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Transforming Mobile Backhauling into a Packetbased Network

Mobile service providers today face unprecedented challenges to their primary business. A sharp increase in bandwidth-intensive services, in network complexity and in competition from new entrants is forcing operators to reduce costs of backhaul. The answer to these challenges lies in an IP/Ethernet transformation of the mobile radio access network to make it more optimized for data traffic. This article scans some backhauling options available today based on different transport medium - air, copper and fiber -and explains how carrier-grade packet access and aggregation networks are implemented. These options include microwave, DSL, satellite, optical and routing technologies.

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R. MESTRIC | J. BROUET | F. DUTHILLEUL | F. GAVIOLI

Transforming Mobile Backhauling into a Packetbased Network

Mobile backhauling needs Introduction

Packet traffic growth

to evolve towards packets For mobile service providers (MSPs), voice traffic remains the main source of to efficiently handle use. However, broadband wireless access is now driving packet traffic onto the upcoming highspeed nologies including EVDO, HSDPA, HSUPA,WiMAX and LTE will connetwork, with new bandwidthintensive services such as mobile TV. New techtinue that trend, as will the explosion of new services (Figure 1). Even now, trafrevenue, and continues to increase in both subscriber numbers and minutes of

data services over the air, fic per user is rising sharply and much faster than revenue per user. copper and fiber. With this surge in traffic, operational costs for backhaul are soaring, and need

to be sharply reduced.Todays mobile backhaul can be based on a complex mix of different solutions, including leased lines and legacy technologies over various transport media air, copper and fiber [1].The solution is to transform the complete access and aggregation infrastructure to make it more optimized for packets.

Pseudowire
A mechanism that can emulate the essential attributes of a service such as TDM, ATM or Ethernet over a suitably designed packet network. Pseudowire provides a migration path to packets for mobile operators, enabling transport of legacy traffic from the large installed base of TDM (2G) and ATM (3G) mobile base stations over new packetbased access and aggregation networks.
2 Alcatel-Lucent Telecommunications Review

Cost control The key to cost reduction is to optimize the network for the growing packet traffic: an optimized infrastructure allows for more scalable capacity and uses network resources very efficiently. MSPs for instance can leverage Ethernet, which provides more scalable bandwidth than E1/T1 interfaces, since bandwidth can be increased without a truck roll and by providing multiplexing techniques and statistical gain. Ethernet interfaces are already supported by some native IP base stations (TDCDMA, EVDO,WiMAX), and mobile equipment manufacturers have some plans to generalize support for Ethernet interfaces on 2G and 3G base stations during 2007/2008.The availability of Ethernet interfaces on the base stations, combined with the generation of high data traffic volumes, will trigger the migration of the access and aggregation network to a packetbased infrastructure, as has happened in the fixed market. The availability of a packetswitched network (PSN), in particular for MSPs affiliated with a fixed operator, might also accelerate mobile IP transformation. This transformation will then require some new technologies like pseudowire to transport legacy 2G and 3G traffic over the PSN. Carriergrade, packetoptimized radio access network The primary added value of a packetbased access and aggregation network (Radio Access Network, or RAN) is to optimize the bandwidth resource over distance through statistical gain across all traffic types sharing the common infrastructure. Nevertheless, the migration towards this new IP RAN should avoid compromising service performance, and traditional legacy network values such as resiliency and manageability should still be met. To achieve this transport of services, the network should take into consideration the unique QoS requirements of each service, and implement some mech-

Transforming Mobile Backhauling into a Packetbased Network

Figure 1: Traffic evolution in the backhaul network and supporting technologies

TS UM
Cumulative traffic types

Implementing a packetbased backhaul network

Today,mobile backhaul networks are based on TDM (2G) and ATM (3G R99/R4) technologies,which are addressed by PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), microwave or leased lines in the access, and SONET1/SDH2 dataaware and/or layer 2 multiservice ATM switches providing data aggregation capabilities [1]. This article provides an overview of the efficient migration of the backhauling network (access and aggregation) towards packets,in line with current operator needs and whatever the transport medium (air, copper, fiber).Solutions include DSL,microwave,satellite,optical and routing technologies (Figure 2). Irrespective of the medium and the transport technology,the packetbased backhauling technologies have to address a number of key points to ensure appropriate performance of the wireless services while optimizing the transport.These are:

D HS

PA

M Wi

AX

d ize TV ral ne obile e G M

3G

LTE

Multiservice platforms enable transport of multiple streams over one infrastructure

MPLS-based platform provides carrier-grade transport of data Packet microwave more optimized for packets

DSL as a cost-effective alternative to leased lines to face traffic growth IP

ATM Pseudowire enables transport of legacy over packet network TDM 2006 2007 2008 2009 Network 2010

anisms to prioritize the traffic.The capability to classify traffic flows should be complemented with a resilient endtoend architecture based on carriergrade products, to avoid any bottlenecks or weak points in the network that could damage the end users perception of the services provided by the operator.
The role of the backhaul network is to provide endtoend transport of the client services (2 Mbit/s or Ethernet flow) from the base stations and the core network, with deterministic levels of reliability and availability.

Delay and jitter guarantees (require management and scheduling of packets); Service flow prioritization (e.g. voice should be treated with higher priority than background data); Resiliency (especially in the aggregation, where service interruption should not cause calls to be dropped); Delivery of a stable clock signal and very precise timing signal for base station synchronization (clock needed for high-performance operation and timing sometimes needed like in WiMAX for interference mitigation).

Data awareness in microwave transport

Microwave radio is becoming the most widely adopted solution to provide mobile backhauling (Figure 3). It allows high flexibility, terrain independence, high-capillarity coverage, fast rollout, easy capacity growth, and major

Evolutionary approach
Despite the advantages of such a carriergrade, packetbased backhaul network, not all MSPs will choose the fast track. Most of them have huge investments in legacy TDM and ATM technologies and continue to invest today.The transformation to IP should enable MSPs to protect their investment by leveraging the legacy network. It is also important to make sure the IP transformation is happening where and when the business model makes economic sense, and to ensure service and business continuity during the transition. The move from the existing network to an allpacket infrastructure is a gradual process. It requires a high degree of solution flexibility and will involve different technologies (Figure 1) to enable customization of the migration according to each MSPs unique situation. TDM, ATM and packets will potentially coexist for a number of years.
1. Synchronous Optical Network 2. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Figure 2: Options for mobile backhauling in packetenabled access and aggregation networks

Gateway E1 Compressor, PW E1/Eth Multiservice IP/MPLS Compressor

E1

PW E1/Eth WAC RNC

Eth

IP DSLAM

Multiservice Optical Transport

E1/Eth

E1/Eth Packet Microwave

BSC

Base Station (BTS, Node B, WiMAX) Access Aggregation

BSC: Base station controller RNC: Radio Network Controller DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer BTS: Base station WAC: WiMAX Access Controller PW: Pseudowire MPLS: MultiProtocol Label Switching

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costeffectiveness compared to leased lines. All these aspects are critical to providing effective mobile backhauling and backbone solutions.Todays microwave solution is based on TDM, and can mix traffic from E1 and Ethernet interfaces on the same radio channel. These however are transported as separate streams, not exploiting the full bandwidth.As data traffic is becoming predominant, microwave radio is evolving to optimize packet transport. Native traffic handling and packet aggregation are key aspects to better exploit scarce radio bandwidth, allowing the mixing over a single stream of legacy TDM E1s and the new IP traffic. This optimization requires the transformation of any incoming traffic that is not already IP/Ethernetbased into packets, whether TDM or ATMbased.Also, packet switching functionalities with statistical multiplexing allow optimization of the bandwidth in the network.This can reduce average bandwidth usage by up to 50% over circuitbased transmission.The reduction ratio clearly depends on the type of traffic. To effectively handle packet traffic in a microwave environment,two stages of traffic processing are needed:aggregation of the incoming streams with packet aggregation; and packet priority scheduling to differentiate the packets carrying different services, and associate them to a queue with adequate QoS. Furthermore, as TDM signals are converted into packets, they need special attention, since they require not only high QoS,but also have latency and synchronization parameters that must be respected. Using the queuing system, realtime delivery to the user can be guaranteed for realtime services, while the variable band is allocated to besteffort, nonrealtime services, yielding a satisfactory result. Packetcarrying services with revenues associated with a realtime service such as voice are assigned to a highpriority queue for guaranteed bandwidth.Those with revenues associated with access to content, like Internet browsing, are assigned to lowpriority queues that address the rest of the band.The target is always to max-

imize the use of the bandwidth in the air; the use of adaptive modulation allows a great improvement in bandwidth capacity, creating an additional variable band of 2/3 of the total. However, to take advantage of this highflexibility system, full control of the traffic and of its quality requirements must be exercised.This can only be done in a packetbased solution (refer to [2] for further information).

Mobile backhaul over DSL

With more than 173 million subscribers by end of 2006 worldwide, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is the most widely deployed broadband access technology. Massmarket deployment has made DSL one of the most costeffective technologies for residential and business service delivery.A moneysaving alternative for MSPs is to consider transporting their traffic (non real-time and/or realtime) over DSL to reduce backhaul costs. Not a new concept Some mobile operators, realizing the cost savings and increased flexibility offered by DSL, have deployed ATM DSLAMs (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers) to replace expensive leased lines, but until recently this approach was only possible in a complete endtoend ATM architecture [1]. The IP network transformation of the edge and access networks posed the challenges of transporting this legacy traffic over packetbased networks, and motivated the development of pseudowire techniques. Typically, TDM and ATM pseudowire encapsulation can be used for legacy 2G and 3G networks, respectively.This represents a first step towards allIP mobile networks. With native IP base stations, the traffic can be backhauled over a packetbased network through an IP DSLAM using an inexpensive DSL modem. Such modems have been widely deployed by fixed operators for residential Triple Play and business services, and can now serve for mobile backhauling as well.

Traditional Microwave Initially adopted by second and third operators All operators are moving to microwave selfbuilt solution Provides connectivity to BTS where required Low OPEX costs Past

New generation of microwave radio solution based on native packet transmission Packet aggregation, Statistical mux, Adaptive modulation

Average 75%

DSL, a versatile technology Recently, new DSL flavors such as ADSL2plus, ESHDSL (Enhanced SHDSL) and VDSL2 with native packet transmission capability were developed to cover a broader range of applications by increasing the attainable bit rate or reach over a single copper pair (Figure 4). Bonding techniques can further increase the bandwidth or reach by aggregating traffic on multiple copper lines. DSL can cover symmetrical or asymmetrical traffic profiles from a few kbit/s to several tens of Mbit/s. DSL is particularly suitable in urban and dense urban areas, and can connect base stations located up to 5 km from a central office. For base stations out of reach with DSL technologies, pointtomultipoint (BPON, GPON) or pointtopoint fiber access can also be considered. This backhaul scheme is likely to be of parFigure 3: Backhauling solution technologies in the access network ticular interest for integrated operators xDSL offering both fixed and mobile services, Costeffective leased line replacement solution who already have the DSLAM infrastruc Limited to areas where copper access is available ture in place. For mobileonly operators, Especially interesting in urban and dense urban Leased Line areas with base stations within reach leased line substitution can already offer of DSL technology considered First solution adopted substantial savings depending on the Depending on the DSL technology can backhaul Mainly adopted by first operators from a few kbit/s to several tens of Mbit/s Provides connectivity not at the best BTS national leased line and LLU (Local Loop location for coverage Unbundling) pricing conditions, and pre High OPEX costs No transport network interaction for the operator pare the ground for future converged fixed/mobile services offerings. Packet Microwave Radio
Potentially 5% 20%

IP mobile backhaul demonstration

Alcatel-Lucent 7302 ISAM, see http://www.alcatel.com/7302

Present / 2005-6

Tomorrow 2007-8

During the 3GSM World Congress 2006 in Barcelona,Alcatel-Lucent demonstrated live IP

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Transforming Mobile Backhauling into a Packetbased Network

mobile backhaul usingVDSL2 technology from the 7302 ISAM (Figure5).A permanent demo that showcases mobile backhaul scenarios using the Alcatel-Lucent IP DSLAM is available in the Alcatel-Lucent 3G Reality Center inVlizy (France).This demo is a variant of the one used at the 3GSM Congress, and will be extended over time to cover emerging applications such as HSDPA,WiMAX backhaul and other OPEXsaving solutions.

Figure 4: IP mobile backhaul with DSL

Ethernet
@
OK

Bonded ADSL/ADSL2+

DSL Residential GW Femto-Node-B FE1 TDM FE1 ATM PW DSL IAD ADSL/ ADSL2+

MicroBTS or MicroNode-B

Satellite backhauling
Alcatel-Lucent The economic advantage of packetbased SHDSL 2-/4-wire 7302 ISAM E1 TDM 2G backhauling is not only beneficial to develBTS Packet Switched PW DSL IAD oped and dense areas where a packetbased GbE Network (PSN) network is available. It can also be applied SHDSL NxE1 IMA 8-wire IMA to satellite backhauling solutions that are 3G IP DSLAM Node-B usually deployed for interconnecting scarcely (Central Office) PW DSL IAD deployed radio sites over long distances to Fiber a controller site. Alcatel-Lucent Depending on traffic requirements, base station 7330 FTTN location and copper availability, the operator can First, the traffic exchanged between the VDSL2 Ethernet select the most suitable DSL technology. DSL can WiMAX radio site and the controller site is optimized. deliver from a few kbit/s to several tens of BS DSL CPE Mbit/s with symmetrical or asymmetrical traffic This operation consists of detecting and IP DSLAM profiles. removing silences during voice communica(Remote) Ethernet tions. The remaining traffic is carried over 2G/3G IP BS Fiber CPE Fiber packets (no need to carry the time slots not used by any communication). To achieve higher efficiency,several voice frames can be VDSL2: Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 sent in a single IP packet; in that case,packet CPE: Customer Premises Equipment FTTN: FiberToTheNode FE1: Fractional E1 overhead is reduced. Besides, the packet SHDSL: Singlepair Highspeed Digital Subscriber Line IAD: Integrated Access Device nature of the information to be transmitted ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line IMA: Inverse Multiplexing of ATM over the satellite link enables the use of an efficient and dynamic usage/sharing of the satellite bandwidth among the numerous radio sites according to demand. Alcatel-Lucent 9760 WBS see In that solution, satellite connections are set up dynamically between a central http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/com/en/appcontent/ satellite station and remote terminals to provide long-distance backhaul over Abis opgss/9760WBS%20spec%204_tcm228-520841635.pdf (standard interface between a 2G base station and a BSC) for GSM/GPRS/EDGE interfaces.The native IP transport concept implemented in this satellite solution Satellite solutions optimized for the connection of comallows the backhaul of combined mobile solution and pact base stations in a low density/ARPU environment fixed Internet access (e.g. to connect remote Internet Kiosks). (few cents/min calls), as in the Alcatel-Lucent 9760 WBS, can benefit from recent developments in Figure 5: IP mobile backhauling demo at 3GSM World Congress (Barcelona, 2006) the field of DVBRCS that rely on the following key technologies: France (Paris) Spain (Barcelona) Alcatel Booth Alcatel-Lucent Evolium In the Rack TDM pseudowire central gateway E1 TDM Alcatel-Lucent Evolium E1 TDM BSC Alcatel-Lucent 9140 RNC STM-1 ATM RNC 3G core 2G core

E1 TDM 2G BTS

Eth

TDM VDSL2 VDSL2 Alcatel Booth GbE Alcatel-Lucent pseudowire CPE 7750 SR Live Demonstrations gateway Mobile TV STM-1 ATM Alcatel-Lucent IMS GbE Service 7302ISAM UMA IP Router Sponsored Call DSLAM (ATM & Micro-payment, pseudowire etc. central VDSL2 Alcatelgateway) E1 ATM Lucent 9100 E1 ATM Eth ATM VDSL2 MBS 3G NodeB pseudowire CPE gateway

On the forward link, DVBS2 enables a 30% bandwidth saving versus DVBS; On the return link, Dynamic Rate Activity (DRA) and 6/7 coding enables a 20% bandwidth saving versus DVBS. In addition, the Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) technique and wideband packet multiplexing of cumulated BTS traffics allow better use of total satellite capacity. At busy hour, all individual BTS traffic is aggregated instead of being individually overbooked with traditional solutions. This technology is particularly
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suitable for situations in which many remote BTS (e.g. 100) handle limited traffic (e.g. less than 2 Mbit/s). Additional techniques like IP overhead compression can also be implemented, where IP headers are replaced by shorter labels.

Figure 6: Smooth migration from SONET/SDH to fullpacket, thanks to the new generation of optical packet transport platform

Today
100% circuit 2007 HSDPA EV-DO

Intermediate
2010 3G LTE Voice Data

Final
100% packet

Optical multiservice

Voice Data

Voice Data

When optical fiber is available, most MSPs currently use a SONET/SDH infrastructure to backhaul TDM and ATM traffic. 1850TSS 1850TSS 1850TSS Universal Universal Universal SONET/SDH is widely deployed in Switch Switch Switch mobile networks and the latest are based on multiservice provisioning platforms WDM module (MSPP), e.g.Alcatel-Lucents optical multiservice nodes (OMSN) [1] and DMX Packet processing card TDM processing card product family. The MSPP is an optical platform that supports the efficient aggregation, mapping and transport of multiple data services over SONET/SDH.As soon as the access network moves to packet, the SONET/SDH network can easily handle the new Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet interfaces using standard mechanisms like using a universal matrix,as in Alcatel-Lucents 1850 TSS,which is capable of switchGFP/VCAT3/LCAS and pseudowire, and by simply ing any mix of packets or circuits in their native format (Figure 6), and transporting plugging the appropriate boards into the MSPP. them in a connectionoriented model to preserve the robustness of the transport The MSPP will surely play a key role in the transfor- infrastructure and its inherent reliability, availability and manageability. mation towards the IP RAN, offering MSPs the follow- This new generation of optical platform complements the strategic move towards ing benefits: a carriergrade, packetbased aggregation network, when the MSPP is not sufficiently scalable to support lots of Ethernet services. Its interoperability with Previous investment can be protected by reusing the the MSPP and the possible mix in the same infrastructure enables a smooth evocurrent infrastructure to aggregate Ethernet traffic lution path to allIP. together with ATM and TDM; Alcatel-Lucent 1850 Transport Service Switch, see http://www1.alcatel Optimization of the optical bandwidth for data servlucent.com/products/index.jsp?subNumber=&letter=2000&firstDoc=61 ices, without jeopardizing the remaining TDM traffic that is transported natively; The concept of a single, fully scalable optical aggregation network is a break Guaranteed highest availability for all services by imple- through in service provider networking. Instead of investing in various equipmenting resilient mechanisms based either on ment types to provide the required service mix, service providers can now choose SONET/SDH protection mechanisms or resilient one platform that delivers all services.With this new platform an MSP can: packet ring; It complements the benefits of Ethernet in terms of Simplify network operations, resulting in significant OPEX reductions; bandwidth scalability and resource optimization with Lower the risk of capital expenditure (CAPEX) investments that may vary over the operation, administration and maintenance capatime with changes in service demand. bilities of the TDM network.

RAN aggregation using IP/MPLS

However, MSPP offers limited packet scalability, and thus is not costoptimal for handling heavy data traffic. Evolution to fullpacket optical networks As packet traffic continues to grow and becomes predominant in the RAN, MSPs will have to efficiently migrate towards a fullpacket environment to complete the IP transformation. The solution requires some new types of multiservice optical platform,able to support a mix of TDM and packets with full packet scalability.This is achieved by
3.VCAT:Virtual concatenation; LCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme 6 Alcatel-Lucent Telecommunications Review

Recent innovations in IP technology make it now possible to support multiple services, with wide variations in Service Level Agreements (SLAs), over a converged IP/MPLS network.While transformation in the mobile core has begun (see article Blueprint for a Converged IP/MPLS Mobile Backbone[3]),a new area of focus by MSPs is to evaluate the role of IP/MPLS for RAN aggregation applications
Alcatel-Lucent 7710 Service Router, see http://www1.alcatel-lucent.com/products/ keywordresults.jsp?_requestid=72424

IP/MPLS brings several benefits to the RAN besides the operational simplicity of using a common protocol suite for core and RAN. Operators can aggregate RAN traffic over any interface PDH, SDH, Ethernet and over any medium copper, fiber or microwave allowing operators to create a homog-

Transforming Mobile Backhauling into a Packetbased Network

enous aggregation layer distinct from heterogeneous access layers.This follows a similar approach to the use of multiservice platforms for ATM aggregation today, and in more advanced platforms, IP over MultiLink PointtoPoint Protocol (MLPPP) in future. IP automates many tasks previously requiring operator intervention. For example, IP provides autodiscovery of network elements and packet forwarding decisions, thereby accelerating provisioning and subsequent network optimization and growth. Furthermore, by augmenting IP with MPLS, tools are available to control and manage quality of service, traffic engineering, troubleshooting and network resiliency.This is important for many reasons, not the least being that pseudowire encapsulation of TDM,ATM and Ethernet traffic inherit these attributes from the underlying PSN.That means, the carrier-grade attributes of MPLS are extended to the pseudowires riding on it. MPLS standards also define service capabilities that include multipoint applications using VPLS and IP VPN services.These options, which are implemented in the Alcatel-Lucent 7710 Service Router portfolio, provide scope for future requirements including new anytoany connectivity models proposed in WiMAX and LTE/SAE. Furthermore, these service capabilities provide the flexibility to differentiate and support multiple traffic flows for mobile, fixed and converged network applications.

Todays mobile access and aggregation networks are based on many different technologies. Moreover, not all mobile operators will move to IP at the same pace.They have different requirements in terms of capacity and the services they are willing to provide. Therefore, MSPs need a flexible solution that is futureproof, to cope with their current needs and efficiently evolve to support increased data traffic.They need a solution that will enable them to transform any part of the backhaul network to a packetbased network to make it more optimized for data services, whenever this makes economic sense. In addition, as MSPs move to IP, they must be able to maintain customer satisfaction.This is possible only with a robust, packetbased infrastructure that guarantees the same availability and manageability as current legacy infrastructure. Alcatel-Lucents leadership in key transport technologies - wireless transport, broadband access, optical networking, multi-service WAN, service routing and carrier Ethernet aggregation - masters the key technological building blocks to provide carriergrade, packetbased backhauling solutions over any medium. In addition,Alcatel-Lucent also has expertise in endtoend mobile network design and implementation, and can advise on which technologies are most appropriate, and orchestrate them together in the same network if needed.

References
[1] Mobile Backhaul: from backstage to spotlight, Alcatel Telecommunications Review, Q4 2003, Olivier Gordien, Alberto Valsecchi [2] When data services meet mobile communication Alcatel Telecommunications Review, Q3 2005, Giacomo Mirelli, Fabio Gavioli [3] Blueprint for a Converged IP/MPLS Mobile Backbone, J. Guillet, this issue.

Conclusion
To absorb high data traffic growth, MSPs are today examining their options for the IP RAN and are making the investment decisions that will determine their future competitiveness and viability.

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Abbreviations
ADSL ARPU ATM BH BS BSC BPON BTS CAPEX CPE CS DAMA DRA DSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Average Revenue Per User Asynchronous Transfer Mode Bandwidth Base Station Base Station Controller Broadband Passive Optical Network Base Transceiver Station Capital Expenditure Customer Premises Equipment Circuit Switched Demand Assignment Multiple Access Dynamic Rate Activity Digital Subscriber Line SHDSL SLA SONET STM TDCDMA TDM UMTS VCAT VDSL VPLS WAC WAN WDM WiMAX DSL Singlepair Highspeed Digital Subscriber Line Service Level Agreement Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Transport Mode Time Division Code Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiplexing Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Virtual conCATenation Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line Virtual Private LAN Service Wireless Access Controller Wide Area Network WavelengthDivision Multiplexing Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access Digital Subscriber Line

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DVBR Digital Video Broadcast Receiver DVBS EDGE Digital Video Broadcast Satellite Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

ESHDSL Enhanced SHDSL EVDO Enhanced Voice Data Only GFP GPON GPRS GSM HSDPA HSUPA IDU IMA IMS IP ISAM LCAS LLU LTE MPLS MSP MSPP MW NGN OAM ODU OMSN OPEX PDH PSN PW QoS RAN RNC SDH Generic Framing Procedure Gigabit Passive Optical Network General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile communications HighSpeed Downlink Packet Access HighSpeed Uplink Packet Access Indoor Unit Inverse Multiplexing over ATM IP Multimedia Subsystem Internet Protocol Intelligent Services Access Manager Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme Local Loop Unbundling Long Term Evolution Multiprotocol Label Switching Mobile Service Provider MultiService Provisioning Platform Microwave NextGeneration Network Operations, Administration and Maintenance Outdoor Unit Optical MultiService Node Operational Expenditure Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PacketSwitched Network Pseudowire Quality of Service Radio Access Network Radio Network Controller Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

MLPPP Multilink PointtoPoint Protocol

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Alcatel, Lucent, Alcatel-Lucent and the Alcatel-Lucent logo are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Alcatel-Lucent assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented, which is subject to change without notice. 02 2007 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved. 3GQ 00017 0008 TQZZA Ed.01