βb = 400/8 (0.67) = 75 mm. Excess area = 0.4 b s/fy = 0.4 (300) (75)/250 =
36 mm2.
Provide 6 mm, 2 legged mild steel vertical stirrups (56 mm2) @ 75 mm c/c
for a distance of 300 mm, i.e., five numbers of stirrups (additional), as shown in
Fig. 6.14.5.
Problem 3:
Solution 3:
The bending moment and shear force diagrams are shown in Fig. 6.14.7. At the
mid-span
Mu 1200 (106 )
= = 0.37
bw d 2 f ck 300 (600) (600) (30)
Hence, o.k.
Mu 1200 (10 6 )
Ast = = = 6155 mm 2
0.87 f y (d - d f /2) 0.87 (415) (540)
Provide 7-32T + 1-28T (= 6245 mm2) bars at mid-span and up to section 5-5 (Fig.
6.14.8, sec. 5-5). The flexural reinforcement is cranked up and the reinforcement
diagrams are shown at five sections in Fig. 6.14.8.
The details of calculations are shown below for the section 1-1 in six
steps. Results of all four sections are presented in Table 6.3.
Step 1:
Ast at section 1-1 is determined (= 3217 mm2 = 4-32T) from Fig. 6.14.7 to
calculate p = Ast (100)/bw d = 3217 (100)/300 (600) = 1.79%. From Table 6.1 of
Lesson 13, τc is determined for p = 1.79% as 0.81 N/mm2. Table 6.2 of Lesson
13 gives τc,max for M 30 = 3.5 N/mm2.
Step 2:
Vu (600) (10 3 )
τv = = = 3.33 N/mm 2
bw d (300) (600)
Step 3:
The magnitude of shear force taken by bent up bar(s) is obtained from Eq.
6.7 of Lesson 13, Vbent = 0.87 fy Asv sinα = 0.87 (415) (804) (1/√2) (10-3) = 206.5
kN. This force should not be greater than 0.5 (Vreinf), which, at this section, is
227.1 kN (vide sec. 6.13.8 of Lesson 13).
The magnitude of the shear force for the design of vertical stirrup = Vus =
Vreinf – Vbent = 454.2 – 206.5 = 247.7 kN.
Step 4:
Further, cl. 26.5.1.5 stipulates the maximum spacing = 0.75 d on 300 mm. Here,
the maximum spacing = 300 mm.
Step 6:
Table 6.3 Design of stirrups using 10 mm 2 legged vertical stirrups, (τcmax = 3.5
N/mm2)
Step Values of Sec. 1-1 Sec. 2-2 Sec. 3-3 Sec. 4-4
Ast (mm2) 3,217 4,021 4,825 5,629
1 p (%) 1.79 2.23 2.68 3.13
τc (N/mm2) 0.81 0.877 0.93 0.96
Vu (kN) 600 525 450 375
2 τv (N/mm2) 3.33 2.92 2.50 2.08
To avoid several spacings for the practical consideration, provide stirrups @ 130
mm c/c for first 1 m, @ 230 mm for next 1 m and then @ 300 mm up to the mid-
span in a symmetric manner (Fig. 6.14.8, secs. 1-1 to 5-5).
A.1:
p = 1963/300(500) = 1.31%
Since τc < τv < τcmax, shear reinforcement is needed. From Eq.6.4 of Lesson
13:
Further, the maximum spacing (cl. 26.5.1.5 of IS 456 and sec. 6.13.7 of
Lesson 13) = 0.75 d = 0.75(500) = 375 mm.
Hence, both are possible, though 12 mm @ 120 mm c/c is desirable since the
other spacing of 85 mm c/c is very close (Fig. 6.14.9).
6.14.4 References:
1. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition, by Ashok K. Jain,
Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, 2002.
2. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, 2nd Edition, by P.C.Varghese,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.
3. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, by P.C.Varghese, Prentice-Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2001.
4. Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Edition, by S.Unnikrishna Pillai and
Devdas Menon, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New
Delhi, 2003.
5. Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, by P.Dayaratnam,
Oxford & I.B.H. Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
6. Reinforced Concrete Design, 1st Revised Edition, by S.N.Sinha, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. New Delhi, 1990.
7. Reinforced Concrete, 6th Edition, by S.K.Mallick and A.P.Gupta, Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1996.
8. Behaviour, Analysis & Design of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements,
by I.C.Syal and R.K.Ummat, A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1989.
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures, 3rd Edition, by I.C.Syal and A.K.Goel,
A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1992.
10. Textbook of R.C.C, by G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie, Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi, 1993.
11. Design of Concrete Structures, 13th Edition, by Arthur H. Nilson, David
Darwin and Charles W. Dolan, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
12. Concrete Technology, by A.M.Neville and J.J.Brooks, ELBS with
Longman, 1994.
TQ. 1: The T-beam of Fig. 6.14.10 has a factored shear force of 400 kN.
Determine the diameter and spacing of vertical stirrups at a section
where two 25 mm diameter bent up bears are also available for the
shear resistance. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
(50
marks)
A.TQ. 1:
Vu = 400 kN
Hence, o.k.
= 250.48 kN,
Vus = 145.72 kN
Using 10 mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups (Asv = 157 mm2), the spacing,
obtained from Eq.6.5 of Lesson 13, sv = 0.87 fy Asv d/Vus = 0.87 (415)
(157) (550)/145720 = 213.95 mm c/c.