sTÞanuRkmesdækic©

Economic Lexicon

PaKTI 1³ Gg;eKøs - Exµr

Part One: English – Khmer

PaKTI 2³ Exµr - Gg;eKøs

Part Two: Khmer – English

erobcMeday Epñke)aHBum<pSay én
viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa

Cambodia Development Resource Institute
PMñeBj/ tula 2006
Economic Lexicon

Copyright © 2006 Cambodia Development Resource Institute

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the Cambodia
Development Resource Institute.

ISBN 99950-52-00-8

Cambodia Development Resource Institute

" 56 Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh
PO Box 622, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

(855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603  (855-23) 880-734

e-mail: cdri@camnet.com.kh website: http://www.cdri.org.kh

Editing: Publishing Team

Design and Layout: Em Sorany and Oum Chantha
Printed and bound in Cambodia by JSRC Printing House
 Foreword

I am pleased to introduce a new edition of CDRI’s Economic Lexicon, an English-

Khmer and Khmer-English guide to technical terms in economics and related fields
such as accounting, banking, finance, and development. CDRI's recent experience
in publishing, and contributing to a range of publications, conferences, seminars
and workshops, has shown that there is a real need for such a resource to assist
stakeholders in Cambodia's development to use more standard and easily
understood terms in Khmer and English when writing about development issues.
Our new 2006-10 Strategic Plan includes a commitment to produce research
products that are more flexible and appropriate for Cambodia. This new edition of
the Economic Lexicon is an expression of that commitment. We hope that it will
help promote the expansion of development material originally written in Khmer,
and the quality of translation from English material into Khmer.

The lexicon is in two parts. Part 1: The English-Khmer Lexicon, is a revision and
expansion of the last edition published in 1995. Over the past 10 years there have
been many developments in technical language. This is especially true for the
Khmer language, where many new words have been created and many others have
changed their meaning or become more specific. Also, many more technical
Khmer documents are being produced by various institutions taking different
approaches to the use of language.

CDRI, like many other institutions, publishes technical and policy documents on a
wide range of development-related topics. Wherever possible, CDRI's editorial
team makes great efforts to use words that are already in use in official documents
and to refrain from creating new words. This is not always easy as official
documents may use different Khmer words to express the same meaning, so
choices have to be made as to what would be the most commonly understood word
or term. Sometimes a new word or term needs to be used for a new concept which
-i-
does not yet have a specific translation in Khmer. Wherever possible a
combination of simple words is used to express any new idea or concept.

Part II, The Khmer-English Lexicon, is new. It has been compiled in response to
requests from many of our readers who may have some difficulty with Khmer
technical terms, especially new ones. Where there is no exact equivalent, this
lexicon provides the nearest translation. It does not contain a detailed explanation
for each word, and the reader is advised to use the English word to further research
its meaning. The reason the lexicon contains many headwords of Pali or Sanskrit
origin is that their meaning is not immediately obvious to the general public.
Wherever any one particular word is not very much in use, the reader is referred to
another word more frequently used or more readily understandable.

Extensive research and the opinions of many people have gone into the
compilation of this lexicon. CDRI would like to thank everyone who has
contributed to this final product. We hope this lexicon will serve as a tool to help
readers to make better use of both CDRI publications and the broader development
literature. We see the lexicon as a continuous ''work in progress' so would welcome
any comments or suggestion from readers to help improve and expand on the
current edition.

Larry Strange
Executive Director CDRI
October 2006

-ii-
 buBVkfa

´manesckþIrIkraysUmENnaMbgðajCUnnUv sTÞanuRkmecjpSayfµIeday vbsG EdlCa

bNþúMBakübkERb Gg;eKøs-Exµr nig Exµr-Gg;eKøs kñúgvis½yCMnajbec©keTsCaeRcIn dUcCaxag
KNenyü FnaKar hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDÆn_CaedIm . bTBiesaFn_naeBlfµI²rbs; vbsG kñúgkar
e)aHBum<pSay nigkarcUlrYmeFVIGtßbTpSBVpSaysnñisIT sikçasala )anbgðajfa ÉksarEbbenH
mantMrUvkareRcIn sMrab;CYydl;mCÄdæanGñkBak;B½n§nwgkargarGPivDÆn_RbeTskm<úCa kñúgkareRbIR)as;
BaküExµr nigGg;eKøs [)anÉkPaBKña niggayyl; enAeBlsresrGtßbTBIbBaðaGPivDÆn_ .
enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§saRsþ vbsG qñaM2006-10 manEcgBIkartaMgcitþksagplitplRsavRCavEdl
smRsbsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa . sTÞanuRkmenH KWCalT§plmYyénkartaMgcitþenH ehIysgÇwmfa nwg
GacCYyCMrujkarsresrGtßbTedIm CaPasaExµrEtmþg RBmTaMgCYybegáInKuNPaBkarbkERb
ÉksarGg;eKøsCaPasaExµr .
snÞanuRkmenHmanEbgEckecjCaBIrPaK . PaK1 KWCasnÞanuRkmGg;eKøs-Exµr EdlCa
ÉksarBRgIkbEnßm elIsnÞanuRkme)aHBum<pSayelIkTI2 eday vbsG enAqñaM1995 . kñúgry³eBl
10qñaMknøgmk BaküeBcn_bec©keTsmankarvivtþn_Evgq¶ayNas; . edayELkenAkñúgPasaExµr man
karbegáItBaküfµICaeRcIn nigmanBaküBImunCaeRcIneTotEdl)anERbRbYln½y rWk¾mann½ykan;EtCak;
lak;EfmeTot . mü:ageTot sßab½nnanak¾ksag ÉksarCaPasaExµr)aneRcInNas;Edr edayman
EbbbTxus²KñakñúgkareRbIR)as;BaküeBcn_ .
vbsG k¾dUcsßab½nÉeTotEdr )ane)aHBum<pSayÉksarbec©keTsmYycMnYnFM EdlBak;B½n§
nwgRbFanbTCaeRcIn . RkumGñkniBn§sTÞanuRkmenH )anxwtxMkt;RtaykBaküNaEdlmaneRbIrYc
ehIyenAkñúgÉksarpøÚvkarnana nigeCosvagkarbegáItBaküfµI . b:uEnþviFIenHminGacGnuvtþ)anCab;
rhUteT BIeRBaHmanÉksarpøÚvkarmYycMnYn)aneRbIBaküxusKñaedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIn½yEtmYydUcKña . dUecñH
ehIy k¾RtUvmankareRCIserIsykBaküNaEdleKGacyl;n½y)anCaTUeTACag . CYnkaleTot
BaküfµIRtUvEtbegáIteLIgedIm,IsMKal;Gtßn½ymYyEdlminTan;manBaküExµrsMrab;ehAy:agCak;lak; .
kñúgkrNIEbbenH nigtamlT§PaBGaceFVIeTA)an KWEtgGnuvtþykBaküsamBaزmkpÁMúKña edIm,IbegáIt
CaBakümann½yfµImYyeTot .
-iii-
 PaK2³ snÞanuRkm Exµr-Gg;eKøs³ PaKenHKWCaÉksarcgRkgfµITaMgRsug edIm,IeqøIytbnwg
sMNUmBrrbs;GñkGanCaeRcIn Edl)anCYbbBaðaxøH²Bak;B½n§nwgBakübec©keTsExµr CaBiess
BaküfµI² . kñúgkrNIBMuGacrk)anBaküesµI snÞanuRkmenHmanpþl; BakübkERbEdlmann½yEk,rKña
bMput . snÞanuRkmenHBMumanpþl;karBnül;n½ylMGitelIBakünImYy²eT b:uEnþGñkGanGaceRbIR)as;
BaküGg;eKøs edIm,IeFVIkarRsavRCavn½ybEnßmeTot)an . mü:ageTot snÞanuRkmmankt;RtaBakü
CaeRcInEdlmanb£sKl;ecjBI)alI rWsMRsáwt BIeRBaHmanGñkGanCaeRcInminGacyl;n½yrbs;va)an
Pøam²eT . kñúgkrNIBaküNamYyminsUvmaneKeRbIR)as;snÞanuRkmmancuHBakümYyeTotEdlRkum
GñkniBn§yl;famankareRbIR)as; jwkjab;Cag rWk¾Gacqab;yl;)anCag .
snÞanuRkmenH)ancgRkgeLIg edaymankarRsavRCavy:agTUlMTUlay nigkarCYymtiBI
GñkmancMeNHdwgCMnajCaeRcInnak; . vbsG sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RKb;²KñaEdl)ancUlrYmcMENk
CYyeRCamERCg[smiT§iplfµIenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg . vbsG sgÇwmfa snÞanuRkmenHkøayCa
]bkrN_mYyCYydl;GñkGannanakñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksarepSg²rbs; vbsG RBmTaMgÉksarxag
GPivDÆn_epSg²eTot . vbsG cat;TukÉksarenHCa {kargarbnþeTAmuxCanic©} ehIysUmsVaKmn_
RKb;mtieyabl;BIGñkGan edIm,IeFVIkarEklMG nigBRgIksTÞanuRkm[)aneCOnelOneTAmuxeTot .

PñMeBj/ Extula qñaM2006

LarI e®sþn©
naykRbtibtþi vbsG

-iv-
 PaKTI 1
Gg;eKøs-Exµr

Part
PartOne: English–Khmer
One: English–Khmer

A, a
a posteriori kñúgbcäakal
abacus n. k,ac; ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab;
Kitelx¦
abandonment of a trade (occupation)
kare)aHbg;muxCMnYjGVImYy
abatement karbnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§>>>¦
aberration karXøatBIsPaBFmµta/
kMritxusKña/ karP½nþRcLM
abeyance karp¥ak/ goods in ~ TMnijKµan
GñkTTYl
abide v. eKarB/ eFVItam/ ~ by a promise
kan;Baküsnüa
abolish v. lubecal
above-mentioned dUcmanEcgxagelI
abrogate v. TukCanarakrN_
absolute acceptance karTTYlRBmTaMg
Rsug
absolute advantage ]tþmPaBdac;xat
absolute majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn
dac;xat ¬CagBak;kNþaléncMnYnGñkmke)aH
eqñat¦
absolute poverty PaBRkIRkCak;Esþg/
PaBRkIRkdac;xat
absolute (total) loss kMhatsrubsuT§
absorption karRsUbcUl/ karbBa©ÚlCasaxa
absorptive capacity smtßPaBRsUbyk
abstain Gnub,vaT
abstract n. & v. 1> sMrg;GtßbT 2> eFVI
GrUbIykmµ
1
Economic Lexicon Part 1
abuse of trust karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ
abuse of process karbMBanelInItiviFI
accelerate v. BenøÓn
accelerated depreciation method
viFIKitrMls;bgçM
accept (a bill of exchange) TTYlRBm
¬rUbiyaNtþi>>>¦
accept deposit v. TTYl R)ak;beBaØI¼R)ak;
tMkl;
acceptance karTTYlRBm/ notification of
~ lixitCUndMNwgkarTTYlRBm/ present a bill
for ~ bgðajrUbiyaNtþiedIm,IsMukarbBa¢ak;
TTYlsÁal;/ ~ in full karTTYlRBmTaMgRsug
acceptance certificate viBaØabnb½Rt
TTYlRBm
access 1> lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as;
2> lT§PaB¼pøÚv eTAdl;
accessible price éføEdlGacTijdUr)an
accession n. 1> ])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCa
kmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦ 2> karcUlCasmaCik
accident insurance
karFanar:ab;rgelIeRKaHfñak;
acclimate v. pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI
accord karRBmeRBog
accordance karGnuBaØateGay/ in ~ with
edayGnuelameTAtam
account KNnI
account amended KNnI)anEksMrYl
account book esovePAKNnI
account currency rUbiyvtßúTUTat;
account day éf¶TUTat;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
account holder m©as;KNnI
account payable KNnIRtUvsg
account payee only sMrab;EtsgcUlKNnI
account receivable KNnIRtUvTar/ KNnI
GtifiCn
account, sales r)aykarN_lk;TMnij
account, unit of ÉktaKit
account, domestic KNnIépÞkñúg
account, expense KNnIcMNay
account, outstanding
KNnIenAminTan;sg
accountability KNenyüPaB ¬PaBTTYl
xusRtUv¦/ to demand ~ from TamTar
KNenyüPaBBI
accountancy KNenyü (GB)/ KNenyükic©
accountant KNenyükr/ chartered ~ or
public ~ (US) KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal;
accounting KNenyü (US)/ financial ~
KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ tax ~ KNenyüBn§dar
accounting analysis karviPaKKNenyü
accounting cycle vdþKNenyü
accounting period RKaKNenyü/
KNenyükal
accounting plan bøg;KNenyü
accounting price éføKNenyü
accounting statement
r)aykarN_KNenyü
accounting system RbB½n§KNenyü
accreditation karEtgtaMg/ karTTYlsÁal;
accredited party PaKITTYlsar\NTan
accrued (interest/rent...) expense
cMNay ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm
2
accrued (interest/rent...) income
cMNUl ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm
accrued interest karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm
accumulate bgÁrTuk/ smac½y/ bUkRtYt/
accumulated depreciation rMls;bgÁrTuk
accuracy PaBCak;lak;/ PaBRtwmRtUv
accused n. CnCab;ecaT
acknowledge receipt (of a cheque...)
TTYlsÁal;karTTYl ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt>>>¦
acknowledge v. TTYlsÁal;
acknowledgment (of receipt)
esckþIbBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl
acquire v. eFVIlT§kmµ
acquisition lT§kmµ/ kar)anmkCakmµsiT§i
acquittance roll b½NÑsgR)ak;
act of war ehtuekIteLIgedays®gÁam/
sßanPaBsßitkñúgs®gÁam
acting chairman/woman RbFansþITI
activate eFVIeGayskmµeT,Ig
activity skmµPaB/ business ~ skmµPaB
GaCIvkmµ
actor tYGgÁ/ economic ~ tYGgÁesdækic©
act of God RbFanskþi
actual Cak;Esþg/ ~ delivery karRbKl;
Cak;Esþg/ ~ order karbBa¢aTijCak;Esþg
ad hoc committee KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic©
ad valorem duty Bn§yktaméfø
ad valorem freight éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij
addendum, law on c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm
additional bEnßm/ ~ insurance karFana
r:ab;rgbEnßm/ ~ premium buBVlaPbEnßm
Economic Lexicon Part 1
additional profit tax (APT)
Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm
addressee GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦/ GñkEdlRtUvTTYl
adequate smlµm
adjourn v. elIkvarkal/ p¥ak
adjudicate CMrHkþI
adjusting entries (accounting)
elxnaEktMrUv
adjustment kMENtMrUv/ ~ account KNnI
EktMrUv/ ~ factor (AF) ktþaEktMrUv/ ~ value
tMélEktMrUv
administrative expenses cMNayrdæ)al
administrative-economic entity
GgÁPaBesdækic©rdæ)al
admissible evidence PsþútagRbevsnI/
PsþútagTTYlyk)an
adult eBjv½y/ ~ citizen RbCaBlrdæeBjv½y
advance buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIk[mun¦/
~ deposit R)ak;kk;mun
advance money R)ak;buerRbTan/ R)ak;
pþl;eGaymun
advance notice karpþl;dMNwgCamun
advance on documents buerRbTan
sMGagelIÉksar
advance on securities buerRbTaneday
manvtßúFana
advance payment karTUTat;Camun
advancement kareCOnelOneTAmux/
karrIkcMerIn
advantage ]tþmPaB
adversary proceeding svnakarRbtibkS
3
¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦
adverse minl¥/ minGMeNaypl/ ~ factor/
trade balance ktþa¼CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ
minGMeNaypl
advertise v. pSayBaNiC¢kmµ
advertisement, advertising
karpSayBaNiC¢kmµ
advertising campaign yuT§nakarpSay
BaNiC¢kmµ
advice note lixitCUnB½t’man/ lixitCUneyabl;
advice, collection lixitCUndMNwgkar
RbmUlR)ak;
advice, debit/credit Rbkas \NBn§¼
\NTan
advice, dispatch/shipment
/forwarding lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢ÚnTMnij
adviser (advisor) TIRbwkSa/ financial ~
TIRbwkSahirBaØvtßú
advising bank FnaKarCUndMNwg
advisory function muxgarpþl;eyabl;
advocacy karts‘Umti
affidavit lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaB
cMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦
affiliated company (or associated
company) Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½n§/ Rkumh‘un
Bak;B½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkþab;PaKh‘unticCag 50°¦
affiliation, political ninñakarneya)ay
affinity n. Bn§úPaB/ ¬PaBdUcKña rW manTMnak;
TMngCamYyKña¦
AFTA-ASEAN Free Trade Area
tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an
Economic Lexicon Part 1
after-tax income cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§
aftercost cMNaybEnßm
age group RkumGayu
agency TIPñak;gar/ employment ~ kariyal½y
rkkargareGayeFIV/ pre-investment ~ TIPñak;gar
Binti ülT§PaB muneBlvinei yaK
agenda rebobvar³/ kargarEdlRtUveFVI
agent Pñak;gar/ sole ~ tMNagpþac;mux
agglomerate pþMúcUlKña
aggregate GgÁpSM/ tYelxRbmUlpþúM/ ~ demand/
supply tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; srub
aggregate, monetary xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú/
rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs;
aggregation karpþúM/ xn§b,aT/ karpÁúMGgÁpSM
aggrieved person Gñkminsuxcitþ
agrarian éndIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI
agrarian society sgÁmksikmµ
agreed (price) ¬éfø¦ RBmeRBog
agreement kic©RBmeRBog/ verbal ~ kic©
®BmeRBogpÞal;mat;/ ~ on the exchange of
goods kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTMnij/ ~ in
principle kic©RBmeRBogCaeKalkarN_
agribusiness ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ
agricultural product ksipl
agriculture ksikmµ/ Ministry of
Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries
RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT
agro-industry ksi-]sSahkmµ
agronomist ekSRtviTU
agronomy ekSRtsaRsþ/ ekSRtviTüa
aid CMnYy/ economic ~ CMnYyEpñkesdækic©/ ~
agreement kic©RBmeRBogpþl;CMnYy/
4
~ coordination mechanism ynþkar
sMrbsMrYlCMnYy/ ~ programme kmµviFICMnYy
air bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas
air cargo/freightTMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH
air-consignment note b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas
airport tax Bn§RBlanynþehaH
airway bill b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas
alien CnbreTs
alien act c,ab;sþIBICnbreTs
alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§i
alienator n samIbrivtþ/ Gñklk; rW epÞrsiT§i[eK
alimony R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rWBIRbBn§
eTAbþI/ eRkayeBlElgKña¦
allegation karecaTRbkan;edaymin)an
bgðajPsþútag
allegiance (politics) karesµaHsµ½RK
allegiance, oath of sc©aRbNiFan
alliance sm<½n§PaB
all-in price éføsBVRKb; ¬TMnij/ Fanar:ab;rg/
dwkCBa¢Ún>>>¦
allocate v. (fund) élEck/ eFVIviPaCn_/
allocated resources FnFanEdl)anélEck
allocation 1> karélEck/ karviPaCn_/
proportional ~ karélEcksmamaRt
2> R)ak;viPaCn_
allotment of shares karEbgEckPaKh‘un
allowance R)ak;]btßmÖ/ TayC¢Tan/
depreciation ~ TayC¢Tan[dl;rMls;/
family ~ R)ak;]btßmÖRKÜsar/ make an ~
eFVIkarbBa©úHéføkñúgkarlk;eGayGñkTij
all-risks insurance/policy kar¼b½NÑ
Fanara:b;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT
Economic Lexicon Part 1
alteration karEk ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢I
KNenyü>>> edayekaslub¼sresrRtYt>>>¦
alternative CMerIs¼meFüa)ayepSgeTot/ ~
technology bec©kviTüaEbbepSg ¬Gac
eRbICMnYs)an¦
amalgamation karbBa©Úl ¬Kña¦
ambition karR)afñad¾elIslub/ mhicäta
amelioration n. kareFIVeGayRbesIreT,Ig/
suvuDÆikmµ
amendment 1> viesaFnkmµ ¬c,ab;>>>¦/
~ of a contract viesaFnkmµkic©snüa/
~ advice lixitCUndMNwgsþIBIkarEksMrYl
viesaFnkmµ 2> c,ab; b¤ maRtaénc,ab;Edl
RtUv)anEkERbehIy
amicable settlement dMeNaHRsay
RbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦
amnesty karelIkElgeTas
amortisation of a debt ¬kar¦rMls;bMNul
amount TwkR)ak;/ gross ~ TwkR)ak;dul/
~ of invoice TwkR)ak;énvikáybRt
amount past due TwkR)ak;hYskalkMNt;sg
analysis karviPaK/ cost ~ karviPaKBIéføedIm/ ~
of job requirements karviPaKtMrUvkarkargar
analysis, discounted cash flow (DCF)
karviPaKcracrsac;R)ak;
analytical thinking KMnitviPaK
ancestor buBVCn
ancillary services esvakmµbnÞab;bnSM
annual RbcaMqñaM/ ~ budget KMeragfvikaRbcaMqñaM
annualised adj. KitelImUldæanRbcaMqñaM
annuity FnlaP/ R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM/
5
life ~ CIvFnlaP
annulment emaXkmµ/ karcat;TukCaGasasUnü
antedate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/ cuHkalbriecäT
GtItkal
anthropology mnusSsaRsþ/ nrviTüa
anti- RbqaMg/ anti-personnel mine
mInRbqaMgmnusS
anticipated profit R)ak;cMeNjeRBogTuk
anti-dumping karRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚc
éfø/ ~ duty Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø
anti-inflation measure/programme
viFankar¼kmµviFI Tb;Tl;GtiprNa
anti-trust law c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ
apellate court sala]T§rN_
apparatus briFan/ bznP½NÐ
appeal 1> bNþwgtv:a/ ]T§rN_
2> karGMBavnav
appliance eRKOgeRbIR)as;
applicant Gñkdak;BaküsMu
applicant for a letter of credit
Gñkdak;BaküsMu¼GñkesñIsMu ebIksar\NTan
applied economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©
apply v. ¬dak;¦ Gnuvtþ/ applied research
karRsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ
appointed days, on naéf¶)ankMNt;
appointment karEtgtaMg/ permanent ~
to the rank of administrative agent
kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiPñak;garrdæ)al
apportion v. EbgEck
apportionment bMENgEck
appraisal karvaytémø
Economic Lexicon Part 1
appreciation 1> kareLIg éfø¼tMél
2> mUlvicar ¬karvaytMél¦
3> karTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB 4>GMNrKuN
approach viFIsaRsþ
appropriate adj. smRsb/ ~ size TMhM
smRsb/ ~ technology bec©kviTüasmRsb
appropriation (financial) ¬R)ak;¦ viPaCn_
¬R)ak;élTukenAmçagsMrab;eKaledAedayELk¦
appropriation accounts KNnIcMNUl-
cMNay
approval karyl;RBm/ on ~ etagman
karyl;RBm
approximately RbEhl/ RbmaN
aquaculture, aquatic culture varIvb,kmµ
aquatic product Clpl
aquatic resources FnFanClpl
arable land dIGacdaMduH
arbiter mCÄtþkr ¬GñkmanGMNac¼\T§iBl
edIm,IeFVIkarkat;kþI³ ]> kñúgkic©karrdæ¦
arbitrage 1> mCÄtþkmµ 2> karepÞrTunBIpSar
mYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér
arbitrageur GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSar
mYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér
arbitrary tamEtGMeBIcitþ
arbitration mCÄtþPaB/ mCÄtþvinicä½y/
karkat;kþIedayGaCJakNþal/ ~ committee
KN³kmµkarmCÄtþkmµ
arbitrator mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦
architectural company Rkumh‘unsikSa
KMeragbøg;
architecture sßabtükmµ/ nimµabnkmµ
area unit ÉktatMbn;
6
area, free trade tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI
area-based frame eRKagelImUldæantMbn;
arid area tMbn;s¶ÜtEhg
arithmetic nBVnþ/ ~ mean mFümnBVnþ
arm’s length sale karlk;KµankareyaK
yl;Biess
arrears bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg/ to be in
~ yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul
art work sñaédsil,³
article of copartnership
kic©snüacUlh‘un/ maRtashPaKkmµ
articles of association (GB) or by-
laws (US) lkçnþik³
articles of incorporation (US) or
memorandum of association (GB)
GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un
articulate v. bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_
as provided, as stated, set forth
dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦
Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA)
tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an
assembly line ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦
assessed taxes Bn§)ankMNt;
assessment karvaytMél
assessor of taxes GñkkMNt;Bn§¼vayBn§
asset RTBüskmµ/ RTBüsm,tiþ/ current ~
RTBüskmµcrnþ/ foreign ~ RTBüskmµCa
rUbiyb½NÑ ¬FnaKar¦/ RTBüenAbreTs, fixed
(capital) ~ RTBüskmµCab;lab; ¬ÉksarxøH
ehAfa GclnRTBü EdlRtUvnwgBakü
immovable property), tangible ~
RTBürUbI/ frozen ~ RTBüp¥ib/ intangible ~
Economic Lexicon Part 1
RTBüGrUbI/ financial ~ RTBühirBaØvtßú
assign (property) epÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as;Gclnvtßú
assignable credit sar\NTanGacepÞr)an
assignee 1> Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYlsiT§i¼
RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg ¦
2> GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan/ GaNtþiKahk
assignee in bankruptcy GñkRtUv)an
cat;taMg[RKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþiGñkkS½yFn
assignor 1> Gnub,TayI ¬GñkepÞrRTBüsm,tþi/
GñkeFVIkarcat;taMg¦
2> GñkRbKl;siT§i/ GaNtþiTayk
assimilation smankmµ ¬kareFVI[RCYtRCab¦
assistance kar]btßmÖ/ CMnYy/ CMnYy]btßmÖ
assistant CMnYykar/ brivcäkarI/ ]bkarI
assistant accountant KNenyükrCMnYykar
assistant manager Gñkcat;karrg
associated company (see affiliated
company) Rkumh‘unBak;B½n§
association smaKm/ bar ~ KN³emFavI
assurance 1> karFanar:ab;rg
2> PaBR)akdkñúgcitþ ¬KµankarsgS½y¦
at call, money kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTar
ykvij)anPøam
at par, share PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenA
pSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMélcuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un
at sight draft rUbiyaNtþiRtUvsgR)ak;enA
eBlbgðaj
at sight, to pay sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar
ATM (automatic teller machine)
m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ
attitude \riyabf
7
attorney 1> GaNtþiKahk ¬GñkTTYlGaNtþi¦
2> tMNagkarBarkþI 3> emFavI
attractive adj. Tak;Taj/ ~ prices
éføTak;TajGtifiCn
auction karedjéfø
auction sale karlk;edjéfø
audit n. & v. 1> svnkmµ/ external ~
svnkmµBIxageRkA/ internal ~ svnkmµépÞkñúg
2> eFVIsvnkmµ ¬Binitü¼Eqk bBa¢IKNenyü¦
auditing svnkmµ/ National Auditing
Authority GaCJaFrsvnkmµCati/ ~ procedures
nItiviFIsvnkmµ
auditor svnkr ¬GñkRtYtBinitübBa¢I/ sñgkar
KNenyü¦/ independent/external ~
svnkrÉkraCü
auspices kar]btßmÖ/ under the ~ enAeRkam
»vaT ¬sßab½n¦
austerity PaBt,itet,ót/ PaBtwgrwg/ tbkmµ
autarchy GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb pþac;kar
autarky sV½yaFibetyü/ esdækic©m©as;kar
xøÜnÉgpÞal;/ ¬minBwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW
CMnYyesdækic©¦
authentic deed/act lixityfaPUt
authenticate eFVInItüanukUlkmµ ¬bBa¢ak;faBit¦
authenticity yfaPaB
authorised bank FnaKarmankarGnuBaØat/
FnaKarRbtiRsuti
authorised capital edImTuncuHbBa¢I
authoritarianism GMNacniym
authority siT§iGMNac/ GaCJaFr/ rdæGMNac
authorisation 1> esckþIGnuBaØat
Economic Lexicon Part 1
2> lixitGnuBaØat
authorised representative tMNagman
siTRi§ bTan/ GaCJanukarI ¬tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦
automatic teller machine (see ATM)
m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ
automatic drawing right
siT§idkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi
autonomous economic entity
GgÁPaBesdækic©sVy½t
autonomous enterprise shRKassVy½t
autonomy sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB/ economic
~ sV½yPi)alesdækic©
average mFüm/ ~ annual growth rate
GRtakMeNInmFümRbcaMqñaM/ ~ cost tMél¼
éføedIm mFüm
average collection period (ACP)
ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm
avoidance, tax karecosvagBn§
award n. & v. 1> esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJa
kNþal 2> rgVan; 3> pþl;rgVan;[/ ~ a contract
RbKl;kic©snüa[
awareness kardwgsÁal;/ raise public ~
bMpuskaryl;dwgdl;saFarNCn
B, b
baccalaureate (degree)
¬sBaØab½Rt¦mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi
bachelor’s degree fñak;briBaØab½Rt
back eRkay/ xageRkay/ ~ interest karR)ak;
minTan;sg/ ~ a bill cuHhtßelxaFanaelI
8
back out v. dkxøÜnecj/ ~ from a
contract dkxøÜnecjBIkic©snüa
back to back xñgTl;xñg/ ~ credit
\NTanxñgTl;xñg
back up v. KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT/ ~ a claim
bBa¢ak;KaMRTkarGHGag
backbone infrastructure ehdæarcna
sm<½n§q¥wgxñg ¬ehdæarcnasm<½n§eKal¦
backdate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/
cuHkalbriecäTGtItkal
backer GñkbeBa©jedImTun/ GñkKaMRT
background 1> Rbvtþi/ savta
2> épÞxageRkay
backing, financial karKaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú
backlog kargarenAKrminTan;eFVI
backup eRtombMrug
backwardness PaBGn;fy
bad debt \NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦/
\NeTyüBi)akTar ¬Cab;sgS½y¦
bad faith GsT§a/ KMnitevocevr
bad title b½NÐkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an
bad workmanship TwkédGn;/ kareFVImin
)anl¥ ¬plitpl¦
bail R)ak;Fana ¬]> R)ak;bg;[tulakaredIm,I[
CnCab;ecaT)anenAeRkAXMu¦/ ~ bond b½NÑFana
bail out v. 1> se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)ak
xaghirBaØvtßú 2> bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn
bailiff n. GaCJasala
bail cover R)ak;Fana
Economic Lexicon Part 1
bailment karepJITuk ¬dak;TMnij[GñkepSg
kan;kab; b:uEnþGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦
bait n. nuy/ use money as ~ eRbIluyCanuy
balance n. 1> tulüPaB 2> smtulü/ credit/
debit ~ smtulü \NTayI¼ \Nayik/ closing
~ smtulücugRKa/ pay the ~ sgR)ak;CMBak;/
positive ~ smtulü viC¢man/ ~ on goods and
services smtulüTMnijnigesva
balance of payments CBa¢IgTUTat;/
~ deficit/surplus »nPaB¼Gtierk CBa¢IgTUTat;
balance of trade CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ
balance sheet taragtulükar/ off- ~
items xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar/ ~ date éf¶
eFVItaragtulükar
balance v. eFVIeGaymantulüPaB
balance v. an account bUksrubKNnI
balance v. the budget eFVItulükarfvika
bale KIb/ eb ¬vtßúGVImYymancMnYneRcIndUcCa
RkNat; Rkdas esµA>>> EdlcgCa dMu¼kNþab;¦
bank FnaKar/ central ~ FnaKarkNþal/
deposit money bank FnaKarTTYl
R)ak;beBaØI/ national ~ FnaKarCati
bank acceptance b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar
bank account KNnIFnaKar
bank book esovePAFnaKar/ esovePAepJI
R)ak;enAFnaKar
bank charge esah‘uyFnaKar
bank clearing karTUTat;tamFnaKar
bank deposit R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar
bank draft rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar rW b½NÑFnaKar
¬lixitecjedayFnaKarbBa¢aeGayFnaKarmYy
9
eTotsgR)ak;eTAbuKÁlNamñak;¦
bank financing hirBaØb,TanFnaKar
bank note RkdasR)ak;
bank of deposit FnaKarTTYlR)ak;beBaØI
bank reconciliation karepÞógpÞat;FnaKar
¬GgÁPaBsamIepÞógbBa¢Irbs;xøÜneTAnwgRbkas
\NBn§¼\NTan rbs;FnaKar/ kargarenHEtg
eFVIenAcugEx¦
bank reference TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar
bank statement r)aykarN_¼Rbkas
FnaKar/ sMrg;KNnIBIFnaKar
bank transfer karepÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar
bank v. dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar
bank-credit guarantee scheme
kmµviFIFana\NTanrbs;FnaKar
banker FnaKarik
banker’s draft (see bank draft)
banking muxCMnYjFnaKar/ muxviC¢aFnaKar
bankrupt kS½yFn/ FnkS½y/ niT§½n
bankruptcy PaBkS½yFn/ niT§nPaB/
discharge in ~ karrYcputBIkarkS½yFn
bar association KN³emFavI
barefoot doctor RKUeBTüCnbT
bargain and sale kic©snüaTij-lk;
bargain v. téfø/ (free) collective
bargaining karcrcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QñÚl
rvagnieyaCit nignieyaCk
barrier r)aMg/ ]bsKÁ/ customs/tariff ~
r)aMgBn§Ky/ lift trade ~ dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/
non-tariff ~s ( NTBs) r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky
barrister emFavI ¬Gg;eKøs¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
barter karedaHdUrTMnijnigTMnij
¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijedaymineRbIluy¦
base mUldæan/ exOn/ ~ level of
consumption kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as;
base rate GRtaeKal/ GRtamUldæan
base year qñaMeKal
baseline survey GegátCamUldæan
basic CamUldæan/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog
CamUldæan/ ~ price éføeKal/ ~ research
karRsavRCavCamUldæan
basic commodities plitplksikmµ
CamUldæan ¬ksiplFmµtaEdlpliteRcIn²
dUcCaRsUv/ eBat>>>¦
basic discount GbhareKal ¬Gbhar
FmµtaedayKµanbEnßmPaKryGVIeTot¦
basic human needs (BHN) tMrUvkarCa
mUldæanrbs;mnusS
basic salary/wage ebovtSr_eKal
¬ebovtSr_FmµtaedayKµanbUkR)ak;bEnßm¦
basin (Mekong River) Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦
basket n. k®nþk/ consumer ~ or
consumption ~ k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as;
batch LÚt_ ¬GIv:an;EdlplitenAeBlEtmYy¦/
~ number elxLÚt_
BCC (business cooperation contract)
kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ
bear Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij¼rUbiyvtßú Edl
eCOfaGIv:an;eKnwgcuHéfø/ ~ market TIpSarEdl
eKeCOfaGWv:an;nwgcuHéfø
bear v. interest pþl;nUvkarR)ak;
bearer Gñkkan;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt
10
KµaneQµaH ¬elImUlb,Tanb½RtKµancuHeQµaH
GñkRtUvebIkR)ak;eT KWfaGñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt
GacebIkR)ak;)an¦
bearer instrument/paper lixitUbkrN_
sMrab;Kahk
beginning inventory sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa
behave v. kan;criya
behaviour Gakb,kiriya
below cost TabCagéføedIm
benchmark kMriteKal/ ~ survey GegáteKal
benefactor ]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrg u / Gñkp©gú epþmI ¦
beneficiary GñkTTYlpl/ GtßKahk
benefit GtßRbeyaCn_/ R)ak;]btßmÖ/ medical
~ R)ak;]btßmÖéføBüa)al
benefit-cost ratio
smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay
bequeath v. eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú
bequest n. Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú/ GMeNay
tamry³mrtksasn_
best interest ]tþmRbeyaCn_
best-seller esovePAlk;dac;bMput
biannual BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM/ ~ monitoring
karXøaMemIlBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM
bias lMeGog
bid v. & n. 1> edjéfø 2> karedjéfø
bilateral eTVPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance
CMnYyeTVPaKI
bill 1> vikáybRt 2> rUbiyaNtþi
bill at sight vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg
enAeBlbgðaj
bill in transit vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi kMBugbBa¢Ún
Economic Lexicon Part 1

bill of entry RbtievTn_Ky ¬lixitRbkas board of directors RkumRbwkSaPi)al

bg;Bn§Ky¦ board of inquiry KN³kmµkaresuIbGegát
bill of lading (B/L) GBaØtb½NÑ rW board of investment (BOI)
GBaØtb½Rt/ lixitpÞúkTMnijnava/ b½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún RkumRbwkSavinieyaK
TMnij/ direct ~ GBaØtb½NÑedaypÞal; board of management RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg
bill payable vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg boat TUk/ Clyan/ ~ log book esovePA
bill sent for collection skmµPaBClyan
b½NÑepJI[RbmUlR)ak; body xøÜn ¬mnusS>>>¦/ tY ¬rfynþ>>>¦/ ~ of rules
bill/letter of exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ lixitpøas;bþÚr and regulations GgÁc,ab; ¬nigbTb,BaØtþi¦
billion Ban;lan bona fide esµaHRtg;/ ~ purchaser
bin tag pøakFug GñkTijesµaHRtg;
bind v. cg/ mantMélGnuvtþ/ P¢ab;katBVkic© bond sBaØab½NÑ/ government/treasury ~
biodiversity CIv³cMruH b½NÑrtnaKar/ bearer ~ sBaØab½NÑKµaneQµaH/
biogas CIv]sµ½n goods (held) in ~ TMnijrkSaTukenAXøaMgKy
biomass CIvm:as ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ mortgage ~ b½NÑniekçb
biosphere reserve, Tonle Sap ¬b½NbÑ NM lu manvtßbú Ba©a¦M / take goods out of
zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab ~ bg;Bn§elITMnijedIm,IGacykvaecjBIXøaMgKy/
birth certificate sMbuRtkMeNIt ~ yield TinñplsBaØab½NÑ ¬cMNUl)anBIsBaØab½NÑ
birth rate GRtakMeNIt/ GRtaRbsUtikmµ KitCaPaKryénéføTijsBaØab½NѦ
birth spacing karBnüakMeNIt bonded warehouse XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb;
black market pSarggwt/ ~ price éføpSarggwt RKgedayPñak;garKy
blacklist bBa¢IexµA bonus R)ak;bEnßm/ buBVlaP ¬]> R)ak;rgVan;¦/
blank enAs¥at/ minTan;sresr/ ~ cheque cost of living ~ R)ak;bEnßmsMrab;RTRTg;
mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh ¬cuHhtßelxaehIy EtKµan CIvPaB/ incentive ~ R)ak;elIkTwkcitþ/
cuHTwkR)ak; rW eQµaHGñkTTYl¦ productivity ~ rgVan;plitkmµ
blank endorsement carxñgcMh book of investment esovePAbnÞúkén
block bøúk karvinieyaK
block fund mUlniFipþúM book value (accounting) tMélkñúgbBa¢I/
blocked account KNnI bBaÄb;¼p¥ib tMélKNenyü
¬min[dkR)ak;ecj¦ bookkeeper Gñkkan;bBa¢I/ KNenyükr
blue-collar union shCIBhtßkr

11
Economic Lexicon Part 1
bookkeeping karcuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ single
entry ~ karcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK/ double entry ~
karcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK
books of accounts bBa¢IKNenyü
boom v. rIkduHdaly:agrh½s/ ~ industry
]sSahkmµEdlrIkduHdalya:grh½s/
booming sector vis½ykMBugrIkduHdal
boost v. CMruj/ rujeLIg
booty C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþImrWbøn;BIeK¦/
GcäinRTBü
border price éføenARBMEdn
borrow v. x©I¼sMux©I/ borrowed reserves
R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI
FnaKarkNþal¦
borrower Gñkx©I/ \Nvnþ
borrowings karx©Ibul
boss n. bri)al/ ecAhVay/ GñkRtYtRta/
bossy EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK
BOT (build, operate, transfer) sagsg;-
GaCIvkmµ-epÞr
botany n. PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦
bottleneck PaBraMgsÞH/ PaBkkkuj
bottom out v. cuHTabbMput
¬RbEhlminGacFøak;cuHeToteT¦
bottom-up BIeRkameLIgelI/
~ development karGPivDÆn_BIeRkameLIgelI
bourgeois KhbtI
bourgeoisie or middle class
vNѳKhbtI b¤ vNѳkNþal
boycott Bhikar ¬karRbqaMgedayminRBmTij
minRBmcUlrYm>>>¦
brain drain kar)at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj
12
brainstorming karBiPakSabMpusKMnit
branch (of a company) saxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦
brand sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal;/ rUb/ m:ak ¬TMnij¦
brand name eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha
breach of contract karelµIskic©snüa
breach of discipline karelµIsvin½y
breakages GIv:an;)ak;Ebk ¬minrab;CaRTBü
skmµeTenAeBleFVIsareBIP½NЦ
break-even point cMNucrYcedIm
breakthrough karTMlayPaBTal;Rck
bribe v. & n. 1> sUk
2> sMNUk/ take a ~ sIusMNUk
bridging loan kMcIry³eBlxøI ¬sMrab;Tij
pÞHfµI enAeBllk;pÞHcas;minTan;dac;¦
broadcast v. pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú/ TUrTsSn_>>>¦
brochure n. esovePAesþIg/ kUnesovePA
pSBVpSay
broker eCIgsarCMnYj/ KYkeC
brokerage 1> kMéreCIgsar 2> kargareCIgsar
brought forward (accounting) eyagmk
bring in (assets as investment)
eFVI]bharit/ ykcUl
budget fvika/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü
fvika/ ~ credit \NTanfvika/ ~ fund
mUlniFifvika/ ~ prices éføTab²
buffer RTnab;/ ~ zone tMbn;RTnab;
buffer stock sþúksMrab;Tb;karERbRbYl ¬éfø/
karpÁt;pÁg;>>¦/ ~ facility (BSF)
]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi
built-in stabilisers ktþaeFVIeGayman
sßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi
bulk buying karTijduM
Economic Lexicon Part 1

bulk order bBa¢aTijdMu by-product plitplbnÞab;bnSM/ nisSnÞvtßú

bull Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij>>>EdleCOfa
muxGIv:an;eKnwgeLIgéfø
bull market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéfø
bulletin 1> RBwtþib½Rt/
2> esckþIRbkasCapøÚvkar ¬BIerOgsMxan;GVImYy¦
burden bnÞúk/ ~ of proof bnÞúkPsþútag/ tax
~ bnÞúkBn§
bureau kariyal½y/ employment ~
kariyal½ykargar
bureaucracy kariyaFibetyü
bureaucrat kariyaelxanukar/ GñkeFVIkar
kariyal½y
business Furkic©/ GaCIvkmµ/ kic©karCMnYj/
karrksuI/ ~ card namb½NÑ
business cooperation contract
(BCC) kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ
business format franchising
karpþl;siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK
business licence tax ¬Bn§¦ )a:tg;
business name namkrN_GaCIvkmµ
business undertaking kareFVIkic©karCMnYj
businessman/woman GaCIvkr/ FurCn
buy v. Tij/ ~ back Tijykvij/ ~ time
BnüaeGay)anyUr
buyer’s price éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij
buying order karbBa¢aTij
buying power GMNacTij
by-election kare)aHeqñateLIgvij
bylaws (see also articles of association)
c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦/ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg
13
C, c
cabinet xuTÞkal½y/ political ~ KN³rdæm®nþI
cable transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_
cadastre surieyadI
cadre Rkbx½NÐ/ public ~ Rkbx½NÐ
m®nþIraCkar/ ~ of administrative agent
Rkbx½NÐPñak;garrdæ)al
calculus KNnaGtüaNU
calendar RbtiTin/ ~ year qñaMRbtiTin
call deposit R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ
call loan/money \NTanKµankalkMNt;
¬RtUvsgvijenAeBleKTar¦
called-up capital mUlFn)anehA
¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦
campaign yuT§nakar/ sales ~ yuT§nakarlk;drU
cancel v. lubecal/ ~ an entry bdiesF
elxna ¬KNenyü¦/ ~ an order lubecal
karbBa¢aTij
cancellation karlubecal
canvass 1> sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦
2> eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT
capability smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦
capacity 1> smtßPaB/ earning ~
smtßPaBrkR)ak;/ in a legal ~ kñúgsmtßPaB
tampøÚvc,ab;/ load-carrying ~ smtßPaBpÞúk
¬GIv:an;¦/ production ~ smtßPaBplit
2> cMNuH
Economic Lexicon Part 1
capital mUlFn/ Tun/ authorised ~mUlFn
Edl)anGnuBaØat/ paid in ~ mUlFnEdl
)anbg;/ ~ accumulation smac½yTun
capital account KNnI mUlFn¼Tun
capital adequacy ratio smaPaKsm
lµménmUlFn
capital amortisation rMls;mUlFn
capital asset RTBümUlFn/ RTBüskmµCab;lab;
capital assistance kar]btßmÖTun
capital contributor GñkcUlh‘un/ PaKTunik³
capital endowment edImTunEdlRtUvbg;
capital expenditure/investment/
outlay cMNayelIRTBümUlFn/ vinieyaK
capital expense cMNayCamUlFn
capital gains (accounting) tMélelIs
capital goods TMnij mUlFn¼CaTun
¬TMnijsMrab;plitTMnijepSg²eTot¦
capital intensive RbBlvb,kmµedImTun
¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIuneRcIn¦
capital levy Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl
capital loss (accounting) tMélxVH
capital market pSarTun
capital movement clnaTun/ karepÞrTun
capital productivity plitPaBénTun
capital reserves TunbMrug
capital revenue cMNUlCamUlFn
capital, authorised TunGtibrimaEdlRtUv
)anGnuBaØat[manenAkñúgRkumh‘un/ TuncuHbBa¢I
capital, frozen mUlFnpw¥b
capital, risk (venture capital)
TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak;
capital, working TunbgVil/
14
mUlFnRbkbkar
capitalism mUlFnniym
capitalist mUlFnik/ nayTun
capitalisation mUlFnPavUnIykmµ
capitalise v. eqøótykcMeNj/ qk;»kas/
mUlFnkmµ
captive market TIpSarpþac;mux
card b½NÐ/ sMbuRt/ business ~ namb½NÑ
¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ cash ~ b½NÑsac;R)ak;/ cheque ~
mUlb,Tanb½NÑ/ credit ~ b½NÑ\NTan/
identity ~ GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ
career GaCIB
caretaker (of a motor vehicle) Gñkkan;
kab;EfTaM ¬]> yanynþ¦/ ~ government
rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ
cargo navaPNÐ/ TMnijdwktamnava/ nava
¬dwkTMnij¦/ ~ documents ÉksarsMrab;
kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
cargo list bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún
cargo outturn report r)aykarN_erITMnij
carriage forward éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;eday
GñkTTYl
carriage paid éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI
carried forward (accounting) eyageTA
¬]> eyageTATMB½rmYyeTotnUvtYelxbUksrubcug
snøwkbBa¢IKNenyü¦
carrying value (accounting)
tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü
cartel n. karEtl/ shRkumh‘un
case study karsikSakrNI ¬rW krNIsikSa¦
cash 1> ebLa ¬RkdasR)ak; + R)ak;kak;¦
2> sac;R)ak; ¬ebLa + FnaKar¦/ ~ substitute
Economic Lexicon Part 1
CMnYssac;R)ak;
3> rtnvtßú ¬KNenyü¦
cash account 1>KNnIebLa 2>KNnIrtnvtßú
cash advance R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦
cash against document (CAD)
RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar
cash book (CB) n. bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl
cash budget EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak;
cash credit \NTansac;R)ak;
cash crop dMNaMlk;ykR)ak;
cash discount karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Ca
sac;R)ak;
cash down sale karlk;ykR)ak;Pøam
¬Casac;R)ak; rW mUlb,Tanb½Rt b:uEnþminyk
b½NÑ\NTaneT¦
cash economy esdækic©eRbIR)ak;kas
cash flow lMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ analysis
karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ statement
r)aykarN_lMhUrsac;R)ak;
cash in on eqøótykcMeNjBIelI
cash in hand (GB), cash on hand
(US) sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd/ ebLa
cash in/with bank sac;R)ak;enAFnaKar
cash on delivery (COD) RbKl;TMnij
RbKl;R)ak;/ bg;R)ak;eBlTTYlTMnij
cash over and short R)ak;elIsxVH
¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦
cash paid book esovePAsgR)ak;
cash price éfølk; ¬efak¦ Kittamkarbg;
Casac;R)ak;
cash rebate cMnYncuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Ca
15
cash reserves sac;R)ak;bMrug
cash voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa
cash with order (CWO) bg;R)ak;eBl
bBa¢aTij
cash-disbursement book esovePA
cMNayR)ak;
cashier ebLakr/ ebLaFikar
cash-receipt book esovePAcMNUlR)ak;
casting vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB
¬e)aHeqñat¦
casual labourer BlkrGENþt
¬ry³eBlxøI¦
casualty at sea mhnþrayenAsmuRT
cataclysm n. mhavinas
catalogue kataLúk ¬esovePAbgðaj rUb¼vtßú
epSg²¦
catalyst katalIkr/ ~ role tYnaTICakatalIkr
¬bnSúI/ CMruj¦
catchment area EdnrgTwkePøóg
catalyse v. bnSúI ¬Kña¦/ BenøÓn
categorisation of goods karkMNt;
RbePTTMnij
category RbePT/ BYk/ Epñk
causal sehtu ¬EdlR)ab;BIkarTak;Tgehtu
nigpl¦
CD-ROM suIDIr:m
ceiling price éføGtibrma/ éføx<s;bMput
celebrity n. Gñkl,IeQµaH
census 1> karCMerOn ¬RbCaCn¦/
~ sample KMrUtagCMerOn/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
2> r)ab; ¬karrab;¦
census-enumeration area tMbn;rab;
bBa©ÚlCMerOn
central kNþal/ mCÄwm/ ~ administration
rdæ)al mCÄwm¼kNþal
central bank FnaKarkNþal
centralisation mCÄkar
centralised eFVImCÄkar/ ~ economy
esdækic©mCÄkar/ ~ record kMNt;RtamCÄkar/
~ system RbB½n§mCÄkar
centrally planned economy esdækic©
EpnkarRbmUlpþúM
ceramics kulalPaCn_/ ceramic product
plitplkulalPaCn_
certificate viBaØabnb½Rt/ ~ of approval
lixitGnuBaØat/ ~ of processing viBaØabnb½Rt
bBa¢ak;plitkmµ/ ~ of deposit viBaØabnb½Rt
beBaØI¼ epJIR)ak;/ ~ of origin viBaØabnb½Rt
RbPBedImTMnij/ ~ of quality viBaØabnb½Rt
bBa¢ak;KuNPaB/ ~ of quarantine viBaØabnb½Rt
BinitüeraKqøg/ ~ of registration viBaØabnb½Rt
Gnusidæ/ ~ of weight viBaØabnb½RtTMgn;
certified cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rtr:ab;rg
edayFnaKar rWmUlb,TanbR½tFanacMNay
certified public accountant (US)
KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal;
cessation karQb;/ ~ of business
karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ
cession n. Gnub,Tan/ karRbKl;eGay
¬]> kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦
ceteris paribus (other things being
equal) GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl
16
chairman RbFan/ ~ of the meeting
RbFanGgÁRbCMu/ GFibtI
challenge bBaðaRbQm
chamber of commerce sPaBaNiC¢kmµ
chance of selection P½BVénCMerIs
change 1> bMErbMrYl/ karpøas;bþÚr/ sm,rivtþn_/
2> R)ak;Gab;/ ~ fund R)ak;Gab;
channel Rck
chaos PaBRcbUkRcbl;
chapter CMBUk
character crit
charge bnÞúk/ bnÞúkcMNay/ éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦
charge v. a commission ykkMéreCIgsar
charge/credit account KNnIeCO
¬GtifiCnGacykrbs;EdlxøÜnTij edaybg;
R)ak;TUTat;smtulüKNnIenAéf¶eRkay¦
charges, overhead bnÞúkcMNayTUeTA
charity sb,úrsFm’/ kuslkic©
chart tarag/ KMnUssißti/ EpnTI/ BinÞúerxIy/ bøg;/
organisation ~ GgÁkarelx/ sale ~ KMnUs
taglk;/ ~ of accounts taragKNnI/ ~ of
general accounting bøg;KNenyüTUeTA
charter 1> FmµnuBaØ 2> lkçnþik³ (US)
charter plane ynþehaHCYldwkBiess
¬eCIgehaHehIrmineTogTat;¦
chattel mortgage (US) karbBa©aMRTBü
sm,tþipÞal;xøÜn
check karRtYtemIl/ karEqkeqr/ ]bsKÁ/
karbg¥g;/ put a ~ on imports bg¥g;karnaMcUl
check v. the accounts BinitüKNnI
checkoff RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBeday
nieyaCk
Economic Lexicon Part 1
checks and balances karRtYtemIl nig
føwgGMNac
cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt/ bouncing/dud/
rubber ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanR)ak; ¬RKb;RKan;
kñúgKNnI¦/ blank ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh/ cash
a ~ ebIkR)ak;elImUlb,Tanb½Rt/ crossed ~
mUlb,TanbR½tqUt ¬eRbIsMrab;EtbBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúg
KNnI¦/ dishonoured ~ mUlb,TanbR½tKµan
R)ak;kñúgKNnI/ traveller’s ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt
eTscrN_¼eFVIdMeNIr/ open/ uncrossed ~
mUlb,TanbR½t\tmanqUt ¬bBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúgKNnI
k¾)an ebIkR)ak;k¾)an¦/ ~ book esovePA
mUlb,TanbR½t/ ~ to bearer mUlb,Tanb½Rt
KµaneQµaH/ ~ crossed specially mUlb,TanbR½t
qUtBiess ¬Ca mUlb,Tanb½RtEdlbBa¢ak;lGM ti
bEnßmnUvlkçxNÐ epSg²dUcCa eQµaHFnaKarrbs;
GñkTTYlCaedIm¦/ ~ stubs Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t/
~ voucher b½NÑcMNaymUlb,Tanb½Rt
chronic ruaMér:/ ~ unemployment PaBGt;
kargareFVIraMuér:
chronological order tamlMdab;éf¶Ex/
lMdab;erogtamkal
CIF (cost, insurance, freight)
éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún
circular saracr
circular adj. EdlepJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/
~ letter of credit b½NÐ\NTanepJIeTARKb;saxa
¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦
circular systematic sampling
karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§vil
circulating capital TunbgVil
17
circulation cracr/ ~ of capital cracr¼
karbgVil Tun/ ~ of goods cracrTMnij
citizen Blrdæ
civics viC¢anaTIBlrdæ/ elaknIti
civil suIvil/ ~ disobedience karbdiesF
c,ab;rdæ/ ~ law c,ab;rdæb,evNI/ ~ liberty
esrIPaBénBlrdæ/ ~ servant m®nþIraCkarsuIvil
¬tamFmµtaminrab;bBa©ÚlTahaneT¦/
~ society sgÁmsuIvil
civil status GRtanukUldæan/ ~ book
esovePAGRtanukUldæan/ certificate of ~
sMbuRtGRtanukUldæan
civilian n. & adj. 1> CnsuIvil
2>énCnsuIvil
claim 1> \NeTyü ¬R)ak;eKCMBak;¦/ ~ on
the government \NeTyüelIrdæaPi)al
2> kar tv:a¼TamTar 3> karGHGag
claim v. compensation TamTarsMNg
karxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv
claimant GñkTamTar/ edImecaT
clarify v. bMPøW
class 1> fñak;/ vNѳ/ social ~ vNѳsgÁm/
economy/business/first ~ fñak;eGkUnUmI¼
CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬fñak;ekAGIynþehaHdwk
GñkdMeNIr¦
classical Ebbkøasuik/ ~ view TsSn³Ebb
køasuik/ ~ economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©køasIuk
classification cMNat;fñak;/ system of ~
RbB½n§eFVIcMNat;fñak;
classify v. cat;fñak;/ eFVIcMNat;fñak;
clause 1> lkçxNÐ/ ~ of a contract
Economic Lexicon Part 1
lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ 2> x ¬]> xTI1/ xTI2>>>¦/
special ~ xviessénc,ab;/ terminate ~ x
bBa©b;kic©snüa
claw back v. R)ak;dkykmkvij
clean adj. s¥at/ ~ development
mechanism ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥ats¥M
clean bill of health viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak;
suxPaBl¥
clean bill of lading b½NÑpÞúkTMnij RtwmRtUv
¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnijxus¼xUceT¦
clean collection EbbEpnTUTat;BaNiC¢kmµ
KµanP¢ab;Éksar ¬KWeyagelIlixitCMBak;R)ak;
b¤mUlb,TanbR½tEdleFVItamry³FnaKar¦
clear v. a cheque dak;mUlb,Tanb½Rt
eGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;karepÞrR)ak;
clear v. goods through customs
bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl b¤naMecjTMnij¦
clear profit R)ak;cMeNjsuT§
clearance certificate
b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky
clearance inwards TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk
clearance outwards TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü
clearance sale karlk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk
clearing account KNnIpat;Tat;
clearing bank FnaKarTUTat;
clearing house (banking) sPapat;Tat;
clearing the arrears eFVIkarTUTat;R)ak;
EdlBMuTan;)ansg
clerk esµón/ bank ~ buKÁlikFnaKar
clientele n. Gtifita ¬GtifiCnTaMgGs;
rbs;hagNamYy¦
clinic KøInik
18
close v. an account biTKNnI
¬eFVI[KNnImansmtulüsUnü¦
close company Rkumh‘unbiTCit
¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak;Nas;¦
closed economy esdækic©biTCit
¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦
closing entries elxnabiTbBa¢I
closing price éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag
closing rate GRtabiT
¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikarRbcaMéf¶¦
closing the books karbiTbBa¢I
club køib/ regional industry ~ køib
]sSahkmµtMbn;
cluster kBa©úM
clustering of elements smasFaturYmCakBa©úM
coaching karbgVwk/ karbgðat;
co-chair shRbFan
co-creditor n. sh\NTayk
code Rkm/ commercial ~ RkmBaNiC¢kmµ/
~ of conduct/ethics RkmsIlFm’
code kUd/ elxkUd
co-defendant shcugecaT
coding kardak;elxkUd
coefficient of variation emKuNbMErbMrYl
cognitive level kMrityl;dwg
coherence PaBrlUn/ PaBsuIKña
cohesion karrYmsM)ac;/ karrYbrYmKña/ siniT§Bl
¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦
coin n. & v. 1>R)ak;kas 2>e)aHR)ak;kas
coincidence n. karKab;CYn/ Ékb,harPaB
collaboration kic©shkar
collate v. 1> RbmUlB½t’manmkBinitü
Economic Lexicon Part 1
eRbobeFob 2> erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦
collateral loan kMcImanrbs; bBa©aM¼dak;Fana
collateral vtßú bBa©aM¼dak;Fana/ sc©karP½NÐ
colleague shesvik
collect v. payment Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦
collecting agent/bank Pñak;gar¼FnaKar
RbmUlR)ak;
collecting charges esah‘uyCYyRbmUlR)ak;
collection smuc©½y/ karRbmUl/ karTar/ debt
~ agency TIPñak;garTarbMNul/ ~ of stamps
karsnSMTukEtm/ debit ~ karRbmUlbMNul
collective CasmUhPaB/ rYm/ ~ bargaining
karcrcarCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ ~ farm ksidæanrYm/
shkrN_ksikr/ ~ ownership kmµsiT§irYm/
~ work sñaédCasmUhPaB
collectivity smUhPaB
collectivisation smUhPavUbnIykmµ
collector n. GñkRbmUl/ farm produce ~
GñkRbmUlTijplitplksikmµ/ money ~
GñkRbmUlR)ak;
column xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦
combine KYbpSM/ lay/ ~ business and
pleasure KYbpSMCamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkMsanþ
combustion n. cMehH ¬kareqH¦
come v. into effect/force cUlCaFrman
come v. into line RBmeRBogCamYyKña
come v. to an agreement QaneTAdl;
kic©RBmeRBog
comfort pasukPaB/ letter of ~ lixitKaMRT
RKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦
commerce BaNiC¢kmµ
19
commercial BaNiC¢/ énBaNiC¢kmµ/ non ~
bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢/ ~ aircraft ynþehaH
CMnYj ¬dwkGñkdMeNIr rWTMnij¦/ ~ attaché
GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ bank FnaKarBaNiC¢/
~ bill rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ court tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ/
~ credit \NTanBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ dealing
esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ enterprise shRKas
BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ impracticability GRbtibtiþPaB
BaNiC©kmµ/ ~ invoice vikáybRtBaNiC¢kmµ/
~ paper RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ/ lixitTTYl
CMBak;/ ~ port kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ register
bBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ traveller tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ/
~ usage TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ
commercialisation BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ
commercialise v. eFVIBaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ
commission 1> kMéreCIgsar/ ~ agent
Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar/ ~ buyer/seller
Pñak;gartMNag Tij¼lk;/ ~ sale karlk;yk
kMéreCIgsar 2> KN³kmµkar
commitment karebþCJa ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦
committed credit (state budget)
\NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦
committee KN³kmµaFikar/ standing ~
KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_/ ~ of inspection
KN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitü/ steering ~
KN³kmµaFikar dwknaMkargar¼nayk
commodity plitpl ¬EdleKlk;¼Tij
eRcIn²CaBiess vtßúFatuedIm niges,óg¦/
~ accounts KNnIplitpl
Common Effective Preferential
Tariff (CEPT) taragGnueRKaHBn§Kyman
Economic Lexicon Part 1
RbsiT§iPaBrYm
common property resources (CPR)
FnFanRTBürYm
common sense suPnicä½y
common stock PaKh‘unsamBaØ
commonwealth shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab;
enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦/ ~ of independent
states shFnrdæÉkraCü
communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tg/
~ of information KmnaKmn_B½t’man
communist adj. kumµúynisþ
community property RTBürYmsM)ac;
bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦
company Rkumh‘un/ affiliated (or
associated) ~ Rkumh‘unbuRtsm<½næ/ joint
stock ~ Rkumh‘unGanamik/ limited liability
~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmanx½NÐsIma/ ~ union
shPaBRkumh‘un/ subsidiary ~ Rkumh‘unsaxa/
unlimited ~ Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvKµankMNt;/
~ promoter sßabnikRkumh‘un/ trading ~
Rkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ies act c,ab;Rkumh‘un
comparative advantage ]tþmPaB
eRbobeFob
compatibility smitPaB ¬PaBcUlKñacuH¦
compatriot CnrYmCati
compensating errors el¥ógb:Hb:UvKña
compensation karb:Hb:Uv/ sMNg
compensatory financing facility (CFF)
]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;b:Hb:UvxaghirBaØvtßú
compete v. RbkYtRbECg
competent adj. mansmtßkic©/
mansmtßPaB/ ~ authority GaCJaFrman
20
smtßkic©/ ~ party PaKImansmtßkic©
competing lines muxTMnijRbkYtRbECg
competition karRbkYtRbECg/ sarmÖ/ free
~ karRbkYtRbECgesrI
competitive EdlRbECg/ ~ advantage
]tþmPaBRbECg/ ~ examination
karRblgRbECg/ ~ market pSarRbkYtRbECg/
~ price éføRbkYtRbECg
competitiveness PaBRbkYtRbECg/
PaBedjeCIgKña
competitor GñkRbECg ¬éfø/ TIpSar>>¦
compile v. cgRkg
complain v. t¥ÚjEt¥r/ tv:a
complainant Gñkbþwgtv:a
complaint bNþwg/ BakübNþwg
complementary EdlbMeBj[KñaeTAmk
completion karbBa©b;/ karbegðIy/ ~ of a
contract karbBa©b;kic©snüa
complex adj. misSPaK ¬sµúKsµaj¦
superiority ~ esyümanH/ inferiority ~
hInmanH/ complexity misSPaB
complex business plan bøg;GaCIvkmµ
sµúKsµaj
complex multi-stage design bøg;eRcIn
dMNak;minsamBaØ
complexity PaBsµúKsµaj/ PaBsaMjúaM
compliance with, in RsbCamYy
complicate v. eFVIeGaysµúKsµaj
complicity karcUléd
complimentary 1> EdlsesIr
2> EdleGayTeT ¬\tKitéfø¦
comply Rbtibtþitam/ eFVItam
Economic Lexicon Part 1
component smasPaK/ FatupSM
composition smasPaB
compound entry elxnapÁúM
¬elxnamaneRbIcab;BIbIKNnIeLIgeTA¦
compound growth vDÆnPaBsmas
compound interest karR)ak;smas
comprehensive adj. RKb;RCugeRCay/
TUlMTUlay/ ~ analysis karviPaKRKb;RCugeRCay
compromise karRsuHRsYl
comptroller GñkRtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú
compulsory CakatBVkic©/ Edlxanmin)an/
~ inspection GFikarkic©CakatBVkic©
computable EdlGacKNna)an
computer virus vIrus¼visaNU kMuBüÚT½r
comrade n. smmitþ/ shCIvin/ BYkm:ak
conceal v. lak;elom
concealment karlak;elom
concentration karRbmUlpþúM/ land ~
karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI/ ~ level of a substance
kMritkMhab;énsarFatu
concept eKalKMnit/ TsSnaTan
conception TsSnaTan
conceptual error el¥ógEpñkTsSnaTan
conceptualise v. KitKUrbegáItfµI
concern kgVl;/ RBYy)armÖ/ business ~
RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦/ his business is a going
~ muxCMnYjrbs;Kat;kMBugdMeNIrkareTAmux
¬nigmancMeNj¦
concerned EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ ministry
RksYgBak;B½n§
concert, act in v. eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña
21
¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVImYy¦
concerted economic action skmµPaB
esdækic©manvKÁmanesñI
concession sm,Tan/ forest ~ sm,Tan
éRBeQI/ ~ holder sm,Tanik/ social land ~
sm,TandIsgÁmkic©/ price ~ sm,Tanéfø
concessionaire sm,Tanik/ forest ~
éRBsm,Tanik
concessional, concessionary Edl
pþl;sm,Tan¼GnueRKaH/ ~ loan kMcIpþl;
sm,Tan/ ~ terms lkçxNÐsm,Tan
conciliate v. pSHpSa
conclusion n. snñidæan/ Gvsankfa
¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦
concrete measure viFankarCak;Esþg
concurrence 1> karyl;RBm/ karÉkPaB
2>karekItdMNalKña ¬RBwtþikarN_¦
condition lkçxNÐ/ working ~ lkçxNÐ
eFVIkargar/ ~ precedent lkçxNÐbegáIt
katBVkic©/ ~ subsequent lkçxNÐbBa©b;
katBVkic©
conditional edaymanlkçxNÐ/ ~
acceptance karTTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ
conditionality PaBmanlkçxNÐ
conducive to GMeNaypldl;
conduct kiriyamayaT/ karRbRBwtþi¬xøÜn¦
conduct v. & n. 1> dwknaM/ eFVI/ dMeNIrkar
2> ~ of business kic©dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ
conference snñisIT
confession n. karsarPaB/ sc©avIkrN_
confidential sMgat;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
confirmation karbBa¢ak;/ ~ of order
karbBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ ~ of price karbBa¢ak;éfø
confirmed letter of credit
sar\NTanGnusiT§i
confirming bank FnaKarbBa¢ak;
confiscate rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦/ dkhUt
conflict TMnas;/ ~ of interest TMnas;pl
RbeyaCn_
confrontation n. karRbTl;muxKña/
smµúxIkmµ/ ~ meeting karRbCMuTl;muxKña
confusing RcLMbl;/ gayP½nþRcLM
confusion karP½nþRcLM/ karRcLMbl;/
karRcbUkRcbl;
conglomerate Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl
conscience mnsikar
conscientious Edlmanmnsikar/ Edlyk
citþTukdak;
consensus karmUlmti/ kugsg;s‘us
consent v. & n. 1> RBm 2> karyl;RBm
consequential EdlCavi)ak
conservation GPirkS/karrkSa/ ~ of
nature GPirkSFmµCati/ soil ~ GPirkSdI
conservative adj. GPirkS
consideration karBicarNa/ under ~ kMBug
BinitüBicarNa
consignee GñkTTYlTMnij
consignee’s account, all charges to
ral;esah‘uycMNayCabnÞúkrbs;GñkTTYlTMnij
consignment n. 1> karbBa¢ÚnTMnij/
~ note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij 2> GIv:an;mYyRkum
¬]>mYykugtWn½r¦EdlbBa¢ÚneTA
consignor GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij
22
consistency 1> sgÁtPaB/ PaBsuIKña
2> PaBminpøas;bþÚr
consolidated (information) ¬B½t’man¦
Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña
consolidated balance sheet tarag
tulükarsrub¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm<½n§>>>¦
consolidation of balance sheets
karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñanUvtaragtulükar
consortium kugs½rsüÚm/ smaKm
conspiracy n. karKitk,t;/ shk,d
¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦
constant efr/ ~ price éføefr
constituency mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT/ mNÐle)aHeqñat
constitution rdæFmµnuBaØ
Constitutional Council RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ
constitutionality FmµnuBaØPaB
constraint kMhit ¬]bsKÁ¦
constructive CalkçN³ksag/ ~ criticism
karTietonCalkçN³ksag
consultancy karpþl;eyabl;ÉkeTs
consultant GñkBieRKaHeyabl;
consultation karBieRKaHeyabl;
Consultative Group (CG)
RkumBieRKaHeyabl;
consumables vtßúFatueRbIR)as;
consume v. eRbIR)as; ¬es,ógGahar/ \n§n³>>>¦
consumer GñkeRbIR)as;/ ~ basket k®nþk
TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ credit \NTansMrab;Tij
TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ goods TMnijeRbIR)as;/
~ price éføTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬éfølk;ray¦/
~ price index (CPI) snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbI
R)as;/ ~ surplus plcMeNjénGñkeRbIR)as;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
consumption kareRbIR)as;/ ~ expenditures
cMNayeRbIR)as;/ home (domestic) ~ kareRbI
R)as;kñúgRsuk/ ~ curve ExSekageRbIR)as;
contact karCYbTak;Tg/ ~ person mnusS
sMrab;CYbTak;Tg
container kugtWn½r ¬pÞúkTMnij¦
contemporary shkal/ shsm½y
contempt karemIlgay/ ~ of court
karRbmaftulakar
content 1> xøwmsar 2> matika
contest n. karRbECg/ karRbkYt/
~ a decision CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc
context bribT/ brikarN_
contingency yfaPaB/ kar\tRBagTuk/
~ beneficiary GtßKahkCayfaehtu/
~ plan EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu
contingent adj. GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVI
mYyEdlGacekIteLIg rWminekIteLIg¦/ Gnimitþ
continuity nirnþrPaB
continuous adj. bnþrhUt/ bnþCab;
contra account KNnIbdiPaK
contra entry elxnabRBa©as
¬edIm,IlubecalnUvelxnamun¦
contraband TMnijrt;Bn§
contraception karbgáarkMeNIt
contract kic©snüa/ ~ of insurance
kic©snüaFanar:ab;rg/ ~ of sale kic©snüalk;/
~ of work kic©snüakargar
contract (public) employee
buKÁlik¬rdæ¦Cab;kic©snüa
contract law c,ab;kic©snüa
23
contract v. out of an agreement dk b¤
lubkic©snüa ¬edaymankaryl;RBmCa
laylkçN_GkSrBIPaKImçageTot¦
contract v. 1> cuHkic©snüa 2> rYmcuH ¬esdækci ©¦
contract, under Cab;kic©snüa/ eRkamkic©snüa
contracting party PaKIcuHkic©snüa
contractor GñkcuHkic©snüa/ Gñkem:Akar/
sub-contractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ
contractual business GaCIvkmµQrelI
kic©snüa
contradiction bdivaTkmµ/ PaBpÞúyKña
contradictory EdlpÞúyKña
contrast n. PaBpÞúyKña/ Bütierk
contra-transfer cuHbRBa©as/ eFVIRbtiRkanþ
elxna
contravene v. elµIs/ bMBan
contribute v. rYmviPaKTan/ rYmcMENk
contribution viPaKTan/ karrYmcMENk/
~ in kind viPaKTanCasMPar³
control v. RtYtBinitü/ RtYtRta
controllable expenses cMNayRKb;RKg)an
controlled selection CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü
controller GñkRtYtBinitü
controlling interest, have a
mancMENkPaKh‘unRtYtRta ¬KWmanelIsBI
50°énPaKh‘unsrubrbs;Rkumh‘un¦
controversy vaTb,divaT ¬rW vaTRbtivaT rW
karCECkrkxusRtUvCasaFarN³¦
contumacy n. TudæPaB
¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦
convenience food Gaharevcx©b;Rsab;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
¬EdlRsYl erobcM¼cMGin¦
convention 1> GnusBaØa 2> snñi)at
3> snµtikmµ¼karsnµt
conversation karsnÞna/ snÞnakar
conversion karbþÚr/ ~ price/rate GRtabþÚr
¬edIm,IKitbþÚrrUbiyvtßúmYyeTACarUbiyvtßúbreTs¦
convertible currency rUbiyvtßúEdlGac
bþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an
conveyance 1> karepÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦
2> ÉksarepÞr
convict TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦
cooperate v. eFVIshRbtibtþikar
cooperative adj. & n.
1> EdleFVIshRbtibtþikar 2> shkrN_
coordinates niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg¼ry³beNþay¦
co-owner, co-proprietor shkmµsiT§ikr/
m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña
co-ownership shkmµsiT§i
co-property RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña
copyright siT§icMlg/ rkSasiT§i
core sñÚl/ ~ budget fvikasñÚl/ ~ funding
mUlniFisñÚl/ ~ resources FnFansñÚl
corn n. (US) eBat/ baby ~ esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦
corporate state rdæshRKin
corporation saCIvkmµ/ multinational ~
saCIvkmµBhuCati/ ~ tax (GB) Bn§elIR)ak;
cMeNjRkumh‘un
correct adj. RtwmRtUv
correlated response variance v:arIy:g;
cMelIyTak;Tin
correlation shsm<½n§/ TMnak;TMng
correspondence, business karsresr
24
Tak;TgxagCMnYj/ lixiteqøIyqøgGaCIvkmµ
correspondent bank FnaKareqøIiyqøg
corridor rebog/ Efv/ economic ~
rebogesdækic©
corroborate v. bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm/
eFVIbmaNIykrN_
corruption n. GMeBIBukrlYy
cost 1> tMél 2> briyaTan 3> éføedIm
4> bnÞúkcMNay/ cMNay
cost accounting KNenyüéføedIm/
KNenyüviPaK
cost and freight (C & F)
éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún
cost of goods sold or cost of sales
éføedImTMnijlk;ecj
cost of living éføRTRTg;CIvPaB
cost price éføedIm
cost, historical tMélTijcUl
cost, insurance, freight (CIF)
éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún
cost, manufacturing éføedImplitkmµ
cost-benefit analysis karviPaKcMNay
nigplcMeNj
cost-effective adj. EdlmanRbsiT§PaB
cMNay
costing karKNnaéføedIm
Council of Ministers TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI
counter bBa¢r
counter party bdiPaKI
counter valuation bdiekaslvic©½y
counterbalance v. raMgxÞb;\T§iBl
countermand bdiesFbgÁab;munecal/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
ecjRbtiGaNtþi
counter-offer kareGayéføelI ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦
counterpart smPaKI
counterpart adj. bdiPaK/ ~ entry
elxnabdiPaK/ ~ fund mUlniFibdiPaK
counter-revolution n. Rbtibdivtþn_
country report r)aykarN_sþIBIRbeTs
country-representative office
kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs
country-risk analysis karviPaKeRKaHRbeTs
coupe, forest éRBKub
court clerks RkLabBa¢I
court or lawcourt sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI
covenant karRBmeRBogCapøÚvkar
cover note (insurance) kMNt;sMGag
¬Fanar:ab;rg¦
cover price éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelI
RkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI >>>¦
cover, banking R)ak;Fana
cover, full (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelI
haniP½yRKb;RbePT
cover, temporary (insurance)
b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ
coverage kar¼TMhM RKbdNþb;
¬]> edayb½NÑFanar:ab;rg¦
craftsmanship n. htßekaslü
creation n. karbegáIt/ mabnkmµ/ nimiµtkmµ/
mabnvtßú
creative thinking KMnitécñRbDit
creativity KMnitécñRbDit
credibility PaBKYr[eCO/ kitþinam
25
credit bank FnaKar\NTan
credit bureau kariyal½ypþl;B½t’man
BIkitþinam ¬énshRKas>>>¦
credit in kind \NTanvtßú ¬minEmnCaR)ak;¦
credit institution sßab½n\NTan
credit market TIpSar\NTan
credit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NTan
2> \NTayI 3> kt;Rtaxag\NTan
credit plus \NTanbUk ¬\NTanEdl
KitKUrTaMgkarCYyCaR)ak;kas nigbec©keTs¦
credit rating cMNat;fñak;\NTan/
smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I
credit restrictions kMhitén\NTan
credit risk haniP½yén\NTan
credit sale karlk;eCO
credit slip b½NÑsMeNA\NTan/ skçIb½Rt
\NTan
credit solvency lT§PaBsgbMNul
credit status CMhr\NTan
credit terms lkçxNÐ\NTan
credit worthiness PaBKYr)anTTYl\NTan
credit worthy borrower Gñkx©IR)ak;
EdlKYreGayTukcitþ
credit, open \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana
¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦
credit, tax \NTanBn§
credit, trade \NTanCMnYj ¬pþl;[shRKas
manTMnak;TMngCMnYjCamYyKña¦
creditor \NTayk/ m©as;bMNul
credulity n. PaBgayeCO/ sT§aluPaB
creeping inflation GtiprNasnSwm²
Economic Lexicon Part 1
crime bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ
criteria, criterion lkçN³vinicä½y
crop n. dMNaM/ pldMNaM/ supplementary ~
dMNaMrYmpSM
cross check epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk
cross class fñak;qøg
cross rate, exchange cross rate
GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;
eFobtam rUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦
cross border (trade) qøgkat;RBMEdn
¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦
crossed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtqUt
cross-examine v. karsYrbBa¢ak;sakSI
epÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun
cross-voting n. kare)aHeqñateGayKNbkS
epSg ¬minEmnKNbkSxøÜn¦
crude oil eRbgeqA
culprit n. BiruT§ikCn
cultivated land dIdaMduH
culture vb,Fm’/ ~ of impunity vb,Fm’
rYceTas
cumulated list bBa¢IbUkRtYt
curb v. Tb;sáat;
curfew bMrameKacr
currency rUbiyvtßú/ hard ~ rUbiyvtßúxøaMg
¬rbs;RbeTsmanesdækic©maMmYn niggaybþÚr
ykrUbiyvtßúepSgeTot¦/ soft ~ rUbiyvtßúexSay
currency in circulation rUbiyvtßúkñúgcracr
currency of account rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr
currency of payment rUbiyvtßúTUTat;
currency of the contract rUbiyvtßúén
kic©snüa
26
currency operation RbtibtþikarelI
rUbiyvtßú ¬dUcCakarbþÚrR)ak;CaedIm ¦
current account or checking
account (US) KNnIcrnþ
current adj. crnþ/ ~ expenditures cMNaycrnþ
current assets RTBüskmµ crnþ¼cl½t
current liabilities RTBüGkmµcrnþ
current price éføcrnþ/ éføbc©úb,nñ/ ~ list
taragéføcrnþ
current revenue cMNUlcrnþ
¬cMNUlCaRbcaM kñúgÉksarxøH¦
current account holder m©as;KNnIcrnþ
current market rate GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf¶
curtailment karkat;bnßy
curve ExSekag/ aggregate supply ~
ExSekagpÁt;pÁg;srub
custody (keeping) karrkSaTuk
custom of the port (COP)
TMenomTMlab;Ep
custom-built/made ksag¼eFVI Biess
sMrab;GtifiCnNamñak;
customer GtifiCn
customs house TIcat;karKy
customs Ky/ ~ agent Pñak;garKy/
~ Department TIcat;karKynigrdæakr/
~ breach bTelµIsc,ab;Ky/ ~ declaration
RbtievTn_Ky/ ~ examination karRtYtBinitü
énPñak;garKy/ ~ frontier RBMEdnKy/
~ invoice vikáybRtKy/ ~ permit lixit
GnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy/ ~ regulations
bTbBaØtþiKy/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky/
~ territory tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKy
Economic Lexicon Part 1
Gactamcab;TMnij)an¦
customs broker buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaM
TMnijqøgkat;Ky ¬bMerIeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún¦
customs duties (or dues) Bn§Ky
cycle vdþ/ suIkø/ xYb/ CMu/ ~ of poverty
vdþénPaBRkIRk
D, d
daily RbcaMéf¶/ ~ sales return cMNUllk;
RbcaMéf¶
damage karxUcxat/ Gnþray/ ~ by
seawater GnþrayedaysarTwksmuTÞ
damages R)ak;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat
danger money R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargar
maneRKaHfñak;
DARE (Demand and Resource
Evaluation) karvaytMélFnFan nigtMrUvkar
data Tinñn½y/ enter v. ~ bBa©ÚlTinñn½y
data processing karcat;EcgTinñn½y
database mUldæanTinñn½y
data-collection stage dMNak;kalRbmUl
Tinñn½y
date kalbriecäT/ éf¶Ex/ interest to ~
karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ
date a cheque forward cuHkalbriecäT
GnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt
date of maturity éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;/
\NRbtiTan/
date, by the due dl;éf¶kMNt;
27
date, interest to R)ak;karmkTl;bc©úb,nñ
day éf¶/ settlement ~ éf¶TUTat;bBa¢I/ éf¶CMrHbBaI¢
day labourer BlkrsuIR)ak;éf¶/ TinikCn
day-release 1> éf¶rYcput ¬Bn§¦
2> RbB½n§EdlGnuBaØat[nieyaCitsMrakBIkargar
edIm,IeronsURt
DCB (Domestic Competitive Bidding)
karedjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk
de facto tamkarCak;Esþg/ tamRBwtþin½y/
~ management karRKb;RKgtamRBwtþin½y
de jure tampøÚvc,ab;
dead account KNnIQb;eRbI/ KNnIgab;
dead loss karxatbg;srub
dead money R)ak;gab;/ R)ak;minykeTAeFVI
karrksuI
dead season rdUvs¶b;skmµPaB
¬]> rdUvlk;dUrminsUvdac;¦
deadline kalkMNt;/ kalbriecäTdl;kMNt;
deadlock PaBTal;Rck break the ~
TMlayPaBTal;Rck
dead-weight 1> TMgn;nicl/ TMgn;gab;
¬KµanCYybMerIkar¦
deal karRBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ GabNsBaØa/
get a good ~ Tij)anefak/ package ~
karRBmeRBogCakBa©b;
dealer BaNiC¢kr
dealership TMnak;TMngCMnYjpþac;mux
dealing karlk;dUrh‘unenApSarh‘un/ CMnYj,
commercial ~ esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ fair ~ CMnYj
Rsbc,ab;/ insider ~ karCYjdUrh‘uneday
GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
dear éfø ¬pÞúynwgefak¦
dear money R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx<s;
dearth of investment kgVHvinieyaK
death mrNPaB/ karsøab;/ ~ certificate
sMbuRtmrNPaB/ ~ in service benefit
R)ak;bMNac;mrNPaB
death rate GRtamrN³
debate karCECkedjedal ¬]> enAsPa¦
debenture sBaØab½NÑ ¬ry³eBlEvg²¦/
lixitbMNul/ register of ~ bBa¢IeQµaHGñk
kan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un/ ~ holder
Gñkkan;sBaØab½NÑ
debit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NBn§
2> \Nayik 3> kt;Rtaxag\NBn§
debit/credit memorandum or
debit/credit memo kMNt;ehtu \NBn§¼
\NTan b¤ Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan
debt bMNul/ ~ holder embMNul/ bad ~
bMNul GaRkk;¼Bi)akTar/ doubtful ~ bMNul
sgS½y/ irrecoverable ~ bMNulTarmin)an/
~ crisis vibtþibMNul/ ~ ratio smaPaKbMNul/
secured/unsecured ~ bMNul man¼Kµan
dak;RTBüFana
debt-collection letter lixitTarR)ak;
debt-for-nature swaps bMNuledaHdUr
nwgFmµCati
debtor kUnbMNul/ \Nvnþ
decadence n. PaBcuHGab;»n/ GtßgÁt
decapitalise n. dkTunecj
deceased n. Gñksøab;
decennial population census
CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaMTsvtSr_
28
decent smrmü/ ~ livelihood CIvPaBsmrmü
decentralisation n. vimCÄkar
decentralise v. eFVIvimCÄkar/ decentralised
power GMNacvimCÄkar
deciding vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB ¬e)aHeqñat¦
decile n. TsPaK ¬sßiti¦
decimal n. & adj. 1> elxTsPaK
2> TsPaK
decision esckþIsMerc/ ~ maker GñkeFVI
esckþIsMerc/ ~ making kareFVIesckþIsMerc/
~ tree KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§sMerc
declaration 1> kar¼esckþI Rbkas
2> lixitRbkas/ RbtievTn_/ customs ~
RbtievTn_Ky/ tax ~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§
declared value tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_
decline n. karFøak;cuHyWt²
declining balance method of
depreciation viFIrMls;fyCalMdab;
decoding karbkRsayelxkUd
¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦
deconcentration vishmCÄkar
decrease karFøak;cuH/ karfycuH/ ~ in price
karFøak;éfø
decree Rkwtü
de-dollarisation bdiduløarUbnIykmµ
deduct v. kat;kg/ pat;ecj/ after deducting
depreciation eRkay)anpat;rMls;
deductible adj. EdlGackat;kgecj/ tax
~ EdlGackat;kgecjBIcMNUlCab;Bn§
deductive method viFITajehtupl/
viessanumanviFI
Economic Lexicon Part 1
deed 1> kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr
2> GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦/ good ~ kuslkic©
deed of assignment lixitepÞrkmµsiT§
¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦
deed of conveyance lixitepÞrkmµsiT§i
GclnRTBü
default karxusqÁg/ karxVHxat/ karKµan
lT§PaBsg
default of acceptance karminTTYlRBm
defendant n. cugecaT
deferred payments karsgR)ak;bNþak;
¬eRcInelIk¦
deferred share PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaP
eRkayeK
deferred/unearned revenue ¬R)ak;¦
cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg
kariybriecäTeRkay²¦
deficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;/ ~ in weight
PaBxVHTMgn;
deficient reserves R)ak;bMrugxVH
deficient supply karpÁt;pÁg;mankgVHxat
deficit »nPaB/ balance of payments/
trade ~ »nPaBCBa¢Ij TUTat;¼BaNiC¢kmµ/ budget
~ »nPaBfvika/ meet v. a ~ bMeBj»nPaB
deficit financing hirBaØb,Tan»nPaB
deflate the economy eFVIbritþprNa
esdækic© ¬tamry³karkat;bnßysac;R)ak;pÁt;pÁg;
rW cMNayrdæaPi)al¦
deflation britþprNa ¬sPaBkarN_TMnij
cuHéføCaTUeTA ¦
deflationary gap KMlatbritþprNa
29
deflator (GDP) snÞsSn_britþprNa ¬pss¦
deforestation karkab;éRBeQI/ vivnkar
defrauder GñkbnøM ¬]> Bn§¦
defray ecjcMNayCYs
degradation TuBVlPaB/ karbBa©úHKuNPaB
del credere R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦
FanakarTUTat;/ ~ clause RbkarFanaTUTat;/
~ commission kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat;
delay 1> karyWty:av/ ry³kalkMNt;
yWty:av/ ~ in delivery karRbKl;yWty:av/
2> karBnüaeBl/ grant a ~ pþl;karBnüaeBl
delegate power eFVIRbtiPUkmµGMNac/
rMElkGMNac/ epÞrGMNac
delegation 1> karepÞr ¬siT§iGMNac¦
2> KN³RbtiPU
deliberation karBiPakSaedjedal
delinquent adj. 1> hYskalkMNt;
2> min)anbMeBjkatBVkic©edayectna
delinquent n. GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs
deliver v. RbKl;
delivered at duty paid RbKl;enAkEnøg
)anbg;Bn§ehIy
delivered at frontier RbKl;enARBMEdn
delivery karRbKl;/ ~ against payment
RbKl;TMnijeBlmankarTUTat;/ ~ order b½NÑ
bBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij/ ~ by instalments
RbKl;TMnijtamdMNak;kal/ ~ note lixit
RbKl;TMnij ¬[eTAGtifiCn CamYyKñanwgTMnij¦
demagogue n. GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ/ RbCaPiftik³
demand tMrUvkar/ sMNUmBr/ ~ bill/draft
lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
~ curve ExSekagtMrUvkar/ ~ deposit R)ak;
beBaØIcrnþ/ ~ exceeds supply tMrUvkarelIs
karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ loan kMcIKµankalkMNt;
¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦
demand, to be in poor minsUvmantMrUvkar
demarcation (boundary) karkMNt;
RBMRbTl;
demilitarise v. dkT½Becj/ eFVIvieyaFkmµ
de-mining kare)assMGatmIn
demise 1> Ptisnüa/ kic©snüaCYl
2> mrNPaB
demobilise v. rMsay ¬kgT½B¦
democratisation
RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ/ RbCanuvDÆn¾
demographic rate (birth, death ...)
GRtaRbCasaRsþ ¬kMeNIt/ mrN³ >>>¦
demonetise karbBa©b;tMéleRbIR)as;én
RkdasR)ak;¼kak;
denationalisation niCatUbnIykmµ/ karbþÚr
RTBüsm,tþirdæeTACaÉkCn
denial, flat karRbEkkdac;Ghgáar
denominated in USD (cheque)
carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦
denomination ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak;
¬rW kak;¦
denominator (fraction) PaKEbg
density dg;sIuet
Department of Overseas Trade
naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs
Department of Public Prosecution
GgÁkarGyükar
department store PNÐaKar
30
dependability PaBGacBwgBak;)an
depletion karfycuHeRcIn²/ kareRbIGs;/ tnukmµ
depletive asset RTBüfycuHtamkareRbIR)as;
deport v. nireTs
deposit R)ak;beBaØI/ nikçitP½NÐ/ certificate of
~ RbkasnIyb½RtbeBaØI/ demand ~ R)ak;
beBaØIcrnþ/ guaranteed ~ nikçitP½NÐFana/
savings ~ R)ak;beBaØIsnSM/ fixed/time ~
R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ bank FnaKar
TTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ ~ guaranty account KNnI
R)ak;tMkl;Fana/ ~ in transit R)ak;beBaØIkMBug
epÞr/ ~ receipt bgáan;édTTYlR)ak;beBaØI/
~ slip b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak;
deposit R)ak;kk;
deposit (minerals...) RsTab;Er:
deposit v. 1> kk; 2> tMkl;R)ak;/ epJIR)ak;
¬enAFnaKar¦
depositor GñkepJIR)ak;
depreciate v. Føak;éfø
depreciation 1> karFøak;éfø¼tMél
2> ¬kar¦ rMls; 3> karswkerc
depreciation allowance (accounting)
TayC¢TaneGaydl;rMls;
depress v. sgát;cuH ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/
Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦
depression, economic vism<aFesdækic©
deputy prime minister ]bnaykrdæm®nþI
deputy chairman GnuRbFan
deputy manager naykrg/ bNÑaFikarrg
deregulate v. eFVIbdiniy½tkmµ
dereliction of duty kare)aHbg;Parkic©
Economic Lexicon Part 1

derivative instrument (banking) diagram KMnUsbMRBYj

]bkrN_nisSnÞ
descendant bcäaCn
description 1> karBiBN’na
2> RbePTTMnij/ ~ of goods karraymuxTMnij
desertification rehadæanIykmµ ¬kareFVI[
eTACavalrehadæan¦
design karrcnatak;Etg/ bøg;/ ~ effect
\T§iBlénbøg;/ ~ weight TMgn;bøg;
design v. rcnatak;Etg
designation letter lixit]eTÞsnam
¬GñktMNag>>>¦
desk study karsikSaenAkariyal½y
detailed adj. lMGit/ ~ instructions
bTbBa¢alMGit
deteriorated Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦
deterioration karGn;fy ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦
determine v. kMNt;
detriment karxUcRbeyaCn_
detrimental Edl eFVIeGayxUcRbeyaCn_¼
bgáeRKaHfñak;
devalue v. bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú ¬eFobnwg
rUbiyvtßúÉeTot²¦
development karGPivDÆn_/ karlUtlas;/ ~
yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_/ ~ aid CMnYyGPivDÆn_/
strategies
~ project KMeragGPivDÆn_/ Development Triangle
Zone tMbn;GPivDÆn_RtIekaN
deviation 1> kargakecj 2> KMlat
devise n. Gc©½yTanCaGclnRTBü
¬tammrtksasn_¦
diagnosis n. eraKvinicä½y
differentiate v. Ejk
differentiation karEjkeGayeXIjPaBxusKña
digit elx/ single ~ inflation GtiprNa
mantYelxEtmYyxÞg;
digital EdlbgðajCaelx/ DIhSúItal;
digitalised economy esdækic©erxUbnIykmµ
dignitary \sSrCn
dignity PaBéføfñÚr/ \sSrPaB
dilemma n. sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak
dimension TMhM/ TidæPaB ¬énsPaBkarN_GVImYy¦
direct adj. pÞal;/ foreign ~ investment
(FDI) vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ cost tMél
plitpÞal;/ briyaTanpÞal;/ ~ exchange
karedaHdUredaypÞal;/ ~ export karnaMecj
edaypÞal;/ ~ tax Bn§pÞal;
direct v. tMrg;Tis
direction 1> Tis/ TisedA 2> esckþIENnaM/
provide ~ and guidance pþl;TisedA
nigkarENnaM ¬[eFVIGVImYy¦
directive karcg¥úlTis/ bTENnaM/ ~ on
wages and prices bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø
direct-lending schemes kmµviFI\NTanpÞal;
director nayk
director-general GKÁnayk/ deputy ~
GKÁnaykrg
directory 1> bBa¢IrayeQµaH
2> ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦
direct-transit trade BaNiC¢kmµqøgkat;pÞal;
disability BikarPaB
disadvantage plvi)ak/ KuNvibtþi

31
Economic Lexicon Part 1
disadvantaged caj;eRbob/ ~ farmers
ksikrTn;exSay
disaggregation karbMEbkGgÁpSM
disagree v. minRBmeRBog/ minÉkPaB/
minyl;Rsb
disagreement n. karminRBmeRBog, in the
event of ~ kñúgkrNIKµankarRBmeRBog
disbursement karebIkpþl;¬R)ak;¦/
~ account KNnIraymuxkarebIkpþl;R)ak;/
~ schedule kalviPaKebIkpþl;R)ak;
discharge 1> dkbNþwg/ ~ a bankrupt
eGaybuKÁl)anrYcputBIPaBBIkS½yFn BIeRBaH
)anTUTat;bMNulehIy 2> TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug
3> bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦
disciplinary action kardak;vin½y
¬kardak;eTasxagrdæ)al¦
disciplinary council RkumRbwkSavin½y
¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦
disciplinary sanction TNÐkmµxagvin½y/
to impose ~ dak;vin½y
disciplinary transfer
karpøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y
disclaimer bTRbkasbdiesF
¬karTTYlxusRtUv/ siT§i >>>¦
discount 1> Gbhar ¬karcuHéfø¦/ cash ~
karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ to sell
goods at a ~ lk;TinijcuHéfø
2> Gbharit ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ 3> cuHéfø
discount a bill v. eFVIGbharrUbiyaNtþi
¬lk;rUbiyaNtþieGayFnaKar¦
discount bank FnaKarTij]bkrN_
TUTat;lixitbMNul
32
discount rate GRtaGbhar/ GRtacuHéfø
discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis
karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl
discouraged worker Blkr)ak;Twkcitþ
discretion qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦/
at the ~ of the government CaqnÞanusiT§i
rbs;rdæaPi)al
discrimination karerIseGIg
disequilibrium vismta/ PaBKµanlMnwg
dishonoured bill of exchange
rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF
dishonoured cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt
bdiesdæ ¬minTUTat;¦
disillusion esckþIRsgakcitþy:agxøaMg
disincentive eRKOgbg¥ak;Twkcitþ
disinflation karbnßyGtiprNa
disinvestment kardkTunQb;vinieyaK
dismiss v. bBaÄb;BIkargar/ edjecal/
dismissal n. karbBaÄb;BIkargar
dispatch n. karbBa¢Ún/ karEbgEck
dispatch v. epJI/ bBa¢Ún ¬TMnij>>>¦
dispersion diagram düaRkambMEbkray
disposable personal income cMNUl
enATMenrrbs;buKÁl/ cMNUlbuKÁleRkaykat;Bn§
¬]> R)ak;ExebIkykeTApÞH)an¦
dispose v. CMrHbBa©b;
dispossess dkhUtrbs;RTBü
disproportionate (amount of cash)
vismamaRt ¬cMnYnsac;R)ak;¦
dispute vivaT/ CMelaH/ ~ settlement
mechanism ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT
Economic Lexicon Part 1
dissemination karpSBVpSay
dissolution karrMlay
distortion karERbRbYlxusPaBedIm
distress (sale) edaymanFur³bnÞan;/ edaHT½l
¬karlk;¦
distribution karEckcay
distribution of sample r)ayKMrUtag
distribution, unequal wealth
r)ayvismFn ¬karEckcayRTBüminesµIKña¦
disturbance karrMxan/ noise ~ karrMxan
edaysMelg
diversification cMruHkmµ/ BiBiFkmµ
dividend PaKlaP
divisible adj. EdlEckdac;/ GacEbgEck/
~ letter of credit sar\NTanGacbMEbk)an
division of labour karEbgEckBlkmµ
docker kmµkrkMBg;Ep
documentary collection
1> karRbmUlR)ak;eRkayeBl)anTTYlÉksar
2> karRbmUlÉksar
documentary credit \NTanÉksar
documentation
1> Éksar ¬TaMgGs;Tak;TinnwgerOgGVImYy¦
2> karksagsMNMuÉksar
documents against acceptance (D/A)
pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak;
documents against payment (D/P)
pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak;
dogma n. siT§anþ ¬CMenOrbs;mnusSmYyRkumEdl
eKrMBwgfaGñkÉeTotTTYlykedayKµanCECktv:a¦
dollarisation duløarUbnIykmµ
33
domestic kñúgRsuk ¬rW kñúgRbeTs¦/ ~ assets
(bank) RTBüskmµkñúgRsuk>/ ~ credit \NTan
kñúgRsuk/ ~ demand tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk/ ~ income
(DI) plTunkñúgRsuk/ ~ financing hirBaØb,Tan
kñúgRbeTs/ ~ product (DP) plitplkñúgRsuk/
~ savings sBa¢½yFnkñúgRsuk ~ supply
karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk/ ~ price stability sßirPaB
éføkñúgRsuk/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk
domicile n. lMenA/ ~ of origin lMenAedIm
¬lMenABIkMeNIt tamFmµtaKW lMenA«Buk¦
domiciled bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþi
manbBa¢ak;Gas½ydæan
domiciled in Cambodia
manlMenApøÚvkarenAkm<úCa
dominate v. RKbsgát;
domino effect \T§iBldUmINU
donation GMeNay
donee bdiKÁahk
donor Tayk/ Gñkpþl;CMnYy
dormant adj. KµanskmµPaB/ ~ company
Rkumh‘unKµanskmµPaB ¬kñúgmYykariybriecäT¦
dose xñatmaRta/ kMrit
dossier sMNMuerOg
double v. ekInmYyCaBIr
double-deflation technique
bec©keTsbRgYmsÞÜn
double-entry bookkeeping
viFIcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK
doubtful debt \NeTyüsgS½y
down payment R)ak;kk;/ R)ak;bg;dMbUg
downgrade v bBa©úHtMél
Economic Lexicon Part 1
¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwkh‘un¦
downsize v. kat;bnßy
downstream product plitpl
xageRkam¼cugExS ¬ekItecjBIplitpledIm¦
downward tendency ninñakarfycuH
dowry ekrþ×xagRsI
draconian measures viFankartwgrwgsMebIm
draft 1> esckþIRBag 2> rUbiyaNtþi/ bank ~
rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢a[FnaKarebIkR)ak;¦
draft term lkçxNÐlixit
draught animals (GB), draft
animals (US) stVGUsTaj
draw lots v. cab;eqñat ¬edIm,IeRCIserIs¦
drawback n. cMNucminl¥
drawback n. Bn§KybgVilsgvij ¬enAeBl
TMnijRtUv)annaMecjeTAvij¦
drawee bharit/ GñkeGayeKdkR)ak;/
GñkRtUv)anesñIeGaybg;R)ak;
drawer bhar½k/ GñkdkR)ak;
drawing account KNnIR)ak;beBaØI
KµankalkMNt;
drawing rights siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦
drop karFøak;cuH
dual price system RbB½n§éføTVIk³/ RbB½n§éføBIr
due 1> EdlCMBak; 2> Edldl;kMNt;
due date \NRbtiTan/ éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;
due-card salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij
dumping karcak;Kr/ karlk;bgçÚcéfø/
~ duty Bn§Tb;Tl;nwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø
duplication 1> kareFVI[eTVKuN
2> karRtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦
durability PaBCab;lab;/ PaBzitezr
34
dutiable EdlRtUvbg;Bn§/ ~ goods TMnij
RtUvbg;Bn§¼Cab;Bn§
duty Bn§ ¬BiessBn§Ky nigGakrBiess¦/ ad
valorem ~ Bn§yktaméfø/ customs ~ Bn§Ky/
excise ~ GakrBiess/ ~ paid price
éføKitTaMgBn§
duty Parkic©/ ~ bound Cab;Parkic©
duty-free EdlrYcBn§/ ~ goods TMnijrYcBn§
duty-paid goods TMnijbg;Bn§ehIy
DVD DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦
dwindle v eFVIrMls;bnþicmþg²
dynamic adj. DINamik/ Edlman famPaB¼snÞúH
dynamics n. DINamik/ famPaB
dynamism DINamIs/ famPaB/ snÞúHkMlaMg
E, e
earmark v. élTuk ¬sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦
earned fees kMérrk)an
earnest R)ak;kk;/ kMNt;
earning capacity smtßPaBrkR)ak;
earnings cMNUl/ kMér/
retained ~ R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk
¬Edlmin)anebIk[m©as;h‘unCaPaKlaPeT¦
ease, prices are inclined to éføman
ninñakarfycuH
easement esvPaB/ siT§ieRbIR)as;dIGñkdéT
easy money policy eKalneya)ay
sac;R)ak;gayRsYl ¬EdlsMrYlkarpÁt;pÁg;
sac;R)ak;edIm,IBRgIkesdækic©¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
easy terms of payment lkçxNÐTUTat;
gayRsYl
ecological equilibrium lMnwgeGkULÚsuI
ecological tourism eGkUeTscrN_
ecological zone tMbn;eGkULÚsuI
ecology eGkULÚsuI
eco-national product (ENP)
plitplbrisßanCati
econometrics esdækic©maRtsaRsþ/
viC¢avas;Evgesdækic©
economic énesdækic©/ ~ austerity
tbkmµesdækic©/ kart,itet,ótxagesdækic©/
~ blockade/embargo karh‘u¿B½T§esdækic©/
~ conditions lkçxNÐesdækic©/ sPaBkarN_
esdækic©/ ~ conversion bMlas;esdækic©
¬BiessBIrcnasm<½n§eyaFamkrcnasm<½n§
esdækic©minEmneyaFa¦/ ~ cooperation
shRbtibtþikaresdækic©/ ~ corridor
rebogesdækic©/ ~ corridor RckTVar esdækic©/ ~
crisis vibtþiesdækic©/ ~ cycle vdþ esdækic©/ ~
downturn/recession karFøak;cuH esdækic©/ ~
efficiency RbsiT§PaBesdækic©/
~ entity GgÁPaBesdækic©/ ~ forecast
karBüakrN_esdækic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;
xagesdækic©/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkarT½resdækic©/
~ pattern lMnaMesdækic©/ ~ integration
smahrNkmµesdækic©/ ~ model KMrUesdækic©/
~ philosophy TsSnviC¢aesdækic©/ ~ policy
eKalneya)ayesdækic©/ ~ projection
karKn;KUrxagesdækic©/ ~ sanction TNÐkmµ
esdækic©/ ~ stabilisation programme
35
kmµviFIsßirPavUbnIykmµesdækic©
economic cost-benefit analysis
(ECBA) karviPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj
xagesdækic©
economical EdlsnSMsMéc
economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©
economies of scale esdækic©maRtdæan
economist esdæviTU
economise snSMsMéc
economy esdækic©/ sMéc/ balance of
national ~ tulüPaBesdækic©Cati/ black ~
esdækic©ggwt/ centrally planned ~ esdækic©
EpnkarRbmUlpþúM/ decentralised ~ esdækic©
vimCÄkar/ capitalist ~ esdækic©mUlFn/ free
market ~ esdækic©TIpSaresrI/ planned ~
esdækic©Epnkar/ political ~ esdækic©
neya)ay/ ~ car rfynþsuIsaMgtic/ ~ size
xñatFM ¬lk;efakebIeFobnwgbrimaNva¦
education for all Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña
Education Sector Support
Programme (ESSP)
EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;RTRTg;vis½yGb;rM
education service esvaGb;rM
effective skþisiT§i
effective date éf¶RbsiT§PaB
effective demand tMrUvkarCak;Esþg
effective rate of protection (ERP)
GRtaKaMBarskþisiT§i
effectiveness PaBskþisiT§i
efficiency RbsiT§PaB
efficient EdlmansmtßPaB/ Edlmanpll¥/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
~ worker kmµkrEdlmansmtßPaB
elaborate y:agl¥itl¥n;/ briyayy:agl¥itl¥n;
elasticity PaByWt/ EdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an/
~ of supply and demand PaByWténkar
pÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar
elderly Cncas;Cra
electoral official m®nþIe)aHeqñat
electrification GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ/ rural
~ fund mUlniFiGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµCnbT
electronic adj. eGLicRtUnik
element smasFatu
eligibility for bank loans PaBGacTTYl
)an\NTanBIFnaKar
eligible EdlmansiT§i/ EdlGacTTYlyk)an
elite Gñkzan³x<s;
embargo karh‘¿uB½T§/ ninñivarN_ ¬]> karham
Xat;mineGaynaMTMnijecj-cUl¦/ lift an ~
elIkkarh‘¿uB½T§ecj/ place an ~ dak;karh‘¿uB½T§
embezzlement karekgRbv½Ba©
emergency PaB bnÞan;¼Gasnñ/ in case of
~ kñúgkrNIbnÞan;/ ~ aid CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/
~ condition lkçxNÐPaBGasnñ/ ~ fund
mUlniFise®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ loan kMcIse®gÁaHbnÞan;/
~ relief CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ tax Bn§visamBaØ
emerging economies esdækic©kMBugegIbeT,Ig
emerging markets TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig
emission bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦
emolument brilaP/ R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg
emotional buying motive bMNgTij
edayrMePIbcitþ
emphasise v. sgát;F¶n;/ KUsbBa¢ak;
employee nieyaCit/ ~ oriented Edlyk
36
citþTukdak;eTAelInieyaCit
employer nieyaCk
employment 1> kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak;
kMér¦ 2> sßanPaBmankargareFVI/ ~ rate GRta
GñkmankargareFVI 3>karCYl ¬[bMerIkargar
eTogTat;¦/ ~ bureau kariyal½yrkkargar
eGayeFVI/ ~ shock karb:HTgÁicxagkargar
empower v. pþl;GMNac¼pþl;siT§iGMNac[
emulation karRbECgtamKMrUl¥
enact a law Gnum½tc,ab;
encode v. sresrCaelxkUd ¬bkERbPasa
samBaØeTACaelxkUd¦
encouragement karelIkTwkcitþ/ karCMruj
end product plitplsMerc
end result plsMerc
endangered species RbePTesÞIrputBUC
ending inventory sareBIP½NÐcugRKa
endorse v. 1> KaMRT 2> carxñg ¬ Éksar¦
endorse v. (an expense) cuHTidæakar
¬bBa¢ak;yl;RBmelIcMNay¦ (French: viser)
endorsee GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñam
tamcMNarxñg
endorsement bidæielx/ cMNarBIxñg/
rUbiybdiePaK/ ~ for collection cMNarxñg
ÉksaredIm,IRbmUlR)ak;
endorser GñkeFVIbidæielx/ GñkcarxñgÉksar/
rUbiybdiePaKI
endowment R)ak;pþl;[/ TayC¢Tan ¬R)ak;
EbgEckCaeTogTat;sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦
energy conservation karsnSMsMécfamBl
energy efficiency RbsiT§PaBfamBl
enforce payment v. bgçMeGayTUTat;
Economic Lexicon Part 1

enforce v. dak;eGayRbtibtþi/ dak;bgçM[Gnuvtþ/ karb:HBal;brisßan/ ~ protection

BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ ¬c,ab;¦/ enforcement (n) kic©karBarbrisßan/ ~ security snþisuxbrisßan
enforceable mantMélRbtibtþi/ Gacdak;bgMç envoy eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess
[Gnuvtþ)an equality smPaB/ income ~ smPaBén
engage v. Bak;B½n§cUl R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ benefit plRbeyaCn_esµIKña/
engagement karcUlRbLÚk equalisation kareFVIeGaymansmPaB
engine of economic growth equation smIkar
k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic© equilibrium lMnwg/ tulüPaB/ smta/
enhancement karelIksÞÜy ~ price éfølMnwg
enough RKb;RKan; equitable edaysmFm’/ esµIPaB
enquiry esckþIesñI/ equities h‘unFmµta
make enquiries saksYrB½t’man equity n. RTBüm©as; ¬RTBüskmµ dk
enrollment rate (school) bMNUlcrnþ nigh‘unGnueRKaH¦
GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron equity smFm’/ with ~ EdlmansmFm’/ ~
enterprise shRKas/ free ~ shRKasesrI fund mUlniFismFm’
¬minenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ¦/ small- equity capital Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta
scale ~ shRKasxñattUc equity of redemption siTi§ls;
entertainment karkMsanþ/ ~ centre ¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦
mNÐlkMsanþ equity participation PaKkmµ ¬cUlh‘un¦
entitle v. pþl;siT§i equivalent smmUl/ esµIKña/ b:unKña/ ~ to
entity GgÁPaB/ legal ~ nItibuKÁl smmUlnwg/ ~ value tMélsmmUl
entrepreneur shRKin error el¥óg/ kMhus/ micäaelx/ ~ in
entrepreneurship shRKinPaB/ lkçN³ measurement el¥ógkñúgkarvas;Evg
écñRbDitrksuI escalation karrIkraldal ¬TMnas;¦/
entry 1> elxna ¬KNenyü¦ 2> karcUl/ kMeNInkartantwg
~ point cMNuccUl/ RckcUl escrow, in EdlrkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn
enumerator GñkcuHeFVIGegát/ GñksYrGegát essential Casarvnþ/ ~ goods TMnijCasarvnþ
¬KYreRbI interviewer rW surveyor vij¦ established business GaCIvkmµEdl
environment brisßan/ ~ scan karemIl cak;bJsehIy/ GaCIvkmµmanRsab;
cMNucsMxan;kñúgbrisßan establishment 1> RKwHsßan 2> karbegáIt
environmental adj. énbrisßan/ ~ impact estate 1> dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦

37
Economic Lexicon Part 1
2> RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab;
estate agent Pñak;garrksuICYl rWlk;Gcln
RTBü
estate, real GclnRTBü
estimate v. )a:n;sµan/ vaytémø
estimated profit R)ak;cMeNj)a:n;sµan
estimation bias lMeGogénkar)a:n;sµan
ethics sIlFm’/ sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ ¬RkmsIlFm’¦
ethnography CatiBn§úviTüa
Eurodollar duløarGWr:ub ¬duløarepJIkñúgFnaKarenA
eRkAshrdæGaemriksMrab;bMerIBaNiC©kmµkñúgGWr:ub¦
evaluation karvaytémø/ credit project ~
karvaytMélKMerag\NTan
evasion (tax) kareKc ¬Bn§¦
even number elx Kt;KUr¼KUr
event RBwtþikarN_/ ~ of default krNIKµan
lT§PaBsg
eventuality yfaehtu
evidence Psþútag
evolution karvivtþn_
evolving process dMeNIkarvivtþþin_
exacerbate eFVIeGayrwtEtF¶n;F¶r
examine v. Binitü
ex-ante price éføEpnkar ¬muneBlGnuvtþ
Cak;Esþg¦
excavation kMNay ¬buraNviTüa¦
exceed v. elIs
excess n. & adj. 1> el,Is/ sMNl; ¬fvika¦
2> elIs/ ~ capacity smtßPaBelIs
¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ ~ reserve R)ak;bMrugelIs
exchange 1> karedaHdUr/ karbþÚr/ karpøas;bþÚr
¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü
38
karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ dumping karlk;bMpøajGRta
bþÚrR)ak;/ ~ gain/loss cMeNj¼kMhatelI
karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ office kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak;
2> pSar/ kEnøglk;Tij/ stock ~ pSarh‘un
exchange rate or rate of exchange
GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ monthly average ~ GRta
bþÚrR)ak;mFümRbcaMEx/ closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;
enAeBlbiT/ fixed ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;minERbRbYl¼
efr/ parallel market ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;TIpSar/
forward ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/
official ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;pøÚvkar/ spot ~ GRta
bþÚrR)ak;dl;éd
exchange, letter of (or bill of )
rUbiyaNtþi
excise tax GakrBiess ¬c,ab;km<úCa³ Gakr
BiesselITMnijnigesvamYycMnYn¦
excise tax revenues rC¢eTyücMNUl
exclusive agent tMNagpþac;mux
exclusive right siT§ipþac;mux
executive adj. Edl Rbtibtþi¼Gnuvtþ/
~ body/entity/unit esnaFikar/ ~ director
naykRbtibtþi/ ~ committee KN³kmµaFikar
Rbtibtþi/ ~ structure rcnasm<½n§Rbtibtþi/
~ summary esckþIsegçb ¬segçbÉksar
EdlEvgsMrab;fñak;dwknaMGan¦
executive n. 1> fñak;dwknaM/ chief ~ nayk
Rkumh‘un 2> GMNacnItiRbtibtþi
executive power GMNacnItiRbtibtþi
¬rdæaPi)al¦/ GMNacRbtibtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot
dUcCaRkumRbwkSaXMu¦
exemption, tax karelIkElgBn§/ muFaPaB
énBn§Gakr
Economic Lexicon Part 1
exert pressure v. dak;sMBaF/ eFVIkarekobsgát;
existence GtßiPaB
existing EdlmanRsab;/ ~ structure
rcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;/ ~ level of
development kMrit manRsab;¼GtßiPaB
énkarGPivDÆn_
exit point cMNucecj/ Rckecj
ex-officio tamGMNacmuxgar ¬]> tam
GMNac¼edaysar muxgarCahirBaØik Kat;RtUv
køayCasmaCikénKN³kmµkarhirBaØvtßú¦
exogenous xageRkA/ negative ~ factors
ktþaGviC¢manxageRkA
expansion karBRgIk/ vibulkmµ/ vibulkar/vitßarkmµ
expatriate (or expat) GñkcMeNalRsuk/
GaNikCn
expectation, rational karrMBwgsmehtupl
expected profit R)ak;cMeNjrMBwgTuk
expend v. cMNay/ cay
expenditure n. cMNay/ capital ~ cMNay
CamUlFn/ current ~ cMNaycrnþ ¬cMNayCa
RbcaMkñúgÉksarxøH¦/ ~ curve ExSekagcMNay
expenses, administrative cMNayrdæ)al
expenses, sundry cMNayepSg²
experience n. bTBiesaFn_
experiment n. BiesaFn_
experimental learning cycle
vdþeronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_
experimentation BiesaFnkmµ/ karBiesaFn_
expertise ekaslüvic½y
expiration of a contract karputkMNt;
énkic©snüa
39
explicit Cak;lak;/ ~ instruction bTbBa¢a
Cak;lak;
exploitation GaCIvkmµ/ ~ of natural
resources kareFVIGaCIvkmµFnFanFmµCati
exploration karrukrk/ oil ~ karrukrk
eRbgkat
exponential growth kMeNInGicSb:UNg;sIuEyl
export v. & n. 1>naMecj 2>karnaMecj/
nIhr½N/ ~ article/item muxTMnijnaMecj/
~ duty Bn§naMecj/ ~ subsidies ]btßmÖFn
sMrab;karnaMecj/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑnaMecj/
~ monopoly karnaMecjpþac;mux/ ~ tariff
taragBn§naMecj/ ~ of workers karnaMecj
Blkmµ
exportation karnaMecj/ nIhr½Nkmµ
exporter GñknaMecj/ nIharin
exporting firm Rkumh‘unnaMecj
exports TMnijnaMecj
ex-post project evaluation karvay
tMéleRkayeBlKMeragcb;
exposure (banking) haniP½y/ large ~
haniP½yFM
extended fund facility (EFF)
]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm
extension karbnþeBl ¬eGay¦
extensive adj. yfapl/ ~ agriculture
ksikmµyfapl
external accounts KNnIépÞeRkA
external aid CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦
external balance CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati
externalities 1> plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA
Economic Lexicon Part 1
2> ktþaxageRkA
extract sMrg;
extraction karykecjmk/ karykEr:/
nisSarNkmµ
extractive industry ]sSahkmµykEr:
extradition btüab½n
¬karRbKl;CnCab;ecaTeTA[RbeTsepSg¦
extraordinary session sm½yRbCMuvisamBaØ
extrapolation karKn;KUr
extra-structural adjustment facility
(ESAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;EktMrUvbEnßm
extrinsic reward rgVan;mkBIeRkA
ex-warehouse priceéfø¬lk;¦ecjBIXøaMg
ex-works/ex-factory price éfø ¬lk;¦
ecjBIeragcRk
F, f
fabric of peace, strengthen the
BRgwgekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP¢ab;Kñal¥
face value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ
facilitate v. CYysMrYl/ bgálkçN³gayRsYl
facilities eRKOgsMrYlkar/ kEnøgsMrYlkar
facility kargayRsYl/ ]bkrN_sMrYl/ extended
fund ~ ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm
fact GgÁehtu
fact-finding mission ebskkmµEsVgrkkarBit
factor ktþa/ ~ cost ktþatMél ¬BaküeRbIkñúg
KNnICatisMedAdl;plitplKittaméføTIpSar
bUk]btßmÖFn dkBn§pÞal;ecj¦/ primary ~
cost ktþatMélbzm/ primary ~ income
40
ktþacMnUlbzm/ primary ~ of production
ktþaplitkmµbzm
factual Cak;Esþg/ ~ situation sßanPaBCak;Esþg
fad GVIEdleKniymmYyRKa²
fail v. xkxan/ kS½yFn/ KµaneCaKC½y
fair mansmFm’/ edayyutþiFm’/ RtwmRtUv/
principle of ~ competition eKalkarN_
RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ ~ price éføsmrmü
fairness PaBsmrmü
fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþin½y ¬GVIEdl)an
ekItehIy bþÚrElg)an¦
fall in prices karFøak;éfø
fall sharply v. Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk ¬]> éfø
plitpl¦
fallacious EdlbMPan;
false adj. Ekøgkøay/ minBit
falsify v. Ekøgkøay
family allowance(s) viPaCn_RKYsar/
R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar
family business GaCIvkmµCalkçN³RKYsar
family food production plitkmµ
es,ógCalkçN³RKYsar
family scale (fishing) ¬karensaT¦
CalkçN³RKYsar
family well-being suxumalPaBRKYsar
famine TurÖikS/ karGt;Xøan
fancy k,ac;k,Úr/ hWuha
fare éføQñÜlyanCMniH/ concessionary ~ éfø
QñÜlGnueRKaH/ full ~ éføQñÜleBj/ half ~ éfø
QñÜlBak;kNþal/ single/one way ~ éføeFVI
dMeNIrEteTA rW Etmk/ return ~ (roundtrip ~)
éføeFVIdMeNIreTAmk/ high/low season ~ éføQñl
Economic Lexicon Part 1

x<s; rWTabtamrdUv fiduciary currency rUbiyvtßú rW R)ak;Rkdas

farm ksidæan, ~ equipment brikçarksidæan
farming rbrksikmµ/ extensive ~ kareFVI
ksikmµtamEbbvibulvb,kmµ/ ksikmµyfapl/
intensive ~ ksikmµGtipl/ kareFVIksikmµtam
EbbRbBlvb,kmµ
far-sighted EdlemIleXIjEvgq¶ay
FAS (free alongside ship) éføTMnijdwk
dl;EKmnava
fast selling items TMnijlk;dac;elOn
fast-food restaurant ePaCnIydæan
Gaharrh½s
fauna rc¢³stV ¬BBYkstV¦
favor karGnueRKaH
favourable GMeNaypl/ ~ conditions
lkçxNÐGMeNaypl/ ~ trade balance
CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµl¥
favouritism GnueRKaHniym
fax TUrsar
feasibility study karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an
rW karsikSaBIsmiT§ilT§PaB
feature lkçN³sMKal;/ vtßúniTÞsSn_
fee kMér/ esah‘uy/ licence ~ kMérGaCJab½NÑ
feedback B½t’manRtLb;
¬B½t’manpþl;mkeGayvij¦
feet, foot hVIt/ hVÚt/ ¬rgVas;RbEvg¦
felony bT]Rkidæ
fertility PaBmankUn/ ~ rate GRtamankUn
feudalism skþiPUminiym
fiduciary Cnkan;tMENgCaTITMnukcitþ/ abuse
of ~ karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ
fiduciary loan kMcIKµanvtßúFana
field expenditure cMnaycuHeFVIkardl;kEnøg
FIFO (first in, first out) hVIúhVÚ ¬cUlmun
ecjmun¦
filing 1> kartMkl;Tuk 2> kardak;CUnBinitü
filing system RbB½n§erobcMÉksar
fill in a form bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT
final cugeRkay/ ~ goods plitplsMerc/
~ output Fatuecj¼plitpl cugeRkay/
~ consumption kareRbIR)as;cugeRkay/
~ provisions Gvsanb,BaØtiþ ¬c,ab;¦/
~ settlement karTUTat;pþac;
finance officer m®nþIhirBaØvtßú
finance v. pþl;hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;Tun
financial énhirBaØvtßú/ ~ accounting
KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ ~ assistance CMnYy
hirBaØvtßú/ ~ autonomy sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú/
~ appropriation R)ak;viPaCn_/ ~ charge/
cost bnÞúkcMNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ crisis vibtiþ
hirBaØvtßú/ ~ forecast karBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú/
~ institution sßab½nhirBaØvtßú/ ~ panic
GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú/ ~ liquidation karCMrH
hirBaØvtßú/ ~ pressure sMBaF hirBaØvtßú/
~ rate of return GRtaTajcMNUlhirBaØvtßú/ ~
reform kMENTMrg;hirBaØvtßú/ ~ services esva
hirBaØvtßú/ ~ shocks karb:HTgÁicxaghirBaØvtßú/
~ self-sufficiency PaBm©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/
~ standing sßanPaBhirBaØvtßú/ CMhrhirBaØvtßú/
~ year qñaMhirBaØvtßú/ kariybriecäT
financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA)

41
Economic Lexicon Part 1
karviPaKcMNay nigplcMeNjhirBaØvtßú
financial manager (French:
ordonnateur) GaNab½k/ principal ~ GaNab½k
edImExS/ delegated ~ GaNab½kepÞrsiT§i
financing hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ arm saxapþl;
hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ modalities EbbbTpþl;
hirBaØb,Tan
finding rbkKMehIj/ lT§plrkeXIj/ KMehIj/
karrkeXIj
fine v. & n. 1> pakBin½y 2> R)ak;pakBin½y
finished goods/products plitpl sMerc
fire insurance karFanar:ab;rgeRKaHGKÁIP½y
firm GgÁPaBGaCIB/ shRKas
firm offer karsnüalk;Cak;lak;
firm sale karlk;pþac; ¬tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv¦
fiscal énsareBIBn§/ ~ deficit »nPaB
sareBIBn§/ ~ policy neya)aysareBIBn§/
~ year qñaMsareBIBn§
fish culture/farming karciBa©wmRtI
fisheries reform kMENTMrg;vis½yensaT
nigClpl
fisheries resource FnFanClpl
fishery karensaT
fishery zone EdnensaT/ reserved ~
EdnensaTbMrugTuk
fishing lot LÚt_ensaT
fixed Cab;lab;/ efr/ Gcl½t/ ~ asset RTBü
skmµCab;lab;/ Gclkmµ/ ~ capital TunGcl½t/
Gclkmµ¬CamUlFn¦/ ~ cost/ expenses
bnÞúkcMNayefr/ ~ deposit R)ak;beBaØIman
kalkMNt;/ ~ rate GRtaefr ¬minERbRbYl¦
fixing of quotas karkMNt;kUta/ kardak;kUta
42
fixture eRKOgbMBak;Cab;/ fixtures and
fittings eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t
Edllk;eTACamYynwgpÞH¦
flammable substance sarFatueqH
flat sMEb:t/ rab/ qakar/ ~ fee kMérqaka/
~ price éføqakar
flaw ex©aH/ KuNvibtþi
flawed Edlmanex©aH/ EdlmanKuNvibtþi
flexible Edlbt;Ebn)an/ Tn;Pøn;/ ~ exchange
rate GRtabþÚrR)ak; rs;¼Tn;Pøn;
flight of capital lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn
flimsy paper RkdaseBIelo ¬RkdasesþIg¦
float v. 1> GENþt/ 2> dak;[GENþt/
floating rate GRta ¬karR)ak;¦ GENþt
floating capital TuunbgVil
flooded forest éRBlicTwk
floor price éføGb,brma
flora rukçCati
flotation of a new company karcab;epIm þ
ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH
flow lMhUr/ karhUr
flow chart tarag/ GgÁkarelx
flow, stock snñiFicracr
fluctuation kareLIgcuH¬éfø¦
FOB (free on board) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava
FOB airport éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan
FOB shipment to destination
éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA
FOB trimmed éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava
nigerobeGay
FOB under tackle
éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag
Economic Lexicon Part 1
focal point cMNucRbsBV
focus v. & n. 1> epþat 2> cMNucepþat
following tameRkay/ ~ year qñaMeRkay
¬qñaMeRkayTI1¦
follow-up v. & n. tamdanbnþ
food mðÚbGahar/ es,óg/ ~ price index
snÞsSn_éfømðÚbGahar/ ~ products/stuffs
plitples,óg
food balance tulükares,óg ¬brimaN
es,ógTaMgGs;Edlman eFobnwg cMnYnRbCaCn
EdlRtUvciBa©wm¦
food for work es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ
¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦
food security snþisuxes,óg
FOR (free on rail) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk
force 1> kMlaMg 2> kMlaMgBlkmµ
force majeure RbFanskþi
force, come into cUlCaFrman/
manRbsiT§PaB
forecast v. & n. BüakrN_
foreclose a mortgage v. bþwgGMNUs/
rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana/ bþwgTamTar
kmµsiT§i niekçbRTBü¼RTBübBa©aM ¬edaysareK
min)ansgbMNultamkic©snüa¦
foregoing esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg
foreign breTs/ ~ accounts KNnIenA
breTs/ ~ assets RTBüskmµbreTs/ RTBübeBaØI
enAbreTs/ ~ balance CBa¢IgTUTat; GnþrCati/
~ currency/exchange rUbiyvtßú breTs ¬rW
rUbiyb½NѦ/ ~ exchange auction karedjéfø
rUbiyb½NÑ/ ~ direct investment (FDI)
43
vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ inflows lMhUrcUlBI
breTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>¦/ ~ liabilities
(bank) RTBüGkmµbreTs/ ~ reserves FnbMrug
breTs/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµ eRkARbeTs
foreign-aid programme kmµviFICMnYybreTs
foreign-trade turnover
cMNUlBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs
foreman emkar/ emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦
foresight karyl;dwgmun
forest éRBeQI/ protected ~ areas
tMbn;éRBkarBar/ ~ concession éRBsm,Tan/
coupe ~ éRBKub/ operable ~ éRBeQIGac
eFVIGaCIvkmµ)an
forest product/sub-product GnupléRBeQI
forestry rukçsaRsþ
forfeit money R)ak;Bin½y
forfeit v. kat;ecj/ )at;bg; ¬CakarBin½y¦
forfeited to the government ¬RtUv)an¦
rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ
forgery karEkøg
form RTg;RTay/ legal ~ rUbPaBKtiyutþ
form (document) TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦
form and legal concepts of the law
TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab;
formal pøÚvkar/ erobry/ ~ sector vis½y
erobry
formalities EbbbT/ TMrg;EbbbT/ TMrg;kar/
fulfil v. ~ bMeBjEbbbT
formulation mission ebskkmµelIkmti
forward mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦/
~ delivery karRbKl;mankalkMNt;/
Economic Lexicon Part 1

~ price éfølk;mankalkMNt; free of charge eday\tbg;éfø

forward v. bBa¢ÚnTMnij free on board and trimmed (see
forwarding agency TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún FOB trimmed) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava
forwarding, advice of lixitCUndMNwg nigerobeGay
bBa¢ÚnTMnij free on rail (see FOR)
FOT (free on truck) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ free on truck (see FOT)
foul bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥ free will ¬eday¦ suT§citþ
¬EdlbBa¢ak;BIsßanPaBTMnijminl¥enAeBl freedom of association
m©as;navaTTYlva¦ esrIPaBksagsmaKm
foundation 1> RKwH/ mUldæanRKwH/ xøwmsar freehold property kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt;
2> mUlniFi freeze kk/ bgák/ wage freeze karbgák
founder n. sßabnik/ GñkbegIátRkumh‘un ebovtSr_ ¬mineGayeLIgcuH¦
founder v. rlM/ TTYlbraC½y freight éfødwkCBa¢Ún/ ~ forward éfødwkRtUv
founding instrument ÉksarbegáIt bg;edayGñkTij
¬Rkumh‘un¦ freight prepaid éfødwkCBa¢Ún)anbg;mun
frame Rkb/ Rkbx½NÐ freight, ad valorem éfødwkCBa¢Únyktam
framework Rkbx½NÐ éføTMnij
franchise siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ frequency PaBjwkjab;/ eRhVkg; ¬]> viTüú¦
¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦ freshwater Twksab/ ~fisheries
franchisee GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ karensaTTwksab ~fish RtITwksab
franchiser Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ fringe benefits GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm
fraud karéKbnøM frozen account KNnI p¥wb¼bBaÄb;
fraudulent EdléKbnøM frozen assets RTBüp¥ib/ RTBüCab;kþI
free esrI/ ~ market economy esdækic© frozen capital mUlFn p¥wb¼bBaÄb;
pSaresrI/ carriage ~ dwkeGayminKitéfø fruitful EdlmanEpøpáa
¬GñkTijmin)ac;ecjéfødwkeT¦ fuel eRKOgeqH/ \n§n³
free alongside ship (FAS)
full eBj/ Eq¥t/ sBVRKb;/ ~ price éføeBj
éfødwkTMnijdl;EKmnava ¬KµancuHéfø¦/ ~ capacity smtßPaBeBjelj
free board and lodging
full time work kargareBjem:ag
Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø fully fledged bank FnaKarmanRKb;esva
free currency rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI
¬EdlFMFat;eBjrUbrag¦
¬rdæKµandak;kMhitRtYtRta¦
44
Economic Lexicon Part 1
full-right representative tMNageBjsiT§i
fully paid up Edl)anTUTat;TaMgRsug
function muxgar
fund mUlniFi/ ~ accounting systems
RbB½n§KNenyümUlniFi/ ~ flow lMhUrmUlniFi/
~ raising karérGgÁasmUlniFi
fund (French: provision) sMviFanvtßú
¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦
fundamental adj. CaRKwH/ CamUldæan/
~ research karRsavRCavCaRKwH
funding agency/project TIPñak;gar¼
KMerag pþl;mUlniFi
funds held in trust mUlniFibeBaØI ¬]> GgÁkar
k EdleTIbbegáItfµI minTan;manKNnIenAFnaKar
enAeLIy. TaykGacpþl;R)ak; eGayGgÁkar k
edayepJIvacUl KNnIrbs;GgÁkar x Edlman
TMMnak;TMngl¥CamYyxøÜn edIm,I[GgÁkarenHebIkpþl;
bnþeTA[GgÁkar k¦
fungibility PaBEdlGacykeTACMnYsKña)an
¬rbs;nimYy²Kµan lkçN³¼tMrUvkar edIm,IsMKal;
ecjBIKñaeT³ ]> EdkeKal¦/ fungible adj.
fungibles TMnijGacføwg¼rab;>>>)an
future value tMélGnaKt
G, g
gain n. & v. 1> kMeNIn/ capital ~ tMélelIs
¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦ 2> ekIneT,Ig/
cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦
galloping inflation GtiprNaelatepøaH
45
gamble on the stock exchange v.
elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un
gap KMlat
garment industry ]sShkmµkat;edr
garnishee n. ttiyCnGMNUs ¬GñkEdlCMBak;
R)ak;dl;buKÁlmñak; ehIyEdlRtUvtulakarbBa¢a[
sgR)ak;eTAm©as;bMNulrbs;buKÁlmñak;enaH¦
gateway mat;Rck/ international comm-
unication ~ mat;RckTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati
gather RbmUlpMúþ
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade) hÁat;/ kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI
taragBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµ
GDP (gross domestic product) pss
¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦
gem or gemstone t,ÚgmantMél
gender eynD½r ¬tYnaTIbursRsþI¦
gene EhSn/ modify a gene EkécñEhSn
general 1> TUeTA/ eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas>>¦/
~ points (in law) kMNt;TUeTA/ ~ provisions
bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA 2> GKÁ/ ~ director GKÁnayk
general and administrative expenses
cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al
general inspector GKÁaFikar/ deputy ~
GKÁaFikarrg
general inspectorate GKÁaFikardæan
general ledger (accounting) esovePAFM
general meeting mhasnñi)at
general partner GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit
¬TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit¦
general regulations nItirYm
Economic Lexicon Part 1

general rule, as a tamviFanTUeTA goal eKaledA

generality PaBTUeTA
generalisation kareFVI[manlkçN³TUeTA
Generalised System of Preferences
(GSP) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA
generally accepted accounting
principle (GAAP) eKalkarN_
KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA
genetic énEhSn/ ~ sequence lMdab;EhSn
genetic modification (GM) karécñµEhSn/
GM food GaharécñEhSn/ GM agriculture
ksikmµécñEhSn
genome CINUm/ sMNMuEhSn
genus BYk/ CMBUk ¬stV/ rukçCati >>>¦
geography, economic PUmiviTüaesdækic©
geology PUKBÖsaRsþ
gesture kayvikar
gift GMeNay
gilt-edged investments vinieyaKman
suvtßiPaBx<s; ¬]> b½NÑrtnaKar¦
global adj. sakl/ srub/ ~ demand
tMrUvkarsrub/ ~ social product plitpl
sgÁmsrub/ ~ economic recession
karFøak;cuHesdækic©Casakl
globalisation of economy
saklPavUbnIykmµesdækic©
glossary sTÞanuRkm/ bTanuRkm
glut eRcInkkkuj/ ~ the market eRcIn
liclg;TIpSar
GNP (gross national product)
plitplCatisrub/ plTunCatisrub/ ~ deflator
snÞsSn_britþprNaplitplCatisrub
46
going concern GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar
going price éføFmµta/ éføcrnþ
going rate GRtaFmµta/ GRtacrnþ
gold standard sþg;darmas/ ~ system
RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas
goods TMnij/ capital ~ TMnijmUlFn/
consumer/consumable ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;/
dry ~ RkNat;nigexaGav/ faulty ~ TMnij
xUcKuNPaB/ finished ~ plitplsMerc/ free
circulation ~ TMnijcracresrI/ luxury ~
TMnijRbNit/ household ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;kñúg
pÞH/ manufactured ~ TMnijeFVIedaym:asuIn/
~ and services TMnij nigesva/ ~ in bond
TMnijenAXøaMgKy ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ ~ in
stock TMnijkñúgsþúk/ ~ left on hand TMnijRtUv
)anbdiesFminTTYl/ ~ in transit TMnijqøg
kat;/ ~ on consignment TMnijepJIeTAlk;
goodwill 1> ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj/ mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ
2> suqnÞ³
governance GPi)alkic©/ local ~ GPi)al
kic©mUldæan
government rdæaPi)al/ ~ and institutional
accounting KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyü
sßab½n/ ~ agency sßab½nrdæ/ ~ securities
sBaØab½NÑrdæaPi)al
grace period (debt payment)
efrevlaGnueRKaH
grade (civil servant) fñak;
grading karEbgEckKuNPaB
grand plan bøg;cMbg
Economic Lexicon Part 1

grand total srubrYm TUTat;/ ~ certificate or certificate of ~

grandstanding karykkMBs; b½NÑFanaKuNPaB/ quality ~ karFanaKuNPaB
grant GMeNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ aid CMnYy\tsMNg guaranteed bill of exchange
graphics RkahVik/ BinÞúerxIy_ rUbiyaNtþimankarFana
grassroots level kMritmUldæan guaranteed deposit fund R)ak;kk;
grassroots organisation guarantees and commitments under
GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦ signature (banking) karsnüatamhtßelxa
gratuity R)ak;sKuN/ sT§aTan/ CMnUn ¬tbsñg¦ guarantor GñkFana ¬]> elIGñkNamñak;
Greater Mekong Sub-region kñúgkarsgbMNul¦
mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ guardianship GaNaBüa)al
green revolution bdivtþn_ébtg
guideline eKalkarN_ENnaM
greenhouse pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ effect bc©½y
guilt BiruT§PaB
pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ gas ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;
grid bNþaj ¬RbTak;RkLa¦
gross dul/ srub/ ~ domestic product
(GDP) plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦/
H, h
~ margin cMeNjdul/ Gb,hardul ¬Ca
habitual CaTMlab;
PaKryénéfølk;¦/ ~ national product
hacker hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUleTAkñúg
(GNP) plitpl¼plTun Catisrub/~ price
éfødul/ ~ negligence kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rrbs;GñkdéT ¦
half Bak;kNþal/ first ~ of the 6th
¬c,ab;¦/ ~ output Fatuecjdul/ ~ profit
century Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6
cMeNjdul/ ~ proceeds/receipts/returns
hallucination mmal/ karmmal
cMNUldul/ ~ weight TMgn;dul
hand bill xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSay
groupage/grouped bill of lading
vikáybRtdwkCBa¢Únsrub EckeGaypÞal;éd¦
handicraft sib,kmµ/ vtßúeFVIedayéd/
growth kMeNIn/ karlUtlas;/ ~ rate
~ goods TMnijsib,kmµ
GRtakMeNIn
handle cat;Ecg/ edaHRsay/ ~ a situation
GSP (Generalised System of
Preferences) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA
edaHRsaysßankarN_
handling (goods) karelIkdak;
guarantee karFana/ vtßúFana/ ~ for a loan
hard rwg/ lM)ak/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ
vtßFanasMrab;kMcI/ ~ of payment karFana
twgEtg/ ~ bargain kartéfød¾twgEtg/ ~ cash
47
Economic Lexicon Part 1
sac;R)ak;mankñúgéd
hard disk (computer) fasrwg
hardware eRKOgcRkF¶n;/ Faturwg ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦
harmonisation suxdumnIykmµ/ kareFVI[
manPaBcuHsMrugKña
harmonised EdlrlUnKña
harmony PaBsuxdumrmna
harsh conditions lkçxNÐtwgEtg
haulage éfødwkTMnij/ kardwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ
rW rfePøIg¦/ ~ cost (rates) éfødwkTMnij/
~ company/firm Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
hazardous EdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;
head office kariyal½yFM/ TIcat;karFM
head tax Bn§mnusS
heading cMNgeCIg/ xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦
headquarters (of a company)
TIsñak;karkNþal
health care karEfTaMsuxPaB
healthy EdlmansuxPaBl¥/ ~ balance
sheet taragtulükarEsþgplcMeNj/ ~ profit
plcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn
hearing svnakar
heavy equipment brikçarFunF¶n;
heavy industry ]sSahkmµFunF¶n;
hedged ¬EdlRtUv)an¦karBarkarxatbg;
heir TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦
hereafter BIenHteTA
hereby tamry³enH
heritage mrtk/ national ~ ebtikP½NÐCati
heterogeneity PaBminesµIsac;
heterogeneous laycMruHKña/ visman/
visPaK ¬mindUcKña/ minesµIsac;¦
48
hidden adj. bgáb;/ ~ reserves FnbMrugbgáb;
hierarchy zananuRkm
high grade (ore) KuNPaBx<s; ¬Er:¦
high school viTüal½y/ junior ~ GnuviTüal½y
high-tech (sector) bec©kviTüax<s; ¬vis½y¦
hindsight karyl;dwgtameRkay ¬KWman
bTBiesaFn_edayRBwtkiþ arN_)anekIteLIgehIy¦
hire-purchase agreement kic©snüaCYl-
Tijpþac;/ kic©snüaTijbNþak;
historic/historical cost tMéltam
RbvtþisaRsþ ¬tMélCak;EsþgkalBIeBlTijcUl¦
historical steps CMhanmanGtßn½yCaRbvtþisaRsþ
hold in trust kan;kab;CakarepJITuk
holder (of a cheque...) Gñkkan;
holder in due course Gñkkan;kab;RtwmRtUv/
Kahkniy½t
holding company Rkumh‘unhUlDij ¬kan;
kab;Cag 50°énPaKh‘unkñúgRkumh‘unmYyeTot¦
home market pSarkñúgRsuk
homelessness PaBKµanpÞHsMEbg
home-made plitenA kñúgRsuk¼pÞH
homogeneity PaBesµIsac;
homogenous adj. sPaK/ esµIsac; ¬dUcKña¦
honorarium R)ak;sKuN
horizontal epþk/ ~ coordination
karsMrbsMrYltamExSepþk ¬rW ExSTTwg¦
horticulture sakvb,kmµ/ kareFVIc,ardMNaM
host government rdæaPi)alm©as;pÞH
hot money (money moving frequently
from one country to another) luyekþA
household RKYsar/ RKY/ female-headed ~
RKYsarRsþIemRKY/ male-headed ~ RKYsar
Economic Lexicon Part 1

bursemRKY idle TMenrecal/ KµaneRbIkar/ ~ capital

household equipment brikçareKhkic©
household survey GegátRKYsar
housing pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl;pÞHsñak;enA/
pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦/ ~ loan kMcIsMrab;
sg;¼TijpÞH
human-capital investment vinieyaK
TunmnusS
humanism mnusSniym
humanitarian assistance CMnYymnusSFm’
humanitarian relief
karse®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’
humanity mnusSCati/ nrCati
husbanding of resources karKitKUr
sMécFnFan
hydropower construction sMNg;
varIGKÁisnI
hyperinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH
hypothesis smµtikmµ
I, i
idea KMnit
ideal ]tþmKti
idealised condition lkçxNÐsuRkitPaB
identification GtþsBaØaNkmµ/ ~ mission
ebskkmµ rksMKal;¼bMpusKMnit
identify v. EsVgrkemIl/ rksMKal;/ sMKal;
)antamPinPaK/
ideology menaKmn_viC¢a
49
TunKµaneRbIkar/ ~ time em:agTMenrecal
¬m:asuIneFVIkar)anEtKµandMeNIrkar¦
illegal adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ contract kic©snüa
xusc,ab;
illicit adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ alcohol Rsaxusc,ab;
ill-will TuqnÞ³ ¬bMNgGaRkk;¦
imbalance GtulüPaB/ nantþþPaB
imaginary profit cMeNjRbDit
immaculate Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦
immediate objective TisedAbnÞan;
immediate payment karTUTat;Pøam²
immediate supervisor GñkemIlkarxus
RtUvpÞal;
immobilise (finance) eFVIGclkmµ
immoral GsIlFm’
immovable (property) n. GclnRTBü
immunity 1> PaBsuaM ¬nwgCMgW¦
2> GP½yÉksiT§i/ diplomatic ~ GP½yÉksiTi§
karTUt
impact plb:HBal;
impartial minlMeGog
impartiality PaBminlMeGog/ GnaKti
impeccable \tex©aH
imperfection PaBmanex©aH/ GnibuNPaB
impetus n. snÞúHCMruj
implementation of a law karGnuvtþn_c,ab;
implementing agency TIPñak;garGnuvtþ
import karnaMcUl/ GahrN/ ~ duty Bn§
naMcUl/ ~ permit GaCJab½NÑnaMcUl/ ~ quota
kUtanaMcUl
Economic Lexicon Part 1

importer GñknaMcUl/ Gaharin inclusive Edlrab;bBa©Úl/ Cabriyab½nñ

import-export GahrN-nIhrN/ income cMNUl/ plTun/ bdilaP/ disposable
karnaMecj-naMcUl ~ cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ cMNUleRbI)anedayesrI/
imports TMnijnaMcUl/ vieTsP½NÐ private ~ cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_/ personal ~
impose taxes eGaybg;Bn§ cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn/ ~ account KNnIcMNUl/
impoundment karXat;cab;Tuk ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦ ~ (collected) in advance cMNUl)anTTYlmun/
impression cMNab;GarmµN_ ~ per capita cMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak;/ ~ tax
improvement karEklMG/ suvuDÆikmµ Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl/ ~ statement r)aykarN_
impunity niTNÐPaB/ PaBrYceTas/ culture cMNUl
of ~ vb,Fm’niTNÐPaB income-generating activities
impurity n. 1> PaBminsuT§ skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUl
2> GVIEdleFVI[minsuT§ ¬]> kkr¦ income-outlay accounts
in good faith edayesµaHRtg; KNnIcMNUl-cMNay
in post kñúgtMENg incompatibility vismitPaB/ PaBmincuHsMrug
inaccuracy PaBminRtwmRtUv incompetence GsmtßPaB
inaccurate adj. minRtwmRtUv inconvenience plvi)ak
inactive adj. Gskmµ inconvertible currency rUbiyvtßúminGac
inadequate minsmlµm bþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an
inappropriate minsmRsb/ ~ aid CMnYy incorporated cUlCaRkumh‘un/ )ancuHbBa¢I
minsmRsb CaRkumh‘un
incapacity GsmtßPaB/ physical/mental incorporated company Rkumh‘un
~ kar)at;bg;smtßPaBxag bBaØa¼kaysm,Ta ¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦
incentive eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ/ karelIkTwkcitþ/ increase v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn
investment ~ karelIkTwkcitþvinieyaK incremental EdlekInCadMNak;²
inception karkekIt indebtedness PaBCMBak;bMNul
incertitude PaBminR)akd indefinite minCak;lak;/ KµankMnt;
incessant Edl\tQb;Qr indemnify v. eFVIsMNg
incidence n. karekItman/ ~ of tax bnÞúkBn§ indemnity 1> sMNg karxUcxat¼CMgWcitþ
¬cMnYnR)ak;Bn§RtUvFøak;elIbuKÁlNamñak;enAcugbBa©b;¦ 2> R)ak;bMNac;
incident ]b,tþiehtu independent audit svnkmµÉkraCü
incidental bnÞab;bnSM in-depth suICMerA/ ~ evaluation karvaytMél
inclusion karrab;bBa©Úl suICMerA
50
Economic Lexicon Part 1
index snÞsSn_
indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ ¬]> eGay
ebovtSr_ERbRbYleTAtamGtiprNa¦
indicator GaMgDIkaT½r/ sUcnakr
indigenous people RbCaCnedIm
indirect tax Bn§Rbeyal
individual ÉktþCn/ buKÁl/ ~ insurance
karFanar:ab;rgbuKÁl
inducement eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþ
industrialisation ]sSahUbnIykmµ
industrious adj. ]sSah_¬Büayam¦
industry ]sSahkmµ/ rbr/ primary ~
]sSahkmµvtßúFatuedIm/ secondary ~
]sSahkmµEkécñ ¬BIvtßúFatuedImeTAplitpl¦/
light ~ ]sSahkmµFunRsal/ heavy ~
]sSahkmµFunF¶n;/ extractive ~ ]sSahkmµ
nisSarNkmµ ¬]> ]sSahkmµTajykEr:¦
inefficiency GRbsiT§PaB
inequality vismPaB/ PaBminesµIKña/
income ~ vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl
infant mortality rate GRtamrN³kumar
inference karsnñidæan
inflammable goods TMnijGacqabeqH
inflate bMe)a:g/ eFVIeGaymanGtiprNa/
inflated price éføbMe):ag ¬tMelIgx<s;eday
Kµanehtupl¦
inflation GtiprNa/ ~ accounting KNenyü
GtiprNa ¬éføRTBüskmµmanKitbBa©Úl
GtiprNa¦/ ~ factor ktþaBRgIk/ ktþaGtiprNa
inflationary gap KMlatGtiprNa
inflationary period ry³eBlman
51
GtiprNa/ GtiprNakal
inflexibility PaBrwgkMRBws/ PaBminrs;revIk
inflict v. a penalty dak;eTasT½NÐ
¬]> cab;eGaybg;pakBin½y¦
inflow lMhUrcUl
influential Edlman GnuPaB¼\T§iBl
influx lMhUrKMhukcUl
informal sector vis½yminerobry/ vis½y
esdækic©eRkARbB½n§
information and communication
technology (ICT) bec©kviTüaB½t’man
nigTUrKmnaKmn_
information technology (IT)
bec©kviTüaB½t’man
infrastructure ehdæarcnasm<½n§
infringe v. RbRBwtþxus/ elµIs ¬c,ab;/
kic©snüa>>> ¦/ infringement n.
inheritance mrtk ¬GMBIGñksøab;¦
in-house adj. kñúgGgÁPaB/ ~ language
training karbNþúHbNþalPasakñúgGgÁPaB
initial adj. dMbUg/ ~ capital mUlFndMbUg
¬sMrab;cab;epþImGaCIvkmµ¦/ ~ price éfødMbUg
initial outlay or initial capital outlay
esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg
initial v. cuHhtßelxasegçb/ initialisation n.
initiative KMnitpþÜcepþIm/ karpþÜcepþImKMnit
injunction (judge's order) GFibBa¢a
¬bBa¢arbs;ecARkm¦
injustice GyutiþFm’
in-kind contribution viPaKTanCavtßú
input n. FatucUl
Economic Lexicon Part 1
inquiry karsaksYr ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>¦/ letter
of ~ lixitsaksYrB½t’man
insensitivity 1> GevTyitPaB
2> PaBmincab;GarmµN_
insider trading karCYjdUrh‘uneday
GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦
insolvency PaBminGacsgbMNul)an/ GsaFPaB
inspect v. eFVIGFikarkic©/ RtYtBinitü
inspection GFikarkic©/ ~ fee kMéresva
GFikarkic©/ pre-shipment ~ GFikarkic©TMnijmun
eBlpÞúk/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtGFikarkic©
inspectorate RkumGFikarkic©
installation zbnkmµ/ karerobcMtMelIg/
~ cost cMNaypÁMútMelIg
instalment R)ak;sgbNþak;/ ~ system
RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak;
instalment sales credit or instalment
plan buying karlk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sg
bNþak;
instalment shipment
karbBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr²
institutional finance hirBaØvtþúsßab½n
institutionalisation sßabnUbnIykmµ
institutionalise eFVIsßabnUbnIykmµ/ ksag
Casßab½n
instruction bTbBa¢a/ esckþIENnaM
instrument briFan/ ]bkrN_/ negotiable
~ ]bkrN_TUTat;
instrument of accession lixitUbkrN_
cUlCaPaKI
instrument of ratification
lixitUbkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½n
52
insufficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;
insurance karFanar:ab;rg/ all risks ~
karFanar:ab;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT/ car ~
karFanar:ab;rgelIrfynþ/ life ~ karFana
r:ab;rgelICIvit/ ~ agent Pñak;garFanar:ab;rg/ ~
certificate viBaØabnb½RtFanar:ab;rg/
~ company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rg/ ~ law
c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg/ ~ policy b½NÑsnüa
r:ab;rg/ ~ premium(s) buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg
insured n. GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg
insurer GñkFanar:ab;rg
intake karRsUbcUl
intangible GrUbI/ ~ assets RTBüGrUbI
integration smahrNkmµ/ karbBa©ÚlKña/
~ of industry smahrNkmµ]sSahkmµ/
vertical ~ smahrNkmµbBaÄr
integrity PaBs¥ats¥M/ territorial ~
bUrNPaBEdndI
intellectual property kmµsiT§ibBaØa
intelligible Edlyl;)an
intensification RbBlkmµ/ RbBlvb,kmµ/
agricultural ~ RbBlvb,kmµksikmµ
intensive Gtipl/ ~ agriculture ksikmµGtipl
intention bMNg/ ectna
interaction Gnþrkmµ
interactive Gnþrskmµ
inter-bank adj. GnþrFnaKar/ ~ settlement
system RbB½n§TUTat;GnþrFnaKar
inter-censal decade TsvtSr_cenøaHCMerOn
interdependence karBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk
interest 1> plRbeyaCn_ 2> karR)ak;/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
compound ~ karR)ak;smas, high/low ~
karR)ak; x<s;¼Tab/ simple ~ karR)ak;samBaØ/
~ due date éf¶KitkarR)ak;/ ~ period
kalKitkarR)ak;
interest rate GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ for savings
GRtakarR)ak;snSM
interference kareRCotERCk
integrate v. eFVIsmahrNkmµ/ dak;bBa©Úl/
~ed pest management (IPM)
viFankarcMruHEfTaMdMNaM
interim sþITI/ beNþaHGasnñ
intermediary project KMeragGnþrkarI
intermediate goods TMnijGnþrkarI
intermediate output FatuecjGnþrkarI/
plitplGnþrkarI
intermediate technology bec©kviTüa
fñak;kNþal
intermediation GnþrkarIkmµ/ financial ~
GnþrkarIkmµhirBaØvtßú
intern n. (see trainee) kmµsikSakarI
internal épÞkñúg/ ~ affairs kic©karépÞkñúg/ ~
audit svnkmµépÞkñúg/ ~ control karRtYt
BinitüépÞkñúg/ ~ rate of return (IRR) GRta
TajcMNUlépÞkñúg/ ~ transfer bEgVrépÞkñúg
international GnþrCati/ ~ standard sþg;dar
GnþrCati/ ~ bidding/tendering karedjéfø
CaGnþrCati/ ~ relations TMnak;TMngGnþrCati
International Air Transport
Association (IATA) smaKm
dwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakasGnþrCati
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
53
mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati
International Organisation for
Standardisation (ISO) GgÁkarGnþrCati
xagsþg;darUbnIykmµ
internet GuinfWNit/ ~ -cafe salbMerIGuinfWNit
intersect v. (graph lines) kat;Kña
inter-sectoral Gnþrvis½y
interview v. & n. 1> sMPas/ eFVIsMPas
2> bTsMPasn_/ semi-structured ~
bTsMPasn_Bak;kNþalerobry ¬eRbIbBa¢IsMnYr
mYyPaK nigsYrEfmmYyPaK¦
interviewee n. GñkeqøIysMPasn_
interviewer n. GñksYrsMPasn_
intimidate v. bMPitbMP½y
intra-cluster kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM
intrinsic sCÄnþik³
introduction esckþIepþIm
intuition GBÖnþjaN
inundated forest (see flooded forest)
éRBlicTwk
invalidate v. cat;TukCaemaX³
invaluable adj. kat;éfømin)an
invasion karlukluy/ ~ of privacy
karrMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn
inventory sareBIPNн/ sþúk/ TMnij/ draw up
an ~ eFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ
inventory stock card b½NÑsþúk
invest v. vinieyaK/ eFVIvinieyaK
investigate v. esuIbGegát
investment n. vinieyaK/ karbNþak;Tun/
~ licence GaCJab½NÑvinieyaK
Economic Lexicon Part 1
investor vinieyaKin/ GñkvinieyaK
invisible adj. emIlmineXIj/ ~ assets
RTBüGrUbI
invoice vikáybRt
involuntary Gectna/ \tbMNg
involvement kar cUlBak;B½n§¼Bak;B½n§
IOU (I owe you) lixitTTYlCMBak;
¬xJúMCMBak;Gñk¦
irrecoverable Edl RbmUlmin)an¼ Tarmin)an
irregular mineTogTat;/ minRbRktI
irregularities (mistakes) PaBminRbRktI
¬kMhus¦
irrelevant EdlminTak;Tg
irreversible adj. EdlminGacERbRkLas;)an
irrevocable adj. minGacbdiesF)an/
~ letter of credit sar\NTanminGac
bdiesF)an
irrigate v. eRsacRsB/ irrigation n.
issuance kare)aHpSay ¬RkdasR)ak;¦
issue bank FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak;
issue v. (a licence) ecj ¬GaCJab½NѦ/
currency issued rUbiyvtßúe)aHpSay
issuing bank (for a letter of credit)
FnaKarebIksar\NTan
IT (Information Technology)
bec©kviTüaB½t’man
item 1> GIv:an;/ mux ¬TMnij¦ 2> xÞg;/ cancel
an ~ (accounting) bdiesFelxna/ enter
an ~ cuHelxna/ off-balance sheet items
xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar
54
J, j
jettison TMlak;GIv:an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral
¬nava/ ynþehaH¦
job kargar/ white-collar ~ or office ~
kargarkñúgkariyal½y/ ~ description BiBN’
nakagar/ ~ design KMeragkargar/ bøg;kargar/
~ grading/ranking cMNat;fñak;kargar/
~ holder Gñkkan;kargar/ ~ lot TMnijcMruH
mYydMu² eRcInGn;² niglk;efak²/ ~ rotation
karbþÚrevnkargar/ ~ specialisation
ÉkeTskmµkargar/ ~ title eQµaHkargar
joblessness PaBGt;kargareFVI/ nikmµPaB
joint (enterprise, committee) cMruH
joint (liability) ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ rYmKña/
~ and several liability karTTYlxusRtUv
rYmKñanigerog²xøÜn
joint account KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI
2nak;eLIgeTA¦
joint inter-ministerial committee
KN³kmµaFikarcMruHGnþrRksYg
joint owner m©as;kmµsiTi§rYmKña
joint venture ¬KMerag¦ vinieyaKcMruH/
~ enterprise shRKassmasPaBesdækic©cMruH
joint-stock bank FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un
joint-stock company
(see public limited company)
saCIvkmµRkumh‘unPaKh‘un
Economic Lexicon Part 1
journal 1> Tinñanub,vtþi ¬KNenyü¦
2> sarB½t’man
journal voucher b½NÑTinñanub,vtþi/
skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I
journalising karcuHTinñanub,vtþi
judgement 1> karvinicä½y
2> salRkm ¬tulakar¦
judicial record lixitefáaleTas ¬tulakar¦
judicial reform kMENTMrg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’
judiciary GgÁecARkm
jump-start cab;epþIm[)anqab;
junk n. rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_/ rbs;eGtcay
juridical Ktiyutþi ¬EdlRsbtamc,ab; nig
rebobrbbén c,ab;¼tulakar¦
jurisdiction Ednsmtßkic©/ yutþaFikar
just adj. RtwmRtUv/ yutþiFm’
justification of a project kareFVIyutþikmµ
KMerag/ karbgðajehtuplBItMrUvkareFVIKMerag
justified (expense...) ¬cMNay>>>¦ man
skçIkmµ
justify eFVIyutþikmµ
K, k
key role tYnaTIKnøwH
keynote address sunÞrkfaKnøwH
kind, payment in karTUTat;Cavtßú
55
L, l
label søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦
labour Blkmµ ¬kargar rWBlkr¦/ casual ~
BlkmµGENþt ¬ry³eBlkargarxøI¦/ manual ~
htßkmµ/ organised ~ BlkmµcUlshCIB/
skilled ~ BlkmµmanCMnaj/ ~ card b½NÑ
kargar/ ~ force kMlaMgBlkmµ/ ~ laws c,ab;
Blkmµ/ ~ productivity plitPaBénBlkmµ/
~ security snþisuxBlkmµ/ ~ turnover
GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦/ ~ union or
trade union shCIB
labourer Blkr/ day ~ TinikCn/ Blkr
suIR)ak;éf¶
labour-intensive adj. eRbIBlkmµeRcIn/
GtiBlkmµ/ ~ industry ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ
lack kgVH/ ~ of balance )at;tulüPaB/
~ of confidence kgVHTMnukcitþ
lading n. karpÞúkTMnij/ ~ port kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij
laissez-passer lixitebIkpøÚv
land dI/ dIFøI/ ~ alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§idI/
~ conflict TMnas;dIFøI/ ~ degradation karcuH
KuNPaBdI/ karxUcdI/ ~ dispute vivaTdIFøI/ ~
encroachment karrMelaPykdI/ ~ grabbing
karT®nÞanykdI/ ~ owner m©as;dI/ ~ ownership
kmµsiT§idIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI/ ~ survey
GegátdIFøI/ zanKNit/ ~ restructuring
karEkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ ~ settlement dMeNaH
RsaydIFøI/ ~ tenure karkan;kab;dI
Economic Lexicon Part 1
land dispute settlement committee
KN³kmµaFikaredaHRsay)atuPaBdIFøI
landless adj. KµandI
landlessness PaBKµandIFøI
landlocked country RbeTsKµanRcksmuRT
landlord m©as; dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYl[eK¦
landscape eTsPaB/ protected ~
tMbn;eTsPaBkarBar
large-scale survey GegátRTg;RTayFM
latent minTan;Cak;Esþg
launch n. kardak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv
¬]> plitplelITIpSar¦
law c,ab;/ draft ~ esckþIRBagc,ab;/ ~ of
contract c,ab;énkic©snüa
Law on Co-Statute of Civil Servants
c,ab;sþIBI shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil
Law on Financial Management
c,ab;sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;karRKb;RKg
Law on Social Security
c,ab;sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm
lawful Rsbc,ab;
lawless EdlGt;c,ab; ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW
KµankareKarBc,ab;¦
laws and regulations c,ab; nig
bTb,BaØtiþ¼lixitbTdæan
lawsuit erOgkþI
lawyer Gñkc,ab;/ emFavI
lay in stock v. bBa©ÚlXøaMg
lay off v. bBaÄb;buKÁlik
lay out v. cay ¬R)ak;¦
layout of letter TMrg;¼bøg; sMbuRt
leader 1> GñkdwknaM/ popular ~ emxül;
56
2> plitpllk;dac;CageK/ market ~
plitpl¼Rkumh‘un naMmuxeKelITIpSar
leading naMmuxeK/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkaT½rnaMmux
eK ¬Edlbgðajninñakar)anmunGaMDIkaT½rÉeTot¦
lease Ptisnüa/ karCYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦/
finance ~ PtisnüahirBaØvtßú ¬kñúgenHshRKas
RtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúgtaragtulükar nig
eFVIrMls;va¦/ operating ~ PtisnüaRbtibtþikar
¬kñúgenHshRKasminRtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúg
taragtulükareT¦
lease v. CYl/ ~ back CYlmkvij
least developed countries (LDCs)
RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK
ledger (accounting) esovePAFM/
purchase ~ esovePAFMTij
legacy 1> Gc©½yTanCaclnRTBü
¬tammrtksasn_¦ 2> Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþצ
legal tamc,ab;/ nItüanukUl ~ capital edImTun
tamc,ab;/ ~ document Éksartamc,ab;/
~ representative GñktMNagtamc,ab;/
~ framework Rkbx½NÐc,ab;/ ~ decision
esckþIsMerctamc,ab;/ ~ reserves FnbMrug
tamc,ab;
legal effect GanuPaBKtiyutiþ
legal entity/person nItibuKÁl
legal substance (French: nature
juridique) nItisarCati
legal tender rUbiymaRta/ R)ak;Edlc,ab;
TTYlsÁal;
legality PaBtamc,ab;/ nItüanukUlPaB
legalise v. eFVIeGayeTAtamc,ab;/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
eFVInItüanukUlkmµ
legatee Gc©½yTanlaPI ¬GñkTTYlsñgmrtk
tamry³mrtksasn_¦
legator Gc©½yTayk
legislation c,ab;/ nItikmµ
legislative power 1> GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦
2> GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot dUcCa
RkumRbwkSaXMu¦
legislative structure rcnasm<½n§nItibBaØtþi
legislator GñkeFVIc,ab;/ nItiBn§
legislature 1> GgÁnItibBaØtþi ¬GgÁkareFVIc,ab;¦
2> nItikal ¬énsPa¦
legitimate eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv/ eBjc,ab;/
FmµanurUb
lend v. eGayx©I
lender GñkeGayx©I/ ~ of last resort Gñk[
x©ICacugeRkay
lending institution sßab½n \NTan¼ [x©IR)ak;
lessee Ptik³/ GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦
lessor PtibtI/ GñkCYleGay
let v. CYl ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y >>>¦
letter lixit/ covering ~ (or US: cover ~)
lixitGmÉksar/ ~ of attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i/
~ of credit (L/C) lixit\NTan/ ~ of
exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ of indemnity
lixitFanasg/ ~ of intent lixitbBa¢ak;eKal
bMNg/ lixti Esþgectna/ ~ of inquiry lixit
saksYrB½t’man/ ~ of non-conviction lixit
bBa¢ak;faKµaneTas
level kMrit/ multi-level eRcInkMrit/ ~ of
development kMritGPivDÆn_
57
lever Xñas;
leverage KMnas;/ kareRbIkMcImankarR)ak;efr
eTArksuIedIm,I)ancMeNjelIsBIkarR)ak;
levy v. & n. 1> hUtBn§ 2> Bn§
¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦
liabilities bMNul/ RTBüGkmµ/ meet one’s
liabilities sgbMNulrbs;xøÜn
liability 1> bMNul 2> karTTYlxusRtUv/
~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgelIPar³TTYlxusRtUv
liable adj. for TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH
liaison TMnak;TMng/ sm<n§kar/ ~ office
kariyal½yTMnak;TMng
libel karsresrbrihaekrþ×
liberal democracy and pluralism or
liberal multi-party democracy
lT§iRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS
liberal profession viC¢aCIv³esrI
liberality or liberal gift sT§aTan
liberalisation esrIPavUbnIykmµ/ ~ of
trade esrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ
Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate)
GRtakarR)ak;rvagFnaKarBaNiC¢enATIRkugLúg
licence GaCJab½NÑ/ lixitGnuBaØat
licensed manGaCJab½NÑ/ RbtiRsut/ ~ bank
FnaKarRbtiRsut
licensed technology bec©kviTüaTijBIeK
licensee Gñkkan;GaCJab½NÑ
licit adj. RtUvc,ab;
lien 1> R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦
2> siT§iXat;Tuk
life expectancy GayukalmFüm/ Gayurs;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
enAmFüm
life or death issue bBaðasøab;rs;
life skill bMNinCIvit
life span Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦
lifestyle rebobrs;enA
lifetime Gayukal/ mYyGayu
LIFO (last in, first out) lIhVÚ ¬cUleRkay
ecjmun¦
likelihood PaBTMng
limit n. & v. 1> RBMEdn/ ~ of liability
RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv/ 2> dak;kMritRBMEdn
limitation n. kardak;kMritRBMEdn
limited liability karTTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/
~ company Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit
limited partner GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit
¬TTYlxusRtUvmankMrit¦
line (department) ¬mnÞIr¦ ExSbeNþay
line item (budget) matika ¬fvika¦
line of credit or credit linekMrit\NTan
link cMNgTak;Tg
linkage karcgP¢ab;/ cMNgTak;Tg
liquid assets RTBübþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s
liquid investments vinieyaKedaysac;R)ak;
liquidate v. CMrH/ TUTat; ¬bMNul/ bBa¢I¦/
~ a debt TUTat;bMNulTaMgmUl
liquidation karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ karCMrHbBa¢I/
compulsory ~ karCMrHbBa¢ICakatBVkic© ¬tam
karsMercrbs;tulakar¦/ voluntary ~ karCMrH
bBa¢eI daysµR½ Kcit/þ ~ report r)aykarN_CrM HbBa¢I
liquidator GñkCMrHbBa¢I/ GñkRtYtBinitükar
biTRkumh‘un
liquidity 1> snÞnIyPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul
58
2> sac;R)ak;TMenr/ ~ ratio smaPaKsac;R)ak;TMenr
liquidity (banking) sac;R)ak;nigRTBü
gaybþÚrCasac;R)ak;/ total ~ rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2)
list bBa¢I/ ~ price éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦/
listed company Rkumh‘unEdlmansnøwkh‘un
lk;-Tij enApSarh‘un
litigation bNþwgvivaT/ karbþwgpþl;
livelihood CIvPaB/ karrkciBa©wmCIvit/
lively y:agskmµ/ ~ market TIpSarman
skmµPaBrs;revIk
livestock stVciBa©wm ¬ykpl¦
living 1> CIvPaB/ karrs;enA/ ~ standard
kMritCIvPaB/ cost of ~ cMnayRTRTg;karrs;enA
load factor, passenger (air travel)
GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦
loading and unloading of goods
karpÞúk nigkarerITMnij
loading capacity cMNuHpÞúk
loading port EppÞúkTMnij
loan kMcI/ \NeTyü/ bMNul/ bridging ~
kMcIpøas;pÞHfµI ¬enAeBlpÞHcas;lk;minTan;dac;¦/
soft ~ kMcIkarR)ak;Tab/ ~ at call kMcIKµankal
kMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijeBleKTar¦/ personal ~
kMcIpÞal;xøÜn/ unsecured ~ kMcIKµankarFana/
~ disbursed kMcI)anebIkpþl;
loan service (interest payment) esvabMNul
lobby v. ekogKr/ eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl
local ¬én¦mUldæan/ kñúgRsuk/ ~ authority
GaCJaFrmUldæan
location TItaMg
logging karkab;eQI/ illegal ~ karkab;eQI
xusc,ab;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
logic tkáviC¢a/ LÚsuik
logistics PsþúPar/ karpÁt;pÁg;
logo rUbsBaØa
long-life assets RTBüGayukalEvg
long-term ry³eBlEvg/ TIXkal/
~ liabilities bMNulry³eBlEvg
loophole cenøaHRbehag/ tax ~ cenøaHRbehagén
Bn§ ¬EdlGaceKecosvagminbg;Bn§edayRsbc,ab;¦
loose-leaf ledger esovePAFMsnøwkdac;BIKña
loss kMhat/karxatbg;/ kar)at;bg;/ actual
total ~ kMhatsrubCak;Esþg
lot n. LÚt_/ fishing ~ LÚt_ensaT
low-income group/households
Rkum¼RKYsar manR)ak;cMNUlTab
lump-sum R)ak;bg;TaMgdul/ ~ payment
karTUTat;tamrebobem:Akar ¬rW qaka¦
lump-sum tax Bn§em:Akar
luxury RbNit/ ~ goods TMnijRbNit/
~ trade BaNiC¢kmµvtßúRbNit
M, m
M1 (money) rUbiyvtßú
M2 (liquidity) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA
macro- m:aRkU
macroeconomic analysis
karviPaKm:aRkUesdækic©
macroeconomic stability sßirPaBm:aRkU
esdækic©
macroeconomics m:aRkUesdækic©
59
magnitude TMhM
mail transfer karepÞr¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_
mail, electronic sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml
main adj. cMbg
mainstream v. bRBa¢ab
maintain v. accounting book
kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü
maintenance karEfTaM/ ~ expenses/
costs cMNayEfTaM
major adj. cMbg/ sMxan;
majority PaKeRcIn/ sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦
mala fide seller Gñklk;Edlmanl,ickl
minl¥
maladministration karRKb;RKgGsmtßPaB
mal-development karGPivDÆn_xusTMng
malpractice rebobrbbminl¥/ kMhusqÁg
malthusianism nibulniym/ m:al;Tusniym
manage v. RKb;RKg/ cat;Ecg
management karRKb;RKg/ ~ control
karRtYtBinitükarRKb;RKg
manager GñkRKb;RKg/ bNÑaFikar/ financial
~ GaNab½k
managerial accounting KNenyüRKb;RKg
managership PaBCaGñkRKb;RKg
managing director naykRKb;RKg
mandate n. 1> siT§iGMNac 2> GaNtþi
mandate v. 1> pþl;siT§iGMNac 2> tMrUv/ the
law mandates that... c,ab;tMrUvfa
mandatory adj. Edlxanmin)an
manifest nievTnb½NÑ/ bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼ TMnij
dwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
man-made disaster mhnþraybgáedaymnusS
manner EbbbT
manual 1> htßkmµ 2> esovePAk,Ün
manufacture kmµnþsal
manufactured goods TMnijkmµnþsal
manufacturing kmµnþsalkmµ/ karplit
¬y:ageRcIn²edayeRbIm:asuIn¦
margin Gb,har/ kMrit/ m:aCIn/ ~ of error
kMritel¥óg/ ~ of lending kMriteGayx©IR)ak;/ ~
of profit kMritR)ak;cMeNj
marginal benefit plcMeNjÉktabEnßm
¬kñúgkarbegáInmYyÉktaplitpl¦
marginal cost éføedImÉktabEnßm ¬edIm,I
plitbEnßmmYyÉktaplitplelIsEpnkar¦/
bnÞúkcMNaym:ahSúINal;
marginal project KMeragbnÞab;bnSM
marginal propensity to consume
kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm
marginal propensity to save
kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm
marginal revenue cMNUlÉktabEnßm
¬BIkarlk;plitplbEnßmmYyÉkta¦
marginal utility plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm
marginalisation m:aCInUbnIykmµ/ karRcan
cUlsßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac
marginal-tax ratio smaPaKkMeNIn
cMNUlBn§eFobnwgkMeNInplTunCatisrub
marine xagsmuRT/ ~ concession Edn
sm,TanTwkéRb/ ~ fisheries ensaTsmuRT/
~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgpøÚvsmuRT
mark down v. bBa©úHéfø
mark up v. tMelIgéfø
60
market n. TIpSar/ black ~ pSarggwt/
capital ~ TIpSarTun ¬sMrab;vinieyaK¦/
~ capitalisation tMélRkumh‘unKittam
tMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un/ closed ~ TIpSarbiT
¬lk;[EttMNagpþac;mux¦/ open ~ TIpSarcMh
¬RKb;KñaGacTij¼lk;)an¦ ~ demand/need
tMrUvkarTIpSar/ ~ economy esdækic©TIpSar/
~ failure braC½yénTIpSar/ ~ forces kMlaMg
TIpSar/ money/finance ~ TIpSarrUbiyvtßú
¬kMcIry³eBlxøI²¦/ ~ practice TMlab;TIpSar/
~ price éføenATIpSar/ ~ saturation titßikmµ
kñúgpSar/ PaBEq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ ~
segmentation karEbgEckTIpSar/ ~ value
tMélTIpSar ¬tMélenAéf¶enH¦/ tMélFanik/
~ share/penetration cMENkTIpSar
market v. lk;elITIpSar/ ~ a new product
lk;plitplfµIelITIpSar
marketable Gaclk;y:aggay
marketing m:aXItTIg/ karbeBa©jlk;elITIpSar/
~ chain ExScgVak; m:aXITIg¼TIpSar
market-regulated economy
esdækic©TIpSarerobry/ esdækic©niy½tTIpSar
mark-up Gb,har
marriage certificate sMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_
mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦
mass production karplitRTg;RTayFM
master adj. eKal/ em/ ~ budget fvikaem/
~ map EpnTIeKal/ ~ plan Epnkar¼bøg;eKal/
~ sample KMrUtagem
master’s degree fñak;GnubNÐit
matching concept/convention
eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña
Economic Lexicon Part 1

material sMPar³/ RkNat; ¬cMNay¦EfTaMsuxPaB

maternal mortality rate
GRtamrN³matuPaB
mature eBjv½y/ cas;TMu/ ~ economy
esdækic©rIkcMerIneBjelj
maturity bkáPaB/ PaBeBjv½y/ PaBcas;TMu/
kalvsan/ kalkMNt;/ date of ~ éf¶dl;
kMNt; ¬sg¦
maximisation GtibrmanIykmµ
mayor ecAhVayRkug
mean (statistics) mFüm/ arithmetic ~
mFümnBVnþ/ geometric ~ mFümFrNImaRt
means meFüa)ay/ ~ of production
meFüa)ayplitkmµ
measurability PaBGacvas;)an
measure 1> TMhM/ rgVas; 2> viFankar/
economic ~ viFankaresdækic©/ fiscal ~
viFankarsareBIBn§
measurement of profitability
karvas;EvgPaBmancMeNj
mechanism 1> ynþkar 2> esnaFikar
¬sßab½n¦
mechanisation ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ
media or mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay
mediation karsMruHsMrYl
mediator GñksMruHsMrYl
medic n. GñkevC¢saRsþ
medical ¬én¦ evC¢saRsþ/ ~ assistant
CMnYyevC¢saRsþ
medical aid n. GñkCMnYyevC¢saRsþ
medical care (expense)
medium mFüm/ ~ grade KuNPaBmFüm/
~ term loan kMcIry³eBlmFüm
meet CYb/ edaHRsay/ bMeBj ¬lkçxNЦ/
~ a deficit bMeBj»nPaB
meeting CMnYb/ karRbCMu/ ¬RbCMumhaCn
MEFP (Memorandum of Economic
and Financial Policy: for the IMF)
GnusSarN³sþIBIeKalneya)ayesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú
MFN (Most Favoured Nation
clause) lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ
membership smaCikPaB
memorandum CMnYysµartI/ GnusSarN³/
~ of association GnusSarN³begáItRkumh‘un/
lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un/ ~ of understanding
(MOU) GnusSarN³RBmeRBog
mental ability smtßPaBxagbBaØa
mental job kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦
mercantile adj. énBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ marine
kgnavaBaNiC¢kmµ¬rbs;RbeTsNamYy¦/
~ country RbeTs ¬mancMNUledaykareFVI¦
BaNiC¢kmµ
mercantilism BaNiC¢kmµniym
merchandising service establishment
RKwHsßanesvakmµTMnij
merchant BaNiC¢kr
merger karrMlaybBa©ÚlKña ¬nUvRkumh‘unBIr rW
eRcIn CaRkumh‘unmYy¦
merit kusl/ kuslkic©/ KuNsm,tþi
message sar
messenger narsar/ elxharI

61
Economic Lexicon Part 1

method viFI misappropriation of public funds vitikmµ

methodology viFIsaRsþ FnsaFarN³/ karekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³
micro biology mIRkUCIv³ miscalculate v. KNnaxus
microcosm Gtisuxumelak miscellaneous epSg²/ KNnIcMNay{epSg²}
micro-credit mIRkU\NTan misdemeanour bTmCÄwm
microeconomics mIRkUesdækic© ¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦
micro-finance mIRkUhirBaØvtßú mission ebskkmµ/ ~ letter lixitbBa¢a
middle class vNѳkNþal ¬rW vNѳKhbtI¦ ebskkmµ/ ~ statement esckþIRbkasebskkmµ
middleman QµÜjkNþal/ KYkeC/ eCIgsar/ misunderstanding karyl;RcLM/ karyl;xus
mixed economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©cMruH
GnþrkarI mobilisation of private savings
migrant CncMNakRsuk/ nirRbevsn_ karekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn
migrate v. from/to eFVIcMNakRsuk rW mobilise v. ekNÐRbmUl/ RbEmRbmUl
cakRsuk BI¼eTA modality of investment
migration cMNakRsuk/ BhiRbevsn_/ EbbbTénkarvinieyaK
snþrRbevsn_ mode n. m:Ud/ rebob
milestone 1> eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦ model n. KMrU
2> RBwtiþkarN_sMxan; ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarvivtþn_énGVImYy¦ moderate adj. & n. 1> lµm ¬]> minefak
milieu mCÄdæan minéfø¦ 2> mCÄnikCn
military eyaFa/ eyaFin/ ~ region modernisation TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ/ TMenIbkmµ
eyaFPUmiPaK modernise eFVITMenIbkmµ
Millennium Development Goals modification karEkERb/ kMENERb
(MDGs) eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ module m:UDIl
mineral concentrate Er:cMraj; modus operandi EbbbTRbtibtþikar
minicomputer kMBüÜT½rFuntUc momentum snÞúHeCOneTAmux/ kMlaMgrujRcan/
minimisation Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ/ tax ~ m:Um:g;
kareFVI[bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput monetarism rUbiyvtßúniym
minimise v. bnßydl;kMritGb,brma monetarisation of the deficit
mining GaCIvkmµEr:/ karykEr: rUbiyvtßúnIykmµén»nPaB
minor adj. & n. 1> tUctac/ bnÞab;bnSM monetary adj. én rUbiyvtßú¼luy/ ~ policy
2> GnItiCn neya)ayrUbiyvtßú/ ~ overhang rUbiyvtßúelIs
minority PaKtic/ Gb,PaK tulüPaB/ ~ confidence TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú/
62
Economic Lexicon Part 1

~ stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUnIykmµrUbiyvtßú/ eRBogBhuPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance CMnYyBhuPaKI

~ transaction RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßú multinational BhuCati/ ~ corporation
money rUbiyvtßú/ luy/ ~ (M1) rUbiyvtßú (M1), Rkumh‘unBhuCati
~ (M2) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2), quasi- ~ rUbiy multiple-shop undertakings
vtßúepSg²/ ~ in circulation rUbiyvtßúcracr/ Rkumh‘unmansaxaeRcIn
~ economy esdækic©rUbiyvtßú/ ~ laundering multiplier emKuN
karlagluykxVk;/ ~ market TIpSarrUbiyvtßú multi-purpose allocation
¬kMcIry³eBl xøI²¦/ ~ supply karpÁt;pÁg; karélEcksMrab;eKaledAeRcIny:ag
rUbiyvtßú¼sac;R)ak;/ ~/funds at call rUbiyvtßú¼ multi-stage eRcIndMNak;/ ~ design
mUlniFiEdlGacpþl;eGay)anPøam² bøg;eRcIndMNak;/ ~ frame eRKageRcIndMNak;/
moneylender \NTayk/ GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; ~ sampling karykKMrUtageRcIndMNak;
monitor v. XøaMemIl ¬ÉksarxøHeRbIBakütamdan¦ mutation n. rUbvivtþn_
monoculture Ékvb,kmµ/ eFVIdMNaMmYymux mutatis mutandis EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚrtam
monopolise v. eFVIpþac;mux karcaM)ac;
monopoly n. PaBpþac;mux/ monopolistic adj. mutual eTAvijeTAmk/ ~ assistance
monthly RbcaMEx/ ~ statement r)aykarN_¼ karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ insurance
sMrg;KNnI RbcaMEx/ ~ returns cMNUlRbcaMEx karFanar:ab;rgeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ benefit
moral obligation katBVkic©pøÚvcitþ manplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk/
morality sIlFm’/ good ~ mansIlFm’l¥/ mutual fund sgÁhFn
social ~ sIlFm’sgÁm mutual societies sgÁhsmaKm
morbidity PaBmanCMgWeFVIeGaysøab; mutually supportive
mortgage niekçb/ GuIb:UEtk/ vtßúbBa©aMbMNul CYyRTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk
mortgagee mças;bMNulGuIb:UEtk/ niekçbKahk
mortgager/mortgagor kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk
most favoured nation (MFN) clause N, n
lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ
motion of censure jtþibenÞas nascent economy esdækic©kMBugcab;kMeNIt
motivate v. CMrujTwkcitþ/ bMpusTwkcitþ nation RbCaCati/ sgÁmCati
movable (property) clnvtßú national énCati/ ~ accounting KNenyü
multi-disciplinary team RkumBhuCMnaj Cati/ ~ budget support ]btßmÖBIfvikardæ
multilateral BhuPaKI/ ~ agreement kic©RBm ¬]> cMeBaHfvikaextþ¦/ ~ bank FnaKarCati/

63
Economic Lexicon Part 1
~ debt bMNulCati ¬x©IedayrdæaPi)al¦/
~ income plTunCati/ ~ Institute of
Statistics viC¢asßanCatisßiti/ ~ patrimony
ebtikP½NÐCati/ ~ product plitplCati/
~ economic management karRKb;RKg
esdækic©Cati
nationality sBa¢ati/ ~ of ships sBa¢atinava
nationalise v. eFVICatUbnIykmµ/ eFVICatikmµ
nationwide TUTaMgRbeTs
natural énFmµCati/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ
FmµCati/ ~ asset RTBüsm,tþiFmµCati ¬FnFan
FmµCatiGVImYy¦/ ~ disaster eRKaH¼mhnþray
FmµCati/ ~ unemployment rate GRta
nikmµPaBFmµCati/ ~ resource FnFanFmµCati/
~ loss kar)at;bg; ÉkÉg¼edayFmµCati
nature 1> FmµCati 2> critlkçN³ ¬rbs;mnusS¦
near-liquid asset or near money
RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa
rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦
need tMrUvkar/ ~ for affiliation tMrUvkar
edIm,Icgsm<½n§
needs tMrUvkar ¬caM)ac;CamUldæan¦/
~ assessment study karvaytMélBItMrUvkar
negation GviC¢mankmµ
negative adj. GviC¢man/ ~ interest karR)ak;
GviC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;TabCagGRtaGtiprNa¦
negligence kareFVsRbEhs/ gross ~
kareFVsRbEhsF¶n;F¶r
negotiable adj. 1>Gaccrca)an/ ~ price
éføGaccrca)an 2>GacCYjdUr)an/ ~ debt
instrument rUbiyaNtþi\NeTyüGacCYjdUr)an/
~ documents ÉksarykTUTat;)an/
64
~ instrument ]bkrN_TUTat;
negotiate v. crca/ negotiation n.
neocolonialism GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI
net suT§/ sCÄtþikr/ ~ exports karnaMecjsuT§/
~ cost tMél suT§¼sCÄtþikr/ ~ foreign assets
RTBüskmµbreTssuT§/ ~ foreign current
transfer (NFCT) karepÞrbreTscrnþsuT§/ ~
foreign factor income (NFFI) ktþaplTun
breTssuT§/ ~ income cMNUlsuT§/ ~ indirect
taxes (NIT) Bn§RbeyalsuT§/ ~ national
product plTunCatisuT§/ ~ profit R)ak;cMenj
suT§/ ~ present value (NPV) tMélbc©úb,nñ
suT§/ ~ taxable income cMnUlCab;Bn§suT§/
~ worth mUlniFipÞal;suT§/ tMélBitRTBüskmµsuT§
¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitenATIpSar
ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦
network bNþaj
neutralisation GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/
GBüaRkwtkmµ
new international economic order
(NIEO) lMdab;esdækic©GnþrCatifµI
newly fµI²/ ~ industrialised countries
(NICs) RbeTseFVI]sSahUbnIykmµfµI
newsletter RBwtþib½RtB½t’man
next of kin jatiCitCageK
NGO (non-government organisation)
GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
nine years basic education
karGb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM
nobility vNѳGPiCn
nomenclature namvlI ¬matika¦/ muxTMnij
nominal carwk/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrub
Economic Lexicon Part 1
carwk/ ~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak; carwk/
~ value tMélcarwk
nomination karEtgtaMg
nominee GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg/ ~ account
KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot
non-commercial bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢
non-agricultural or non-farm
employment kargarminEmnksikmµ
non-aligned movement clnamincUl
bkSsm½<n§
non-compliance karminRbtibtþitam/ PaB
minRsbtam
non-concessional adj. minpþl;sm,Tan
non-convertible currency
rUbiyvtßúminGacbþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an
non-delivery karminRbKl;
non-discriminatory adj. minerIseGIg
non-durables TMnijminKg;yUr ¬Gahar/
sarB½t’man>>>¦
non-food items TMnijminEmnGahar
non-government organisation
(NGO) GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
non-household sector vis½yminTak;Tg
nwgRKYsar
non-negotiable instrument ]bkrN_
minGacykeTATUTat;)an
non-payment karminTUTat;
non-performance karminGnuvtþn_/
karKµanlT§pl
non-performing loan kMcIBi)akTar
non-refundable adj. EdlminbgVilsgvij
65
non-resident GnivasnCn rW GnivasCn
non-returnable packing sMbkevcx©b;
minRbmUlvij
non-tax features lkçN³minTak;TgnwgBn§dar
non-taxable adj. minCab;Bn§/ ~ income
cMNUlminCab;Bn§
non-timber forest products (NTFPs)
GnupléRBeQI
non-urban population
RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug
norm bTdæan
normalisation RbRktIPaBkmµ/ bktikmµ/
niy½tkmµ
North, the (countries) ]tþrRbeTs
¬RbeTsGñkman¦
notarial deed lixitviBaØabnkmµ
notary public sarkarI
note sarxøI²/ lixit/ kMNt;sMKal;/ advice ~
lixitCUndMNwg/ bank/currency ~ Rkdas
R)ak;/ covering ~ lixitGm/ credit/debit ~
lixit\NTan¼\NBn§/ delivery ~ lixit
RbKl;TMnij/ dispatch ~ lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij/
promissory ~ b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüa
noticeable change
karERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal;
notification karCUndMNwg/ ~ procedure
nItiviFICUndMNwg
notifying bank FnaKarCUndMNwg
notion sBaØaN
novation kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa
¬[PaKITI3¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
novelty adj. & n. PaB¼rbs; fµIEbøk
NPRS (National Poverty Reduction
Strategy) yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
nuclear-family structures rcnasm<½n§
RKYsarsñÚl ¬«BukmþaynigkUn¦
null and void emaX³
nullification emaXkmµ/ nullify v. eFVI[
eTACaemaX³
nullity emaXPaB
numeracy karecHelx
numerator (fraction) PaKyk
nutrition GaharUbtßmÖ
O, o
obedience karsþab;»vaT
object to v. CMTas;/ RbqaMg
objection, have no Kµankaryl;Tas;
objective n. & adj. 1> kmµvtßú/ TisedA
2> stüanum½t/ EdlQrelIkarBitCak;Esþg
objectivity kmµvis½yPaB
obligation katBVkic©/ be under ~ man
katBVkic©/ meet one’s obligations sg
bMNulrbs;xøÜn
obligatory CakatBVkic©/ xanmin)an
observation 1> karsegát ¬emIl¦
2> esckþIsegát ¬karkt;sMKal;¦
observe v. segát
observer GñksegátkarN_
obsolescence PaBhYssm½y
66
obsolete hYssm½y
occupation 1> muxrbr 2> karkan;kab;
occupancy rate (hotel) GRtasñak;enA
¬sNæaKar¦
occupational accident eRKaHfñak;enA
eBlbMeBjkargar
occupier Gñkkan;kab;
oceanography saKrsaRsþ
odd job kargarl¥itel¥ac
odd number elxess
offence bTelµIs/ eTaskmµ
offer 1> kareGayéfø/ cash ~ karsMubg;Ca
sac;R)ak; 2> karRbkaslk; ¬kñúgéføNamYy¦/
introductory ~ éføTak;m:Uy ¬cMeBaHplitpl
fµI¦/ special ~ TMnijlk;efakBiess
offer and demand karpþl;nigtMrUvkar
off-farm employment kargareRkAksidæan
officer m®nþI
official pøÚvkar/ ~ confirmation esckþI
bBa¢ak;CapøÚvkar/ ~ rate GRtapøÚvkar
Official Gazette raCkic© ¬esovePA¦
official n. m®nþIpøÚvkar/ GñkpøÚvkar
officialdom kariyaFibetyü
offload v. CMruHecj ¬nUvGVImYyEdlxøÜn
mincg;Tuk ]> snøwkh‘unelIstMrUvkar¦
offset v. b:Hb:Uvvij/ kat;kgvij
offshore adj. eRkAeqñr ¬eRbgkat¦
off-the-job training
karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar
ombudsman m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a
¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤GgÁkarFM²¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
omission 1> karxkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦
2> karkat;ecj 3> GVIEdl min)aneFVI rW kat;ecj
omnibus adj. cMruHmux/ ~ agreement
kic©RBmeRBogcMruHmux/ ~ bill of lading
GBaØtb½RtrYm
on an equal footing edayesµIPaBnigesµIsiT§i
on the path of reform elImaKa’énkMENTMrg;
onerous adj. Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn
one-stop service esvaRckecjcUlEtmYy
ongoing activity skmµPaBkMBug dMeNIrkar¼
RbRBwtþeTA
on-the-job training karbNþúHbNþal
P¢ab;nwgkargar
open adj. cMh/ ~ economy esdækic©ebIk
cMh/ ~ account KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTij
eCOedayGñkTijKµandak;vtßúFana¦
open balance smtulümanelx ¬minsUnü¦
open cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanqUt ¬b¤cMh¦
open credit \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana
¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦
open market pSarcMh/ pSaresrI/
~ operations RbtibtþikarelIpSarcMh
open policy eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay
open the trade sector v.
ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ
opening balance smtulüedImRKa
opening bank (for letters of credit)
FnaKarebIksar\NTan
operating budget fvikaRbtibtþikar
operating costs/expenses bnÞúkcMNay
RbtibtþikarFmµta
67
operation Rbtibtþikar/ insurance ~
RbtibtþikarFanar:ab;rg
operational costs bnÞúkcMNayRbtibtþikar
operative system RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar
operator Rbtibtþikr
opinion eyabl;/ mti/ ~ poll karsÞg;mti
opportunity kalanuvtþiPaB/ »kas
opportunity cost tMél»kasRtUv)at;bg;/
tMélénkarlHbg;
opposition 1> karRbqaMg rW CMTas;
2> bkSRbqaMg
optical fiber cable ExSkabGubTic
optimal allocation karélEckRbesIrbMput
optimism suTidiæniym
optimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµansuTidæi
optimise v. eFVIeGay)anRbesIr ¬bMput¦
option CMerIs/ at your ~ tamCMerIsrbs;Gñk/
share ~ siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenA
eBlNamYy¦ naGnaKt
oral agreement/contract
kic©RBmeRBog¼ kic©snüapÞal;mat;
¬minEmnCalaylkçN_GkSr¦
order 1> bBa¢a/ provincial/municipal ~
dIkaextþ¼Rkug/ 2> lMdab; 3> sNþab;Fñab;/
public ~ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³
order for payment (French: mandat
de dépense) GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay
order form/slip b½NÑbBa¢aTij
order, purchase b½NѼkar bBa¢aTij
ordinary share PaKh‘unsamBaØ
ordnance yuT§P½NÐ/ unexploded ~
Economic Lexicon Part 1
yuT§P½NÐminTan;pÞúH
organic agriculture ksikmµsrIragÁ
organic/organisational law
c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar
organisation chart GgÁkarelx
organisational structure
rcnasm<½n§cat;taMg
Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD) GgÁkarshRbtibtþikaresdækic©
nigGPivDÆn_
orientation kartMrg;Tis
oriented (orientated) tMrg;eTArk/ sMedA/
manninñakareTArk
origin RbPBedIm/ edImkMeNIt/ bJsKl;/
certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtRbPBedIm TMnij/
country of ~ RbeTsRbPBedIm
origin, zero point Kl;G½kS
original cost tMélenAeBlcUl
¬tMélsMPar³eBlTijcUl¦
original invoice vikáybRtedIm
originating bank FnaKarebIksar\NTan
orthodox policy eKalneya)aysmµamti
¬RsmtamkarCMenO¼mtiCaTUeTA¦
outcome lT§pl
outdated, out-of-date hYssm½y
outflow lMhUrecj
outgoing letters lixitecj
outgoings cMNay
outlays (financial) cMNay/ debt
amortisation ~ cMNayrMls;bMNul
outlet kEnøglk;ecj
68
outlook TsSnvis½y/ karRbemIlemIlGnaKt
output Fatuecj/ plitpl/ final ~
Fatuecj sMerc¼cugeRkay
output tax or VAT (value added tax)
GakrelItMélbEnßm
outreach kareQagdl;/ karQandl;
outsource v. cuHkic©snüaxageRkA
outstanding adj. enACMBak;/ ~ balance
smtulüenACMBak;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt
minTan;sgR)ak;/ ~ loans kMcIenACMBak; ~
student sisSBUEk
outstanding obligations (debt)
bMNulhYskalbriecäT
outward-looking country
RbeTsebIkcMh ¬eq<aHeTAxageRkA¦
overcapacity smtßPaBelIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦
overcharge kMérykelIs ¬elIskMritsmrmü¦
overcontrol karRtYtBinitühYs
overdraft 1> kardkR)ak;elIsR)ak;beBaØI
2> \NTankMNt;/ \NTanelIssmtulü
¬FnaKar¦
overdraft, to grant an
GnuBaØat\NTanelIssmtulü
overdue hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ bill lixit
TarR)ak;hYskalkMNt;/ ~ loans R)ak;kMcI
hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ payment karsgR)ak;
hYskalkMNt;sg
overfishing karensaTRtIhYsRbmaN
overheads or overhead expenses/costs
cMNay Rbeyal¼TUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nig
sMxan;² dUcCa QñÜlpÞH/ TUrs½BÞ/ sMPar³kariyal½y>>>
EdlminTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
overheated economy esdækic©rt;ekþAeBk
¬kMeNInskmµPaBesdækic©EdleFVI[mankMeNIn
GtiprNa¦
overlap RtYtKña/ KgKña
overlook emIlrMlg
overpopulation RbCaCneRcInhYs
overproduction briplitkmµ/ karplitelIs
overriding (in law) sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot
over-sampling karykKMrUtagelIs
overseas adj. enAbreTs/ ~ branches
saxaenAbreTs
oversight 1> karRbEhsePøcPøaMg
2> karemIlxusRtUvelI/ karTTYlbnÞúk
overspending cMNayhYskMNt;
overstaffed EdlmanbuKÁlikeRcInhYs
overtime, work v. eFVIkarem:agbEnßm
overview karBinitüCaTUeTA/ TsSn³rYm
overwhelming majority PaKeRcInelIslb;
owner m©as;/ m©as;kmµsiT§i/ kmµsiT§ikr/ ~ of
the goods m©as;TMnij
ownership kmµsiT§i/ PaBCam©as;
P, p
package kBa©b;/ ~ budget kBa©b;fvika/
pay/salary ~ kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nig
R)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ ~ tour
kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic©
packaging (accounting) sMbkevcx©b;
packing list bBa¢Ievcx©b;
69
¬bBa¢IbBa¢ak;karevcx©b;TMnij¦
packing, non-returnable
sMbkevcx©b;minRmmUlykvij
pact ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦
paddy RsUv/ ~ husking karkinRsUv/
~ plots GMBkERs
paid holidays éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_
paid-up capital mUlFn)anbg;CMrH
¬edImTunEdl)anbg;ehIy¦
panel of experts KN³CMnajkar
panic karP½yep¥Il/ GehtuP½y/ financial ~
GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú
paper loss/profit cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas
¬RTBü)ancuH¼ekIntMélb:uEnþminTan;)anlk;ecjeT¦
paper money luyRkdas/ RkdasR)ak;
paperwork kargarRkdassñam
par value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ ¬rW tMélcarwk¦
paradox brmti/ Rbtimti
paradoxically EdlRbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg
paramedic n. GñkGmevC¢saRsþ
paramedical adj. GmevC¢saRsþ
parameter ):ar:aEm:Rt
pare the budget v. bnßyfvikabnþicmþg²
parent company Rkumh‘unem
park ]Tüan/ national ~ ]TüanCati
partiality n. PaBlMeGog ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦
participant n. GñkcUlrYm
participate v. cUlrYm
participation 1> karcUlrYm
2> PaKkmµ ¬karbNþak;Tun¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
participatory poverty assessment
(PPA) karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm
participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
karvaytMélCnbTedaymankarcUlrYm
partner édKU/ smaKt/ GñkcUlh‘un
partnership 1> PaBCaédKU 2> CMnYjh‘unKña
part-time work kargarmineBjem:ag
party (to the contract) PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦
pass the test (education) eFVIetsþCab;
passbook esovePAR)ak;beBaØI
passive adj. Gkmµ
passport lixitqøgEdn
past-due debt bMNulhYs kalkMNt;¼
éf¶kMNt;sg
patent RbkasnIyb½Rt ¬GnuBaØateGayRbkb
GaCIvkmµ¦/ )a:tg;/ ~ licence b½NÑ):atg;
patrimony ebtikP½NÐ/ RTBüsm,tþi/
ekrþ×mrtk ¬EdlmanCab;tmkBIxag«Buk¦
patron Gñk]btßmÖ/ emekIy/ bri)al
pattern lMnaM/ KMrU/ trading ~ lMnaMeFVI
BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ of rotation lMnaMvilpøas;bþÚrKña
pawn v. bBa©aM
pawnbroker kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦
pay as you earn (PAYE)
RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_
pay at sight sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar
pay back v. sgvij
pay n. ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ holidays with ~
éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_/ leave without ~
karQb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_
pay off v. 1> TUTat;¼bg; pþac;
2> TUTat;R)ak;pþac; nigbBa©b;kargarGñkNamñak;
70
pay out v. TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj
pay up v. TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK
payable adj. sg)an/ ~ to bearer
sgeGayGñkkan;/ ~ to order sgtambBa¢a
payback period 1> ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij
2> ry³eBl RbmUlTun)anvij¼Rsg;edIm
¬)ancMeNjesµITundak;cuH¦
payee GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;[
payer Gñkbg;R)ak;¬[eK¦
paying bank FnaKarTUTat;
paying business GaCIvkmµ¼CMnYj Edl
pþl;cMeNj
payment karTUTat;/ karbg;R)ak;/ karsgR)ak;/
~ by instalments karsgbNþak; ¬]> tamEx¦/
~ credit \NTanTUTat;/ ~ currency rUbiyvtßú
TUTat;/ ~ in kind karTUTat;Cavtßú/ ~ systems
RbB½n§TUTat;/ ~ mechanism ynþkarTUTat;/
~ warrant GaNtþiebIkR)ak;
payoff n. R)ak;bg;pþac;
payout n. 1> R)ak;TUTat;ecj 2> R)ak;bg;CYy
Rkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> edayrdæaPi)al¦
payroll bBa¢I¼tarag ebovtSr_
peace building karksagsnþiPaB
pecuniary Tak;TgnwgR)ak;kas/ ~ motives
ehtuplxagluykak;
penalise v. Bin½y/ dak;eTas
penalty eTasT½NÐ/ eTasbBaØtþi/ karpakBin½y
pending accounts KNnIBüÜr ¬rg;caM
karedaHRsay¦
pension esaFnnivtþn_/ R)ak;ruWERtt/ ~ fund
mUlniFiesaFnnivtþn_
Economic Lexicon Part 1
pensioner GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_
per diem ¬R)ak;¦ cMNaytaméf¶ ¬Kittam
cMnYnéf¶ nigtamFmµtamanGRtaesµIKñasMrab;
buKÁlikRKb;kMrit¦
percentage PaKry
perception sBaØaxn§/ cMNab;GarmµN_
performance TegVI/ karGnuvtþn_/ lT§pl/
~ standard sþg;dar lT§pl¼Rbtibtþi
performing EdldMeNIrkar/ ~ asset
RTBüskmµdMeNIrkar/ non ~ asset RTBüskmµ
mindMeNIrkar
period ry³eBl/ GMLúgeBl/ RKa ¬KNenyü¦
periodic tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl/ samayik/
~ control system RbB½n§RtYtBinitütamkal
kMNt;/ ~ order system RbB½n§bBa¢aTijeTogeBl
periodical n. kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/
RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦
periodically edayeTogeBl
periodicity samyikPaB
perishable adj. EdlgayxUc¬KuNPaB¦/
~ goods TMnijgayxUc
perishables n. TMnijgayxUc
perks (or perquisites) GtßRbeyaCn_
bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦
permanent Gcié®nþy_/ ~ establishment
RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_/ RKwHsßanCab;lab;/ ~ organ
GgÁkarGcié®nþy_
permit lixitGnuBaØat/ Tidæakar/ building ~
lixitGnuBaØatsagsg;/ export/import ~
lixitGnuBaØatnaMecj¼naMcUl/ work ~ lixit
GnuBaØateGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦
71
perpetual inventory system
RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_
perpetuity nic©PaB
person buKÁl/ physical/natural ~
rUbvnþbuKÁl/ legal person/entity nItibuKÁl
personal pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ consumption
kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ effects sMPar³
eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ loan kMcIpÞal;xøÜn ¬sMrab;
kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar rW pÞal;xøÜn minEmnsMrab;
GaCIvkmµeT¦/ ~ property RTBüpÞal;xøÜn/
~ revenue R)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl/ ~ selling
kareXasnapSaylk;pÞal; ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦/
~ income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl
personal identification number
(see PIN)
personality 1> buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦
2> Gñkl,Il,aj
personnel buKÁlik/ ~ benefits GtßRbeyaCn_
pþl;eGaybuKÁlik
perspective yfaTsSn_/ TsSnvis½y
PERT (Programme Evaluation and
Review Techniques) bec©keTsBinitü
vaytMélKMerag ¬rW kmµviFI¦
pessimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµanTuTidæi
pesticides fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg
petition jtþi
petroleum eRbgkat/ eRbg\n§n³/ ~ security
agreement kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisuxeRbg\n§n³
petty cash sac;R)ak;bnþicbnþÜc/ ~ custodian
Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦/ ~ book esovePA
cMNaytUctac/ ~ fund ebLa/ mUlniFisMrab;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
cMNaybnþicbnþÜc/ ~ voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa
Ph.D. (degree) fñak;bNÐit
phase n. dMNak;kal
Phillips curve ExSekaghVIlIB ¬bgðaj
TMnak;TMngrvagGRtaERbRbYlénR)ak;ebovtSr_
eTAnwgkMritnikmµPaB¦
phone card s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦
physical rUbvnþ/ Cak;Esþg/ ~ accounts
KNenyürUbFatu/ ~ environment brisßan
rUbvnþ/ ~ factor ktþarUbvnþ/ ~ infrastructure
ehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ/ ~ investment vinieyaK
rUbvnþ ¬CasMPar³/ R)ak;kas>>¦/ ~ resources
FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>¦
physical therapist GñkBüa)aledayclna
phytosanitary PUtKamGnam½y
piece rate GRtatamÉktaplit
¬kMérKittambrimaNplit)an¦
pilot project KMeragsakl,g
PIN (personal identification number)
elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn/ elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl
pioneer industry ]sSahkmµQanmux
pioneering work kargarQanmux¼
RtYsRtay
pisciculture karciBa©wmRtI/ mcävb,kmµ
pittance R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg
place kEnøg
plan n. Epnkar/ five-year ~ EpnkarR)aMqñaM/
investment ~ EpnkarvinieyaK/ rolling ~
EpnkarrMkil
planned economy esdækic©Epnkar
planner GñkeFVIEpnkar/ EpnkarI
72
planning Epnkarkmµ/ kareFVIEpnkar/
karksagEpnkar
plant n. 1> eragcRk 2> eRKOgm:asuIn
plantation cMkar/ rubber ~ cMkarekAs‘U
platform evTika/ kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;
KNbkS¦
playback karcak;eLIgvij ¬ExSGat;>>¦
pledge karsnüa/ R)ak;snüaeGay
plenary session sm½yRbCMueBjGgÁ
plot dILÚt_/ k,aldI
plough back v. vinieyaKbnþ ¬nUvR)ak;cMeNj¦
pocket of poverty RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk
polarisation, social PaB)ak;EbksgÁm/
karRbmUlpþúMCa ¬BIr¦RkummanKMnitpÞúyKña
police record, copy of the
lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦
policy brief segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay
policy formulation nimµitkmµ¼karksag
eKalneya)ay
policy framework Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
policymaker Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt;
eKalneya)ay
political platform (of a party)
kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦
poll n. kare)aHeqñat
polling station kariyal½ye)aHeqñat
pollutant n. sarFatubMBul
pollution karbMBul/ air ~ karbMBulxül;
polyculture kareFVIVdMNaMeRcInmux/ Bhuvb,kmµ
population RbCaCn/ ~ growth rate GRta
kMeNInRbCaCn/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayRbCaCn
Economic Lexicon Part 1
port of loading/shipment kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij
portfolio investments vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt
¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs;vinieyaKinNamñak;¦
position 1> CMhr
2> tMENg/ vacant ~ tMENgTMenr
positive adj. viC¢man/ ~ balance of
payments CBa¢IgTUTat;viC¢man/ ~ cash flow
lMhUrsac;R)ak;viC¢man ¬sac;R)ak;hUrcUlFMCag
sac;R)ak;ecj¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;viC¢man
¬GRtakarR)ak;x<s;CagGRtaGtiprNa¦
possession karkan;kab;/ ePaK³
post CaeRkay/ ~ auditing svnkmµCaeRkay
post a profit/loss RbkasCa saFarN³¼
pøÚvkar BI cMeNj rW kMhat
post an entry/item to the ledger
cuHelxnaeTAkñúgesovePAFM
post-action controls karRtYtBinitü
eRkayskmµPaB
post-date v. cuHkalbriecäTGnaKt
potential n. & adj. 1> skþanuBl
2> skþanuPUt
potentiality skþanuPaB
poverty PaBRkIRk/ TurKtPaB/ ~ reduction
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ ~ line bnÞat;RkIRk
power GMNac/ siT§iGMNac/ kMlaMg/ GanuPaB
power boat Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦
power grid/network bNþajGKÁIsnI
power of attorney lixitRbKl;siT§i
practice karGnuvtþn_ Cak;Esþg¼RbcaM/
professional ~ RbRBwtþikmµviC¢aCIv³
practitioner GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦
73
pragmatic adj. EdlKitBIlT§pl/ Edlmanpl
pre- mun/ buer/ pre-Angkor buerGgÁr/
pre-crisis munvibtþi/
pre-action controls karRtYtBinitümunskmµPaB
precarious path KnøgeRKaHfñak;
precedent n. krNIyutþisaRsþ ¬tulakar¦
preceding mun/ ~ year qñaMmun ¬qñaMmunTI1¦
precious stones t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél
preclude RcanecalCamun
pre-concession inventory
sareBIP½NÐbuersm,Tan
precondition buerlkçxNÐ ¬lkçxNÐRtUv
bMeBjCamun¦
predictability n. PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an/
TsSlT§PaB
predictable adj. GacTsSn_Tay)an
preemption siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘un
ecjpSayfµIEfmeTot¦
pre-existing condition lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun
pre-feasibility study karsikSamun
karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an
preference cMNUlcitþ
preference share h‘unGnueRKaH ¬EdlCa
erOy² KµansiT§ie)aHeqñateT b:uEnþTTYl)anPaK
laPmunh‘unÉeTot nigRtUvsgmunh‘unFmµta kñúg
krNIrMlayRkumh‘un¦
preferential EdlmansiTi§/ EdleKcUlcitþ
¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ ~ creditor \NTayk
mansiTi§TarbMNulmun/ ~ duty (tariff) GRta
Bn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦
pre-investment agency TIPñak;garBinitü
Economic Lexicon Part 1
lT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK
prejudice 1> buervinicä½y 2> kareFVI[xUcxatdl;
preliminary adj. epþImmux/ ~ discussion
karBiPakSaepþImmux
premises GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikr
EtmYy¦
premium buBVlaP/ at a ~ Edllk;)anéfø
¬elIsFmµta¦/ insurance ~ buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg
prepaid expense cMNaybg;mun
prepaid income cMNUlTTYlmun
prerequisite buBVlkçxNÐ
prescription bBaØtþi¼evC¢bBa¢a
present v. bgðaj/ presenter Gñkbgðaj/
presentation bTbgðaj
present value tMélbc©úb,nñ
press release RbkasB½t’man
prestige kitüanuPaB/ PaBefáIg/ ~ product
plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg
presumption karsnµtCamun/ sc©FarN_/
~ of innocence sc©FarN_énnireTas
pre-tax profit cMeNjmunbg;Bn§
prevalence eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA
price éfø/ agreed ~ éføRBmeRBog/ all-in ~
éføsBVRKb;/ bargain ~ or cut ~ éføefakNas;/
list ~ éføelIbBa¢I¬kataLúk¦/ ~ and salary
freeze karTb;éfø nigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/
~ discrimination karerIseGIgkñúgkarkMNt;éfø/
~ list bBa¢Iéføø/ closing/opening ~ éføeBl
ehobbiThag¼ebIklk;/ cost ~ éføedIm/
competitive ~ éføRbkYtRbECg/ fair ~ éfø
yutþiFm’/ rock bottom ~ éføefakbMput/ selling
~ éfølk;/ ~ fixing karXubXitkMNt;éfø
74
prices to suit all pockets éføsmRsb
nwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña
pricing karkMNt;éfø/ ~ system RbB½n§kMNt;éfø
clearance ~ karkMNt;éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij
primary bzm/ dMbUg/ ~ factor income ktþa
cMNUlbzm/ ~ factor of production ktþa
plitkmµbzm/ ~ health care (PHC) karEfTaM
suxPaBbzm/ ~ needs tMrUvkarcaM)ac; CamUldæan/
~ sampling unit (PSU) ÉktaykKMrUtag
dMbUg/ ~ selection CMerIsdMbUg/ ~ stratification
RsTab;nIykmµdMbUg/ ~ -sampling frame
(PSF) eRKagykKMrUtagdMbUg
primary education karGb;rMkMritbzm
prime cost tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦
principal (in power transfer) GaNtþiTayk
principal accountant
KNenyükredImExS ¬RksYghirBaØvtßú¦
principal insurance company
Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm
principle of equality and mutual benefit
eKalkarN_esµIPaBnigmanRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk
prior adj. BImun/ ~ agreement
kic©RBmeRBogBImun
prioritise v. eFVIGaTiPavUbnIykmµ
priority n. GaTiPaB/ have/take ~ over
manGaTiPaBelI
private company or privately owned
company Rkumh‘unÉkCn
private income cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_
private investor vinieyaKinÉkCn
¬mnusSFmµtaEdlmanR)ak;vinieyaK¦
private economic entity
Economic Lexicon Part 1
GgÁPaBesdækic©ÉkCn
privatisation ÉkCnnIykmµ/ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ
privilege 1> ÉksiT§i ¬GtßRbeyaCn_Biess¦
2> buBVsiT§i ¬siT§iBiess¦
pro forma invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ
proactive skmµRKb;RKg/ skmµRbyuT§
probability RbU)ab‘ÍlIet/ PvnIyPaB/
~ sampling karykKMrUtagedayRbU)ab‘ÍlIet
procedural law (French: code de
procédure) c,ab;nItiviFI
procedure nItiviFI
proceeds R)ak;cMNUl/ pl/ net ~ cMNUlsuT§
process dMeNIrkar
processing karEkécñ/ RbRBwtþkmµ/ karcat;Ecg
¬Tinñn½y>>¦/ certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak;
BIkEnøgEkécñ
proclamation esckþIRbkas/ karRbkas
procurement lT§kmµ/ karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ phase
dMNak;kalpÁt;pÁg;
producer plitkr/ ~ surplus plelIs)an
dl;plitkr
product plitpl/ ~ breadth cMnYnmuxplitpl/
~ cycle vdþplitpl/ ~ depth Funplitpl
¬kñúgExSplitplnimYy²¦/ ~ line/ range ExS
plitpl ¬plitplRbhak;RbEhlKña 1ExS¦/
~ mix l,ayplitpl ¬plitplTaMgGs;
Edldak;lk; rWplitedayshRKasNamYy¦
production plitkmµ/ ~ accounts KNnI
plitkmµ/ ~ cost cMNayplitkmµ/ ~ line
ExSsgVak;plitkmµ/ ~ system RbB½n§plitkmµ
production-sharing contract (PSC)
75
kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ
productive adj. manplitPaB/ ~ assets
RTBüskmµmanplitPaB/ ~ ratio smaPaK
plitPaB
productivity plitPaB
profession n. viC¢aCIv³/ medical ~ viC¢aCIv³
¬xag¦ eBTü
professional énviC¢aCIv³/ ~ fees esah‘uy
viC¢aCIv³/ ~ secrecy karrkSasMgat;viC¢aCIv³
profile n. TMrg;/ rUbPaBTUeTA ¬]> énRkumh‘un
cMeBaHsaFarNCn¦
profit cMeNj/ R)ak;cMeNj/ healthy ~
cMeNjeRcIn/ ~ margin GRtacMeNj/ Gb,har/
~ sharing karEbgEckR)ak;cMeNj
profit and loss account or profit and
loss statement (US) KNnIcMeNjxat
KNnIlT§pl/ r)aykarN_cMNUlcMNay
profitability PaBmancMeNj
programme of action kmµviFIskmµPaB
progress vDÆnPaB/ PaBeCOnelOn/ CMenOn/
~ report r)aykarN_CMenOn/ ~ payment
karTUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOnkargar/ in ~ kMBug
eCOnelOn
progressive personal income tax
Bn§kMeNIntamfñak;elIcMNUlbuKÁl
prohibition karhamXat;
prohibitive adj. 1> Edlx<s;hYslT§PaB
¬éfø/ tMél¦ 2> EdlhamXat; ¬c,ab;¦
project KMerag/ ~ appraisal karvaytMél
KMerag/ ~ cycle vdþénKMerag/ ~ formulation
karksagKMerag/ ~ justification yutþikmµKMerag/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
~ proposal sMeNIKMerag/ ~ implementation
karGnuvtþn_KMerag/
projection karKn;KUrCamun
proliferation karrIksay ¬cMnYn¦
promise to pay (French: engagement de
dépense) karsnüacMNay
promissory note b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüasg
promotion 1> kartMelIgzan³ ¬buKÁlik¦
2> karpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦
3> karCMruj/ ~ of commercial interests
karCMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ
promotional strategy
yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦
prompt adj. Pøam²/ ~ cash R)ak;bg;dl;éd/
~ delivery karRbKl;Pøam²/ ~ payment
karTUTat;Pøam²
proof Psþútag/ skçIkmµ
propensity TMenar/ ]bnisS½y
property RTBü/ sm,tþi/ RTBüsm,tþi/
kmµsiT§i/ dInigGaKar/ ~ insurance karFana
r:ab;rgRTBüsm,tþi/ ~ tax Bn§elIRTBüsm,tþi¼
kmµsiT§i
proportion n. smamaRt/ in ~ to
smamaRtnwg
proportional allocation
karélEcksmamaRt
proportional tax system RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt
proposal sMeNI/ project ~ sMeNIKMerag
proprietor, proprietress, n. m©as;/ kmµsiT§ikr
prosecution 1> bNþwgsaFarN³/ karbþwgecaT
Rbkan; 2> Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNЦ
76
prosecutor RBHraCGaCJa
prospect niTsSn_ ¬karrMBwgTuk¦
prospecting licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;kar
rukrk ¬eRbgkat/ Er:>>>¦
prospective buyer GñkTijkñúgkarrMBwg
prospector Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦/ buersI
prospectus briyayb½NÑ
prosperity vibulPaB
protection kic©¼kar karBar/
environment(al) ~ kic©karBarbrisßan
protectionist measure
viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk
protocol 1> BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦
2> BiFIkar ¬sMrab;BiFIepSg²¦
protracted war s®gÁamruaMér:
provision 1>esckþIEcg/ bTb,BaØtþi rWbBaØtiþ
¬c,ab;¦/ final ~Gvsanb,BaØtþi/ transitional
~ Gnþrb,BaØtþi 2> viFankareRtom 3> vtßúpÁt;pÁg;/
sMviFanvtßú
provision dealer, retail Gñklk;raynUv
TMnijes,ógGahar
provision reserve sMviFanFn
provisional invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ
proxy 1> GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i/ GaNtþiKahk
2> ÉksarsiT§iRbTan/ lixitepÞrsiT§i
3> siT§iRbTan/ karepÞrsiT§i
prudent monetary policy
eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ
prudential measure viFankarRbugRby½tñ
prudential rule viFanRbugRby½tñ
Economic Lexicon Part 1
public administration rdæ)alsaFarN³
public n. & adj. 1>saFarNCn/ general
~ saFarNCn 2>saFarN³/ ~ accounting/
accounts KNenyüsaFarN³/ ~ company
or ~ limited company (PLC) Rkumh‘un
PaKh‘un/ saCIvkmµ ¬manecjsnøwkh‘unlk;[
saFarNCn¦/ ~ finance hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³/
~ adminstrative establishment RKwHsßan
rdæ)alsaFarN³/ ~ entity GgÁPaBrdæ ~ order
sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³/ ~ proclamation
esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³/ ~ sector vis½y
saFarN³/ ~ utilities shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³
¬pþl;esvasMrab;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³dUcCa
Twk/ GKÁIsnI/ ]sµ½n/ TUrKmnaKmn_¦/ ~ works
saFarN³kar
public relations TMnak;TMngsaFarN³
publicise v. pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;¦
public-spirited EdlKitRbeyaCn_saFarNCn
publish v. 1> e)aHBum<pSay
2> RbkaspSay/ RbkaspSayCasaFarN³
purchase ledger esovePAFMTij
¬kt;RtakarTijcUl¦
purchase v. & n. 1> Tij/ ~ on credit
TijeCO 2> karTij
purchaser GñkTij/ likely/prospective ~
GñkTijEdleKrMBwg
purchasing power GMNacTij/ lT§kmµBl/
~ of the currency GMNacTijénrUbiyvtßú
purge visuT§ikmµ/ viercnkmµ/ karsMGitsMGag
purify v. cMraj;eGaysuT§/ bnSúT§/ eRcaHsMGat
purpose eKaledA
77
purposive sampling karykKMrUtagtam
eKaledA
Q, q
qualification KuNvuDÆi/ kMritCMnaj/
KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj/ lkçN³sm,tþi
qualified acceptance karTTYlRBm
edaymanlkçxNÐ
qualitative énKuNPaB/ ~ method
viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB
quality shipped KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ eBlpÞúk
quality standard sþg;darKuNPaB/
bmanIyKuNPaB
quantitative énbrimaN/ ~ method
viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦tamEbbbrimaN
quarrying GaCIvkmµ¬yk¦fµ
quarter 1> RtImas/ 2> mYyPaKbYn/ 2nd ~
of 7th century mYyPaKbYnTI2énstvtSr_TI7
quarter-day éf¶RbKl;R)ak;¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas
quarterly adj. & adv. RbcaMRtImas
quasi-money rUbiyvtßúepSg²
quasi-public institution
sßab½nsaFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl
questionnaire bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦
quick ratio smaPaKrh½s
quintile bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦
quorum kUr:um ¬cMnYnmnusScaM)ac;sMrab;ebIkkarRbCMu¦
quota kUta/ fixing of ~ karkMNt;kUta/ ~
regime rbbkUta/ ~ sampling
karykKMrUtagtamkUta
Economic Lexicon Part 1
quotation éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦/ karRbkas
éfø/ share ~ karRbkaséføsnøwkh‘un/ keen ~
éføTak;Taj ¬KYreGaycg;Tij¦
quote v. & n. 1> kMNt;¼):an;sµan/ ~ in
local currency kMNt;éføCarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk
2> éføkMNt;
quoted company Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un
¬snøwkh‘unmanlk;¼Tij enApSarh‘un¦
quoted price éfø)anRbkas
quotient n. plEck
R, r
racism BUCsasn_niym
raise v. 1> tMelIg/ ~ taxes tMelIgBn§
2> ekNÐRbmUl/ érGgÁas ¬R)ak;¦
rally (price) eLIgéføvij ¬eRkayBI)ancuH¦
random écdnü/ ~ check karRtYtemIl
écdnü/ ~ sample KMrUtagécdnü
randomisation écdnünIykmµ
range n. 1> RbeLaH/ price ~ RbeLaHéfø/ ~
of vision RbeLaH ¬cMgay¦ emIleXIj
2> cMnYnmux ¬plitplRbePTNamYy¦
3> CYr ¬PñM¦
rank zan³/ zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦
rank v. eFVIcMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦
ransom R)ak;elaHxøÜn
rate GRta/ exchange ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;/
closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;enAeBlbiT/ forward
~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ ~ of interest
GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ of return GRtaTajcMNUl/
78
spot ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;dl;éd
rate éfø ¬Ékta¦
ratification karpþl;sc©ab½n/ sc©anumti
rating kareFVIcMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/
performance ~ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;lT§plkargar
ratio smaPaK/ Gnu)at/ ~ analysis
karviPaKsmaPaK
rational smehtupl/ sniTanIy/
~ expectation karrMBwgsmehtupl
rationale sniTanPaB/ ehtupl
rationality sniTanPaB
rationalisation sniTankmµ/ kareFVI[rwtEt
manRbsiT§PaB/ ~ of civil servants
sniTankmµm®nþIraCkar
raw adj. eqA/ ~ data Tinñn½yeqA ¬minTan;
viPaK¦/ ~ materials vtßúFatuedIm
real Bit/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrubBit/
~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak;Bit
real estate/property GclnRTBü ¬dI nig
¼b¤ GaKar¦/ ~ agency TIPñak;garGclnRTBü
realism R)akdniym
reality n. tfPaB/ karBit
realisation smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl
realise v. sMerc/ eFVIeGaysMerc
realty GclnRTBü
reasonable smrmü
reassess v. vaytMéleLIgvij/
reassessment n.
rebate 1> karcuHéfø ¬elI TMnijminRtUv)a:n;¼
karsgR)ak;munéf¶kMNt;¦
2> kar bnßy¼cuH éfø ¬[GtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦
3> karbgViltMél ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN
Economic Lexicon Part 1
dl;GtifiCn¦
receipt bgáan;éd/ lixitTTYl
receiver GñkTTYl
recession, economic karFøak;cuHesdækic©
recidivism, case of krNIminragcal
recipient GñkTTYl/ ~ country RbeTs
TTYl ¬]> CMnYy¦
reciprocity bdikar/ PaBmaneTAmanmk
recognise sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal;/ recognised
RbtiRsut
recommendation Gnusasn_/ mtipþaMepJI
recompense v. & n. 1> sg ¬karxUcxat¦/
2> sMNg
reconcile v. bnSúI/ sMrbsMrYl/ pSHpSaeLIg
vij/ reconciliation n.
reconnaissance study karsikSaEsVgyl;
reconversion karpøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ karerob
cMeLIgvij
record n. & v. 1> kMNt;Rta/ Rbvtþi/
ÉtTKÁkmµ ¬lT§plx<s;bMput¦/ ~ profits
cMeNjx<s;bMputminFøab;man 2> kt;Rta
recourse ])aRs½y ¬siT§irbs;Gñkkan;rUbiyaNtþi
kñúgkartamTarsMNgBIGñkeFVIbidæielx¦
recoverable (debt) EdlGacRbmUlvij)an
recovery 1> karykcUlvij ¬R)ak;bgáar¦
2> karRbmUlmkvij/ ~ of debts karRbmUl
R)ak;bMNulmkvij 3>karerIb ¬esdækic©¦
recreation (service) kMsanþ
rectangular strategy yuT§saRsþctuekaN
rectification karEktMrUv
recurrent adj. mþgehIymþgeTot/
79
~ expenditure cMNaymþgehIymþgeTot
recycling karEkécññeLIgvij
red soil dIRkhm
red tape kariyaFibetyü/ EbbbTniym
redeem v. 1> sgpþac;/ ~ a debt sgbMNulpþac;
2> bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]>sBaØab½NѦ
redemption n. karsgpþac; ¬bMNul¦
rediscount bunGbhar ¬eFVIGbharmþgeTot¦
redistribution karEbgEckeLIgvij
redress n. sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦
reduction karkat;bnßy/ budget ~
karkat;bnßyfvika
redundancy programme kmµviFIbBaÄb;
BlkredaykgVHkargar
redundant adj. EdleRcInelIstMrUvkar rW
KµanRbeyaCn_
re-election kare)aHeqñatsaCafµI
reexportation karnaMecjbnþ/ bunnIhrNkmµ
referee GaCJakNþal
reference book esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav
reference period RKa¼ry³eBl eKal
referral hospital mnÞIreBTübEg¥k
refinancing (loan) bunhirBaØb,Tan ¬kMcI¦
reflect v. qøúHbBa©aMg
reforestation kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ bunvnkar
reform n. & v. 1> kMENTMrg; 2> EkTMrg;
refund v. & n. 1> sgvij 2> R)ak;sgvij
refusal karbdiesF/ karRbEkk/ ~ of
acceptance karbdiesFkarTTYlRBm
regardless edayminKitdl;
regime rbb/ financial ~ rbbhirBaØvtßú
Economic Lexicon Part 1
region tMbn;/ sub-~ GnutMbn;/ military ~
eyaFPUmiPaK/ military sub- ~ tMbn;Rbtibtþikar
swkrg
regionalisation tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ
register n.&v. 1> bBa¢I 2> cuHbBa¢/I cuHbBa¢k
I ar
registered capital mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦
registered letter/parcel
lixit¼kBa©b;beBaØI GnusiT§i
registered office (of a company)
TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar
registrar m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦
registration n. karcuHbBa¢I/ ~ certificate
viBaØabnb½RtcuHbBa¢I/ ~ number elxcuHbBa¢I
regressive tax system RbB½n§Bn§fycuH
¬fyGRtaenAeBlcMnUlekIneLIg¦
regular adj. eTogTat;/ ~ income
R)ak;cMNUleTogTat;
regularity PaBeTogTat;/ niytPaB
regularisation niytkmµ
regularly edayeTogTat;
regulate v. RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼
bTb,BaØtþic,ab;
regulations bTbBa¢a ¬lixitbTdæan kñúg
ÉksarxøH¦/ commune ~ dIkaXMu/ general ~
nItirYm/ internal ~ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg
regulator niytkr
rehabilitation karsþareLIgvij/ nItism,Ta/
~ project KMerag nItism,Ta¼sþareLIgvij/
~ of finances karsþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij
reimburse v. sgvij ¬R)ak;Edl)ancMNay¦
reimbursement karsgvij
reinsurance ¬kar¦ Fanar:ab;rgbnþ
80
reinvest v. 1> vinieyaKbnþ ¬vinieyaKR)ak;
cMenjeTAkñúgGaCIvkmµvij¦ 2> vinieyaKeLIgvij
reject v. & n. 1> Rcanecal
2> vtßúRcanecal ¬eRBaHminRtUvsþg;dar¦
related ¬Cab;¦ Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin
relation TMnak;TMng
relative adj. EdleFob/ ~ price éføeFob
relative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFob
relative majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn
edayeFob ¬)ansMelgeRcInCagebkçCnmñak;eTot¦
relative n. sac;jati/ jatiBn§
relativity saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦/
rWLaTIvIet
release v. beBa©j/ edaHElg/ bn§Úr ¬sMBaF¦
relevant adj. EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ institution
sßab½nBak;B½n§
relief n. CMnYy/ tax ~ karGnueRKaHBn§/
~ assistance CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;
relinquish bgVileGayvij/ e)aHbg;
remainder sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦
reminder n. lixitrMlwk ¬]> [mkbg;Bn§¦
remission of taxes karbgVilsgR)ak;Bn§
¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦
remittance karepJIR)ak;ecj/ visC¢na/ karepÞrR)ak;
remote area tMbn;dac;Rsyal
removal from a government office
dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al
remunerate v. pþ;l;laPkar
remuneration laPkar/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;Ex/
R)ak;QñÜl/ R)ak;bMNac;
renew v. a licence bnþGaCJab½NÑ
renewable energy famBlkekIteLIgvij
Economic Lexicon Part 1
rent v. & n. 1> CYl 2> R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan;
elIGclnRTBü ¦
rental 1> R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nig
clnRTBü¦ 2> karCYl
renter GñkCYlBIeK
reorganisation karerobcMeLIgvij
repatriation matuPUminivtþn_
repayment n. karsgvij/ R)ak;sgvij/
~ schedule tarageBlsgR)ak;
repeat order karbBa¢aTijEfmeTot
¬nUvmuxTMnijdEdl¦
repercussion (of an incident) RbtiXat
replacement investment vinieyaKbnøas;
replacement value tMélpøas;ecj
¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYyepSgeTot¦
replenish v. bMeBjeLIgvij
replicate eFVIcMlgtam/ eFVIsaCafµI
¬tamlMnaMdUcKña¦
report r)aykarN_/ annual ~ r)aykarN_
RbcaMqñaM/ market ~ r)aykarN_éføTMnijenATIpSar
representative tMNag/ GñktMNag/
authorized ~ GñktMNagmansiT§iRbTan
reproductive adj. énkarbnþBUC/ ~ health
suxPaBbnþBUC
repurchase karTijykvij
reputation ekrþ×eQµaH/ kitþinam/ good ~
kitþisBÞ
request v. & n. 1> esñI 2> sMeNI
require v. tMrUv[ ¬eFVIGVImYy¦/ required
reserves R)ak;bMrugtamkartMrUv ¬]/ kñúgc,ab;¦
requirement kartMrUv
81
resampling karykKMrUtagsaCafµI
reschedule (a loan) eFVIkalviPaKfµI
rescind v. a contract lubecalkic©snüa
rescue v. & n. 1> se®gÁaH 2> karse®gÁaH
research v. & n. 1> RsavRCav 2> kar
RsavRCav/ ~ and development (R & D)
karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_
researcher GñkRsavRCav/ associate ~
GñkRsavRCavrg/ fellow ~ GñkRsavRCav/
senior ~ GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s;
reserve FnbMrug/ zbnIyPNÐ/ ~ of value
FnbMrugmantémø/ ~ ratio smaPaKFnbMrug/
~ requirement account KNnIFnbMrug
katBVkic©/ ~ requirements kartMrUvFnbMrug/
~ tranche PaKFnbMrug
reserve fund mUlniFibMrug
reserve member (of a committee)
smaCikbMrug ¬énKN³kmµaFikar¦
reserved bMrugTuk/ ~ forest éRBbMrugTuk
reserve, Tonle Sap biosphere
zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab
residence nivasdæan/ nivasndæan
resident nivasCn¼nivasnCn/ Gñksñak;enA/
non- ~ GnivasCn¼GnivasnCn
resident representative tMNagRbcaMRbeTs
residual value tMélsMNl;
resignation karlaElgBItMENg
resolution n. 1> esckþIsMerccitþ
¬énGgÁRbCMu¦/ 2> karedaHRsay/ conflict ~
karedaHRsayTMnas;
resort rmNIydæan/ ~ site mNÐlkMsanþ/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
kEnøgrmNIydæan
resource FnFan/ ~ consumption
kareRbIR)as;FnFan
resource-rent tax (RRT) Bn§CYlFnFan
response bias lMeGogkñúgcMelIy
response rate GRtaeqøIytb
responsibility karTTYlxusRtUv
responsible, to hold cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv
responsiveness n. kar¼PaB eqøIytb
restoration n. karsþarCYsCul[dUcedIm
restraining force kMlaMgbg¥ak;
restrict v. dak;kMhit/ ~ credit dak;kMhit
elI\NTan
restriction n. kMhit/ kardak;kMhit/ trade ~
kMhitBaNiC¢kmµ
restructured loan kMcI)anerobcMeLIgvij
¬BnüaeBlsg¦
resumption of exports karbnþnaMecj
eLIgvij ¬eRkay)anp¥akmYyry³¦
retail outlet hag¼kEnøg lk;ray
retail, to sell lk;ray
retailer, retail dealer Gñklk;ray
retail-trade business GaCIvkmµ¼
BaNiC¢kmµ lk;ray
retained earnings R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk
retained imports TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbI
R)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦
retention of staff karrkSaTukbuKÁlik
¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦
retiree nivtþCn
retirement karcUlnivtþn_
retirement pension esaFnnivtþn_
82
retrenchment karkat;bnßy ¬cMnay¦
retroactive Rbtiskmµ/ ~ effect \T§iBl
Rbtiskmµ
retrospection karRkeLkemIleTAGtItkal
return 1> R)ak;cMNUl 2> lixitRbkas/ tax
~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§/ nil ~ lixitRbkas
sareBIBn§EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg;
return on investment ratio smaPaK
cMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK
return, rate of GRtaTajcMNUl
returnable pack(ag)ing sMbkevcx©b;
RbmUlvij¼epJITuk
returned cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtbBa¢ÚnRtLb;
returns 1> TMnijbBa¢ÚnRtLb;
2> cMNUlBIvinieyaK
revaluation karvaytMéleLIgvij
revealed comparative advantage
]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj
revenue cMNUl/ R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ policy
eKalneya)ayxagcMNUl/ unearned ~
cMNUlTTYlmun
reverse an entry v. cuHbRBa©aselxna/
eFVIRbtiRkanþelxna
reversible EdlGacERbRkLas;)an
review karBinitüeLIgvij/ ~ mission
ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij/ for ~ and
decision/approval edIm,IBinitü nigsMerc
revise v. EksMrYl/ revised plan Epnkar
EksMrYl
revocable letter of credit
sar\NTanGaclubvij)an
revoke a licence dkhUtGaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
revolving fund Tuncl½t
reward n. & v. 1> rgVan; 2> pþl;rgVan;
right n. & adj. 1> siT§i 2> RtwmRtUv
right of first refusal siT§ibdiesFTImYy
right of way siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦
right to the lease siT§iPtisnüa
¬siT§iénkic©snüaCYl¦
riot n. & v. 1> kub,kmµ 2> eFVIkub,kmµ
rise v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn
risk haniP½y/ PaBRbfuyRbfan/ eRKaHP½y/
at owner’s ~ haniP½yr:ab;rgedaym©as;
¬TMnij¦/ ~ consideration karBicarNaBI
haniP½y/ ~ taking karh‘anRbfuynwghaniP½y/
aggregate credit ~ haniP½y\NTansrub
rival n. KURbECg
road tax Bn§pøÚv
role play sMEdg ¬tY¦
roll over v. (loan) pþl;saeLIgvij ¬kMcI¦
rough estimate kar)a:n;sµanec,al²
routine n. TMrg;kardEdl²
row CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦
royalties sYy ¬rW kMérsYysar/ R)ak;bg;éfø
QñÜleFVIGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;lk;sñaéd¦
rule viFan/ ~ of law nItirdæ
ruling esckþIsMercCapøÚvkar ¬tulakar¦/
saldIka ¬tulakarkMBUl¦
ruling prices éføCak;Esþg
run a factory ¬RKb;RKg¦ dMeNIrkareragcRk
running costs cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ dMeNIrkar
rush hour em:agmmajwk
83
S, s
SAC (structural adjustment credit)
\NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ ¬rbs;FnaKar
BiPBelak¦
safeguard v. KaMBar
safety suvtßiPaB/ ~ net sMNaj;¼RbB½n§suvtßiPaB
salary ebovtSr_/ R)ak;Ex/ starting ~ ebovtSr_
cab;epþImbMerIkar/ ~ index snÞsSn_ebovtSr_/
~ loan (receivable) kMcIelIebovtSr_
sale karlk;/ cash ~ karlk;ykCasac;R)ak;/
for ~ lk; ¬sresrelIpøakRbkas¦/ ~ invoice
vikáybRtlk;/ ~ contract kic©snüalk;/ ~ on
credit karlk;eCO/ ~ on instalment plan
karlk;eGaysgbNþak;/ ~ or return epJIlk;
¬Gñklk;rayTUTat;sgEtéføTMnijlk;dac;
ehIybgVilTMnijenAsl;[Gñklk;dMuvij¦/
~ proceeds/revenue cMNUlBIkarlk;
sales R)ak;lk;)an/ cMnYnTMnijlk;)an/
~ manager naykRKb;RKgkarlk;/ ~ mix
sareBIP½NÐTMnijsMrab;lk;/ ~ promotion
karpSBVpSaylk;/ ~ returns TMnijlk;min
dac;bBa¢Únmkvij/ ~ tax Bn§elIcMNUllk;)an/
~ value tMéllk;¬)an¦/ ~ volume cMnYn
Éktalk; ¬)an¦
salesman Gñklk;/ tMNaglk;
salination or salinisation karERbCaéRb
¬]> dIéRb¦
salvage v. & n. 1> RbmUlvij 2> rbs;)an
Economic Lexicon Part 1
BIkarRbmUl ¬BI GKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦ 3> kar
se®gÁaH ¬nava b¤TMnijpÞúk¦
salvage/scrap value tMélRbmUl)anvij
¬eBlbeBa©jlk;rbs; rWeRKOgcRkcas;²¦
sample n. KMrUtag/ ):an;/ take a ~ v. ykKMrU
tag/ ~ allocation karélEckKMrUtag/ ~ design
bøg;KMrUtag/ ~ group RkumKMrUtag/ ~ overlap
karKgKMrUtag/ ~ implementation karRsg;
KMrUtag/ ~ selection kareRCIsKMrUtag/ ~ survey
GegátKMrUtag
sample v. ykKMrUtag/ sampled children
kumar ¬RtUv)an¦ ykCaKMrUtag
sampling karykKMrUtag/ ~ bias lMeGogyk
KMrUtag/ ~ domain tMbn;ykKMrUtag/ ~ error
el¥ógykKMrUtag/ ~ efficiency RbsiT§PaByk
KMrUtag/ ~ frame eRKagykKMrUtag/ ~ rate GRta
ykKMrUtag/ ~ variance v:arIy:g;ykKMrUtag
sanction TNÐkmµ/ kmµvi)ak/ economic ~
TNÐkmµesdækic©
sanction, with your Edl)ankarGnuBaØat
BIelakGñk
sanctuary TICMrk/ fish ~ kEnøgGPirkSBUCRtI/
wildlife ~ EdnCMrkstVéRB
saturate v. ep¢ak/ eFVItitßikmµ
saver GñksnSMR)ak;/ snñiFikark³
savings R)ak;snSM/ sBa¢½y/ ~ account
KNnI snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ bank FnaKar
snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ curve ExSekagR)ak;snSM/
~ bank book esovePAebLasMéc
saw mill eragcRkGareQI
scale xñat/ TMhM/ fñak;/ maRtdæan ¬énEpnTI¦/
economies of ~ esdækic©maRtdæan
84
scarcity PaBkMr/ tnuPaB
scenario esNarIy:U/ qak
schedular tax Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl
schedule, time tarageBl/ kalviPaK
scheme eRKagkar
scope visalPaB/ EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦/ TMhM
scrap product plitplkaksMNl;
scrap/salvage value tMélRbmUl)anvij
¬BIkarbeBa©jlk;plitplkaksMNl;¦
sea-damaged EdlxUcxatedaysarTwk
smuRT
seal n. & v. 1> Rta 2> e)aHRtabiT
¬]> kugtWenIr¦/ sealed tender karedjéfø
kñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit
seaport kMBg;EpsmuRT
seasonal tamrdUv/ manlkçN³rdUvkal
seaworthiness lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT
secondary bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ need tMrUvkar
bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ data Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr
secondary school salamFümsikSa/
higher ~ salamFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ lower
~ salamFümsikSabzmPUmi
second-stage unit (SSU) ÉktadMNak;TIBIr
secretariat elxaFikardæan
secretary elxaFikar/ ~ general
GKÁelxaFikar/ ~ of state rdæelxaFikar
sector n. vis½y/ ~ -wide TUTaMgvis½y
sectoral adj. tamvis½y/ ~ level kMritvis½y
secured mankarFana/ assets fully ~ RTBü
skmµmankarFanaeBjelj
securities mUlb½Rt/ ~ market pSarmUlb½Rt
Economic Lexicon Part 1
security 1> snþisux/ food ~ snþisuxes,óg
2> karFana 3> rbs;Fana ¬R)atiePaK¦
4> GñkFana
Security Council (UN) RkumRbwkSasnþisux
¬Gsb¦
security, without edayKµanvtßúFana
SEDP (Socio-Economic Development
Programme) EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©
seed n. RKab;BUC/ ~ capital Tun edIm¼BUC
¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦/ ~ money R)ak; edIm¼BUC
seizure karrwbGUs
selection kareRCIs/ kareRCIserIs/ ~ error
el¥ógkñúgkareRCIs/ ~ interval cenøaHeRCIs/
tentative ~ kareRCIsbeNþaHGasnñ
self-determination sV½ysMerc
self-employed people CnbMerIGaCIB[xøÜnÉg
self-financing sV½yhirBaØb,Tan
self-help approach viFIsaRsþCYyxøÜnÉg
self-managing sV½yRKb;RKg
self-regulating mechanism ynþkar
sV½yEktMrUv
self-reinforcing system RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg
self-reliance PaBm©as;kar/ karBwgEp¥kelIxnÜø Ég
self-sufficiency PaBGacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb;
self-sustaining sV½yRTRTg;
self-weighting sV½yTMgn;/ ~ design
bøg;sV½yTMgn;/ ~ sample KMrUtagsV½yTMgn;
sell lk;/ ~ at auction lk;edjéfø/ ~ at a
discount lk;cuHéfø/ ~ on credit lk;eCO/
~ up RbmUllk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ ~ retail
lk;ray
85
seller, best esovePAlk;dac;bMput
seller, quick TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦
selling karlk;/ ~ order bBa¢alk;/ ~ price
éfølk;
semi-autonomous Bak;kNþalsVy½t
semiconductor GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg
¬eGLicRtUnik¦
semi-finished product plitplBak;
kNþalsMerc
send back v. epJIRtLb;vij
send for collection v. epJIeTARbmUlR)ak;
sender GñkepJI
senior adj. fñak;x<s;/ ~ minister
eTsrdæm®nþI/ ~ officer m®nþIfñak;x<s;
seniority GtItPaB/ promotion by ~
tMelIgfñak;tamGtItPaB
sensitive issue bBaðaresIb
sensitivity PaBresIb/ PaBqab;rMePIb/
PaBqab;ejac/ evTyitPaB/ ~ analysis
viPaKénevTyiTPaB
sensitise v. bMpuskarPJak;rlwk
series of reports kMrgr)aykarN_
servant GñkbMerI/ civil ~ m®nþIraCkarsuIvil/
public ~ m®nþIraCkar
service esva/ esvakmµ/ ~ fees kMéresva/
~ contract kic©snüaesva/ ~ charge éføesva
~ industry ]sSahkmµesva
service v. a debt sgkarR)ak;
session sm½yRbCMu/ plenary ~ sm½yRbCMu
eBjGgÁ
set n. sMrab; ¬]> kUnesamYysMrab;¦/ bNþúM
Economic Lexicon Part 1
¬]> bNþúMeKaledA¦
settlement dMeNaHRsay/ karTUTat;/ final ~
karTUTat;pþac;/ ~ bank FnaKarTUTat;/
~ credit \NTanTUTat;
several (liability) dac;BIKña/ erog²xøÜn
¬karTTYlxusRtUvminrYmKña¦
severance payment (or golden
handshake) R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar/
R)ak;ebIkpþac;
sex worker GñkrksuIpøÚvePT
share n. h‘un/ snøwkh‘un/ ~ market pSarh‘un
share n. & v. 1> cMENk/ market ~ cMENk
TIpSar 2> EckrMElk/ ~ experiences Eck
rMElkbTBiesaFn_
shareholder Gñkkan;PaKh‘un/ PaKTunik³/
influential ~ PaKTunik³man\T§iBl
sharing PaKkmµ/ karEbgEck
shelter n. CMrk/ tax ~ CMrkecosBn§
shipped bill of lading GBaØatb½NÑdwk
TMnijtamnava
shipped quality KuNPaB¬TMnij¦eBlpÞúk
shipping agent Pñak;garnavacr
shipping company Rkumh‘unnavacr
shipping note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij
shop around v. rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/
KuNPaB>>> edIm,ITij¦/ ERCTMnijemIl
shoplifting karlYc\v:an;kñúghag
shopping n. karedIrTijTMnij/ international
~ karBieRKaHéføCaGnþrCati
short bill rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI
short delivery karRbKl;TMnijxVH
short notice, at CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI
86
short of, be v. xVHxat/ Gs;
short term ry³eBlxøI/ ~ payoff
plry³eBlxøI
shortage kgVH/ karRkxSt;/ ~ in weight
kgVHTMgn;
short-change v. Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH
shortcoming kgVHxat
shortfall kgVH ¬fvika¦/ cMnYnxVH
short-season rice RsUvRsal
show of hands n. kare)aHeqñatedayelIkéd
sick leave karQb;sMrakeBlQW
sick pay R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW
side effect plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM/ bc©½yrg
sight bill/draft rUbiyaNtþibgðaj ¬bþÚryk
R)ak;)anenAeBlbgðaj¦
sight payment karsgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar
sight deposit R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI
¬edayBMucaM)ac;pþl;dMNwgmun[FnaKar¦
signatory htßelxI
significance sar³sMxan;
silting (of waterways) karduHdI
silviculture rukçvb,kmµ
simple samBaØ/ ~ entry elxnasamBaØ
¬mancuHKNnIEt 1KU¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;
samBaØ ¬KitelIEtR)ak;edIm¦
simple random sampling
karykKMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ
simple response variance
va:rIy:g;cMelIysamBaØ
simple unbiased estimate
kar)a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog
simplification n. kareFVIsamBaØkmµ/ ~ of
Economic Lexicon Part 1

customs procedures kareFVIsamBaØkmµnItiviFIKy smuggler Gñkrt;Bn§

simplify n. eFVIeGaysamBaØ smuggling karrt;Bn§
simulation kareFVIRtab;tam social énsgÁm/ sgÁmkic©/ ~ cost bnÞúksgÁm/
sine qua non condition karxatbg;xagsgÁmkic©/ ~ cost-benefit
lkçxNÐxanmin)an analysis (SCBA) karviPaKcMnay nigplcM
single entry (accounting) enjxagsgÁmkic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;sgÁm/
rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK ~ insurance cost bnÞúkcMNayFanar:ab;rgsgÁm/
single indicator technique ~ justice yutþiFm’sgÁm/ ~ morality sIlFm’
bec©keTsGaMgDIkaT½reTal sgÁm/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm/ ~ product
single window RckecjcUlEtmYy plitplsgÁm/ ~ reintegration bunsmah
sinking fund mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug ¬TwkR)ak; rNkmµsgÁmkic©/ ~ safety net RbB½n§suvtßiPaB
dkmkrkSaTukedayELky:ageTogTat; sMrab; sgÁm/ ~ security/welfare (budget
edaHRsaytMrUvkarGVImYynaGnaKtdUcCasg expenditure) R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm/ ~ security
bMNulCaedIm¦ snþisuxsgÁm/ ~ security contribution
Sino-Khmer Exµrkat;cin viPaKTansnþisuxsgÁm/ ~ status zan³ ¬kñúg¦
site TIkEnøg sgÁm/ ~ strictures bBaØtþisgÁm/
size TMhM socio-economic adj. esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/
skill CMnaj/ life ~ bMNinCIvit ~ policy eKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic©/
slogan Baküesøak ~ survey Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic©
slope of a curve/line cMeNatén ExSekag¼ sociology sgÁmviTüa
bnÞat; soft currency rUbiyvtßúexSay
sloppy adj. x¢Ix¢a/ ~ work kargarx¢Ix¢a ¬minGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúdéTeTot)an¦
slum n. sgáat;RkIRk¬rexkrxak¦/ ~ -dwellers soft goods TMnijvaynP½NÐ
Gñkrs;enAkñúgsgáat;RkIRk soft loan kMcImankarR)ak;Tab ¬TabCagGRta
slush fund hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦ enATIpSar¦/ kMcIKµankarR)ak;
small-scale xñattUc soft market TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCag
SME (small and medium enterprise) tMrUvkar
shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm soft repayment terms lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH
smoking gun PsþútagekþA² software (computer) sUhVEvr
smooth adj. relag/ rlUn/ ~ operation soil erosion kareRcaHdac;dI
dMeNIrkarrlUn ¬l¥¦ sole agency TIPñak;garpþac;mux

87
Economic Lexicon Part 1
sole agent/representative tMNagpþac;mux
sole distributor GñkEbgEckpþac;mux
sole proprietorship 1> ÉkkmµsiT§i
2> shRKasÉkbuKÁl
solicitor Gñkc,ab; ¬PaKeRcIn CYyBieRKaH
eyabl; nigerobcMÉksarxagc,ab;¦
solidarity n. samKÁIPaB
solvency saFnPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul
solvent saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦
sophisticated technology bec©kviTüa
eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj
sort v. erobtamlMdab;
sound adj. RtwmRtUv/ RbkbedayKtibNÐit
sound the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar
South, the TkSiNRbeTs¬RbeTsRk¦
sovereign immunity GP½yÉksiT§irdæ ¬siT§i
rbs;rdæedIm,I)anrYcputBIkarbþwgTarsMNgxUcxat¦
sovereign risk haniP½yrdæaPi)alminGac
sgR)ak;
sovereignty GFibetyüPaB
spatial sampling karykKMrUtagtamkEnøg
special drawing rights (SDR)
siT§idkBiess
special economic zone tMbn;esdækci ©Bei ss
special promotion zone (SPZ) tMbn;
GPivDÆn_Biess
speciality ÉkeTs/ rbs;Biess
specialisation ÉkeTsnIykmµ/ CMnajnIykmµ
specialised bank FnaKarÉkeTs
specific period of time ry³¼kMNt;
eBlCak;lak;
88
specification yfaRbePT
specify v. bBa¢ak;/ kMNt;/ specified
period kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi
specimen KMrUbgðaj/ bdirUb/ ~ signature
KMrUhtßelxa
speculation n. 1> karqk;»kasekgcMeNj
¬kñúgkarTij¼lk;¦/ oil ~ karqk;»kasekg
cMeNjkñúgeRbgkat
2> karvaysµan/ pure ~ karvaysµansuT§saF
spoilage n. 1> karxUcKuNPaB ¬rbs;hUb¦
2> rbs;xUcKuNPaB
spoils C½yP½NÐ/ vtßúrwbGUs)an
spot price éføTijlk;dl;éd ¬TUTat; nig
RbKl;TMnijPøam²¦
spouse shB½T§
spread, spreading n. karrIkraldal
squeeze v. expenditure rwtt,itcMNay
stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ/
~ policy neya)aysßirkmµ
stability, economic sßirPaBesdækic©
stable exchange rate GRtabþÚrR)ak;man
sßirPaB
staff buKÁlik
stage n. dMNak;/ dMNak;kal
stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
kars<wkRTwgmanGtiprNa
stagnation kars<wkRTwg/ GvDÆnPaB/
economic ~ kars<wkRTwgesdækic©
stake PaKkmµ/ karcUlh‘un
stakeholder GñkmanPaKh‘un/ GñkBak;B½n§
stamp duty Bn§Etm
standard sþg;dar/ ~ cost tMélsþg;dar/
Economic Lexicon Part 1
~ deviation KMlatsþg;dar/ draft ~ sþg;dar
RBag/ compulsory ~ sþg;darbBa¢a/ gold ~
sþg;dar¼xñat mas/ ~ of living or living
standard kMritCIvPaB/ up to ~ dl;kMrit
sþg;dar ~ operating procedures nItiviFI
Rbtibtþikarsþg;dar
standard-conversion factor (SCF)
ktþabMElgsþg;dar
standardisation sþg;darUbnIykmµ
stand-by adj. eRtom/ ~ agreement
kic©RBmeRBogeRtom/ ~ credit \NTaneRtom
standing (bank) sþg;Dig¼sßanPaB/ bank
of good ~ FnaKarmansþg;Digl¥
standing order lixitbBa¢aGcié®nþy_ ¬[
FnaKarepÞrR)ak;y:ageTogTat;eTAKNnImYy
eTotrhUtdl;manbBa¢afµI¦
standpoint, from the economic
tamTsSn³esdækic©
staple product plitplmUldæan
start-up cost esah‘uycab;epþIm
state enterprise or state-owned
enterprise shRKasrdæ
state general budget fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ
State Treasury rtnaKarCati
statement esckþIRbkas/ r)aykarN_/
financial ~ r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú/ ~ of
account sMrg;¼r)aykarN_ KNnI/ ~ of
affairs bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn/ ~ of
receipts and payments r)aykarN_cMNUl
cMNay/ monthly ~ r)aykarN_RbcaMEx
station of destination/origin sßanIy
89
eKaledA¼ecjdMeNIr
statistics sßiti
status sßanPaB/ zan³/ ~-inquiry agency
TIPñak;garRsavRCavsßanPaBRkumh‘un/ ~ quo
sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman/ ~ symbol nimitþ
sBaØasMKal;zan³
statute lkçnþik³/ co-~ of civil servants
shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil
statute of limitation GaCJayukal
steadily CaeTogTat;/ CaCMhan²
steering committee KN³kmµaFikar
dwknaMkargar¼nayk
stem n. edIm ¬cMENkeRkABIKl;Cab;b£s nig
cugCab;søwk¦/ cassava ~ edImdMLÚgeQI
¬]> sMrab;eFVIBUC¦
step (in a process) CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkar
GVImYy¦/ ~ by ~ mYyCMhanmþg²
stereotype n. pñt;KMnit
stevedore kmµkrkMBg;Ep
stevedoring karelIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l;
stewardship n. karEfTaMRKb;RKg
stiff price éfø x<s;¼x<s;eBk
stimulate v. CMruj/ bMpus
stipulate v. Ecg
stock n. snøwkh‘un/ ~ exchange/market
pSarh‘un
stock n. sþúk/ snñiFi/ TMnij/ opening ~
sþúkedImRKa/ out of ~ Gs;BIsþúk/ ~ control
karRtYtBinitüsþúk/ ~ in hand sþúkkñúgéd
¬mankñúghag¼XøaMg¦/ ~ in trade sþúkTMnij
sMrab;lk;/ ~ turnover (ratio) GRtabgVilsþk
Economic Lexicon Part 1
¬kñúgmYyqñaM¦/ ~ lines muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg
stock v. sþúk ¬TMnijTuklk;¦
stock, natural fish sþúkRtIFmµCati
stockbroker KYkeCh‘un
stockout n. Gs;BIsþúk ¬PaB¦
stockpile v. & n. sþúkeRcIn² ¬nUvGVImYy
sMrab;eRbIenAéf¶eRkay¦
stocktaking kareFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ ~ sale
karlk;LayLúgmuneBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ ¬edIm,I[
RsLHXøaMg¦
stopfiler (tax) Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§
min)anRKb;elIk
storage karsþúk ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦
storekeeper/shopkeeper m©as;hag
straight-line depreciation method
viFIrMls;esµIPaK
strategic needs tMrUvkarCayuT§saRsþ
strategist n. yuT§saRsþviTU/ GñkyuT§saRsþ
strategy yuT§saRsþ
stratification RsTab;nIykmµ
stratum RsTab;/ ~ mean mFümPaKénRsTab;
strike kUdkmµ
stringent twgruwg/ ~ measures viFankartwgruwg
strong market pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarman
GñkTijeRcIn¦
structural adjustment kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§/
~ loan kMcIsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§
structural adjustment facility (SAF)
]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§
structure n. rcnasm<½n§/ ~ of banking
institutions rcnasm<½n§sßab½nFnaKar
structured experience bTBiesaFn_man
90
lkçN³CaRbB½n§
student stipends R)ak;bMNac;sMrab;nisSit
study tour TsSnkic©sikSa
sub-class fñak;rg
sub-classification cMNat;fñak;rg
subcontract v. em:Akarbnþ/ cuHkic©snüabnþ
subcontractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ/ GñkcuHkic©snüabnþ
sub-decree GnuRkwtü
subdivide v. Eckbnþ ¬KNnI/ Rkum>>¦
subjective choice CMerIsGtþenam½t
sublet, sublease CYlbnþ
sub-national adj. fñak;eRkamCati
subordinate entity GgÁPaB eRkam»vaT¼
cMNuH
subpoena v. & n. 1> ekaHsakSI
¬tulakar¦/ 2> dIkaekaHsakSI
sub-product, forest GnupléRBeQI
subrogation ])aeTskmµ/ kardak;CMnYs
sub-sample KMrUtagrg
subscribed capital mUlFn)ancuHeQµaH
subscribing to securities
briviskmµmUlb½Rt
subscription kar Cav¼sMuCav/ ~ price éføCav
subsectoral level kMritGnuvis½y
subsidiary adj. rg/ ~ account KNnIrg/
~ ledger esovePAFMrg
subsidiary n. (company) buRtsm<½n§
¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unCag 50°¦/ wholly
owned ~ saxa ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘un
TaMgGs;¦
subsidise v. pþl;]btßmÖFn/ CYybMeBjxat
subsidy, subvention n. ]btßmÖFn/
Economic Lexicon Part 1

R)ak;bMeBjxat karpþl;/ ~ and demand karpÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/

subsistence agriculture ksikmµCIvRBwtþi/
ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs;
subsistence production plitkmµCIvRBwtþi/
karplitRKan;EtmYyrs;
substance sarFatu
substandard eRkamsþg;dar
substantial adj. dMukMPYn/ ~ funding
karpþl;fvikaCadMukMPYn
subtotal srubrg
succeeding stage dMNak;kalCabnþ
successor Gñkbnþevn
sue v. bþwg
sum 1> TwkR)ak; 2> plbUk
summit snñisITkMBUl
sundry account KNnIcMruH
supervise v. Binitütamdan
supervision karBinitütamdan/ GaNaBüa)al/
under financial ~ of the Ministry of
Economy and Finance eRkamGaNaBüa)al
hirBaØvtßúénRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú
supervisor GnurkS/ GñkBinitütamdan
supervisory authority GaCJaFrGaNaBüa)al
supplementary crop dMNaMrYmpSM
supplemental budget fvika]bsm<½n§
¬RbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúénGgÁPaBrdæEdlmanlkçN³
]sSahkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ EtBMuEmnCanItibuKÁl¦
supplementary bEnßm/ ~ schedule
tarag¼Éksar B½t’manbEnßm
supplier GñkpÁt;pÁg;
supply 1> sMPar³pÁt;pÁg; 2> karpÁt;pÁg;/
~ curve ExSekagkarpÁt;pÁg;
support v. & n. 1> KaMRT/ RTRTg;/ ~
service esvakmµKaMRT 2> kar KaMRT¼RTRTg;
supporting document ÉksarGm
¬rdæ)al¦/ skçIb½Rt ¬KNenyü¦
Supreme Council of the Magistracy
]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm
surcharge éføykbEnßm/ Bn§ykbEnßmelI
TMnijnaMcUl ¬edIm,ICYyCMrujplitkmµkñúgRsuk¦
surety n. 1> GñkFana 2> rbs;Fana
surplus Gtierk/ pl elIs¼elIstMrUvkar
surtax Bn§bEnßm
survey n. & v. Gegát/ ~ area tMbn;Gegát/
~ data Tinñn½yGegát/ ~ error el¥ógGegát/
~ operation RbtibtþikarGegát/ general ~
GegátTUeTA
survivability PaBGacrs;)an/ financial ~
PaBGacrs;)anxaghirBaØvtßú
survivor CnenArs;
suspend v. BüÜr/ p¥ak
suspense account KNnIrg;caM ¬kt;RtaCa
beNþaHGasnñnUvTwkR)ak;EdlKNenyükrmin
Tan;dwgfa RtUvkt;cUlKNnIc,as;las;NamYy¦
suspension kar BüÜr¼p¥ak
sustain v. RTRTg;/ self- ~ing sV½yRTRTg;/
~ life RTRTg;CIvit
sustainability cIrPaB
sustainable adj. mancIrPaB/ ~ agriculture
ksikmµmancIrPaB/ ~ development
karGPivDÆn_mancIrPaB

91
Economic Lexicon Part 1
sympathy n. smancitþ ¬CYyKaMRT>>>¦
symptom eraKsBaØ/ nimitþehtu
synchronisation smkalkmµ
synergy famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁúMKña
¬]> karbBa©ÚlFnFanrksuICamYyKña edIm,I)an
cMeNjeRcInCagenAedayELk²BIKña¦
synthetic products plitplsMeyaK
system of proportional representation
RbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦
systematic CaRbB½n§/ CayfaRkm/ ~ factor
ktþaCaRbB½n§/ ~ land registration karcuHbBa¢I
dIFøICaRbB½n§/ ~-risk phenomenon )atuPUt
eRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§/ ~ sampling
karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§
systematise RbB½n§nIykmµ
T, t
table tarag
tabulation karelIkCatarag
take into account ykmkKit/ rab;bBa©Úl
take stock v. eFVIsareBIP½NÐ
take up references v. RbmUlBt’man
take v. legal action against bþwgtam
pøÚvtulakarcMeBaH/ GnuvtþviFanc,ab;cMeBaH
take-home pay R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/
ebovtSr_suT§
takeover karcUlRtYtRta ¬edayTijykCag
50°énPaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦/ take over v.
takings n. R)ak;TTYl)an ¬BIkarlk;kñúg
ry³eBlNamYy¦
92
tangible assets RTBüskmµrUbI/ RTBürUbI
target cMNucedA/ eKaledA/ Epnkar/ sales
targets Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ ~ group
RkumeKaledA/ ~ market TIpSareKaledA
tariff 1> bBa¢Iéfølk; 2> taragBn§Ky/ Bn§naMcUl
task Parkic©/ ~ -oriented epþatelIParkic©/
~ force Rkumkargar
taste cMNUlcitþ
tax Bn§/ Bn§dar/ back ~ bMNulBn§BIqñaMmun²/
emergency ~ Bn§visamBaØ/ ~ accounting
KNenyüBn§dar/ ~ avoidance karecosvagBn§
¬edayc,ab;mancenøaHRbehag¦/ ~ assessor
Pñak;garkMNt;Bn§/ ~ base mUldæanykBn§/
~ burden bnÞúkBn§/ ~ collection karRbmUlBn§/
~ credit \NTanBn§/ ~ collector GñkRbmUl
Bn§/ ~ evasion kareKcBn§ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUv
maneTasT½NЦ/ ~ exempt EdlelIkElgBn§/
~ exemption karelIkElgBn§/ ~ holiday
ry³eBlrYcBn§/ vismBn§/ ~ loophole cenøaH
RbehagénBn§/ ~ moments »kashUtBn§/ ~ on
profit Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNj/ ~ payment year
qñaMbg;Bn§/ ~ rate GRtaBn§/ ~ rebate karbnßy
Bn§/ ~ receipts/revenues cMNUlBn§/ ~ relief
karbn§ÚrbnßyBn§/ ~ reduction karkat;bnßyBn§/
~ revenues efforts or ~ effort kMlaMgcMNUl
Bn§dar/ ~ treatment cMNat;kar¼RbRBwtþikmµ Bn§/
~/taxation year qñaMCab;Bn§
tax v. hUtBn§/ ykBn§
taxable adj. 1> Cab;Bn§/ ~ income cMNUl
Cab;Bn§ 2> EdlGachUtBn§)an
taxpayer GñkCab;Bn§
technical assistance CMnYybec©keTs
Economic Lexicon Part 1
technical fix dMeNaHRsay¼Rckecj
bec©keTs
telegraphic address GasydæanTUrKmn_
telegraphic transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_
telex TUrBum<
teller ebLakr
temporary beNþaHGasnñ/ ~ cover b½NÑFana
r:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ/ ~ unemployment
nikmµkalik
tenancy n. 1> ry³eBlCYl ¬GclnRTBü¦
2> siT§ikan;kab; ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦
tenant GñkCYl ¬dI/pÞH>>>¦/ Ptik³/ ~ farmer
ksikrCYldIeK
tendency ninñakar/ rising ~ ninñakarekIneLIg
tender karedjéfø ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦
tender terms and conditions book
esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦
tenderer Gñkedjéfø
tendering karedjéfø ¬edaymandak;Éksar
tMél):an;sµanlMGit¦
tenure 1> ry³eBlkan;kab;tMENg/ GaNtþi
2> siT§ikan;kab;tMENg¼RTBüsm,tþi
3> karkan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦
tenurial right siT§ikan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦
term GaNtþi/ry³eBl/ long ~ ry³eBlEvg/
TIXkal/ medium ~ ry³eBlmFüm/ short
~ ry³eBlxøI/ GcIrkal/~ in/of officeGaNtþi
term-deposit account KNnIbeBaØIman
kalkMNt;
terminal contract kic©snüamankalkMNt;
termination karbBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ karbBaÄb;
93
¬GaCIvkmµ¦
terms lkçxNÐ/ easy ~ lkçxNÐFUrRsal/
~ and conditions of a contract xøwmsar
niglkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of a contract
lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of payment lkçxNÐ
TUTat;/ ~ of reference lkçxNÐeyag ¬sMrab;
epÞógpÞat;¦/ lkçxNÐkargar ¬kic©snüakargar¦/
~ of sale lkçxNÐlk;
territorial integrity bUrNPaBEdndI
tertiary education ]tþmsikSa
test n. & v. 1> etsþ 2> eFVIetsþ
test the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar
testament mrtksasn_
testimonial sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦
textile vaynPNÐ/ ~ industry ]sShkmµ
vaynPNÐ
theory RTwsþI
think-tank Rkumpþl;KMnit
third party PaKITIbI/ ttiyCn
threshold n. kMritcab;ERbRbYl/ kaMQancUl
thrift plan EpnkarsnSMsMéc
tied aid CMnYymancMNg
time eBl/ kal/ kalkMNt;/ ~ deposit
R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ dimension
TidæPaBxageBlevla/ ~ draft rUbiyaNtþi
mankalkMNt;/ ~ frame Rkbx½NÐeBlevla/
~ limit for delivery kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij/
~ policy b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt;/
~ segment kMNat;eBl/ ~ table tarageBl/
~ value tMéltameBl/ ~ work kargarKit
em:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYnem:ag/ éf¶¦
Economic Lexicon Part 1
timely return (of a cheque...)
bgVilvijTan;eBl
tip TwkEt ¬R)ak;[eRkA¦
title 1> cMNgeCIg 2> gar
title deed b½NÑkmµsiT§i
title, land b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI
toll éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s<an ¦
tool ]bkrN_/ Rbdab;Rbdar
top-down paradigm KMrUBIelImkeRkam
total n. & v. srub/ grand ~ srubrYm/
subtotal srubrg
track record n. RbvtþieCaKC½y-braC½y
tracking kartamdanemIl
trade BaNiC¢kmµ/ CMnYj/ GaCIB/ ~ agreement
kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ balance CBa¢IgBaNiC¢
kmµ/ ~ barriersr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ deficit
»nPaBBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ discount/terms karcuH
éføkñúgGaCIB ¬eGayGñkRbkbrbrdUcKña¦/ ~ name
eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha/ ~ reference TIsMGag
bBa¢ak;xagGaCIB/ ~ representation tMNag
BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky
trade v. pøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµ/ eFVICMnYj
trademark sBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ
trade-off karedaHdUr ¬TMnij¦Kña
trader QµÜj/ GñkCMnYj/ BaNiC¢kr
trade union shCIB
trading karCYjdUr/ kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ/
~ partner édKUBaNiC¢kmµ
trading capital TunbgVil
trading losses kMhateFVIGaCIvkmµ ¬eBl
R)ak;cMNUl)anticCagR)ak;cMNayecj¦
94
traditional CaRbéBNI/ ~ savings R)ak;
snSMtamTMlab;/ ~ way of life rebobrs;enA
CaRbéBNI
traffic cracr/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;cracr
trainee or intern (US) kmµsikSakarI/
Gñkhat;kar
training karbNþúHbNþal/ on-the-job ~
karbNþúHbNþalP¢ab;nwgkargar/ off-the-job ~
karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar ¬]> enAmhaviTüal½y¦
transaction Rbtibtþikar/ kic©karCMnYj
transfer v. & n. 1> epÞr 2> karepÞr/ bEgVr/
karepÞrR)ak;/ Gnub,Tan (French: cession),
~ deed lixitepÞr/ ~ payments R)ak;epÞrTUTat;
~ pricing kardak;éføedIm,IepÞrR)ak;
transferable adj. GacepÞr)an/ ~ credit
\NTanGacepÞr)an
transferee n. Gnub,Tanik/ GñkRtUv)aneK
epÞreGay
transferor n. GñkepÞr ¬[eK¦
transformation (products...) karbMEbøg
tranship or transship v. epÞrBIyan
mYyeTAyanþmYyeTot ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦/
transhipment n. karepÞr
transit qøgkat;/ ~ account KNnIqøgkat;/
~ goods TMnijqøgkat;/ ~ passenger GñkdMeNIr
qøgkat;/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnijqøgkat;
transitional adj. Gnþrkal/ ~ economy
esdækic©Gnþrkal/ ~ measures viFankar
Gnþrkal/ ~ period ry³eBlGnþrkal
transmission karbBa¢Ún ¬sar¦
transnational corporation (TNC)
Rkumh‘unrMlgCati
Economic Lexicon Part 1
transparency n. tMlaPaB
transporter GñkdwkCBa¢Ún
trauma n. rbYs ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦
travel agency TIPñak;gareTscrN_/ TIPñak;gar
Kmnakar
traveller’s cheque mUlb,Tanb½RteTscrN_
traveller’s letter of credit sar\NTan
eTscrN_
travelling salesman Gñklk;cl½t
treasurer n. hirBaØik/ rtnakr
treasury rtnaKar/ ~ bill b½NÑrtnaKar
¬ry³kalxøICagmYyqñaM¦/ ~ bond b½NÑrtnaKar turnkey contract kic©snüaesakñúgéd
¬ry³kalEvg¦
treatment n. RbRBwtþikmµ/ cMNat;kar/ karcat;Ecg turnover rates of labour GRtaecjcUl
treaty sn§isBaØa
treble v. ekInmYyCabI
trend ninñakar/ market ~ ninñakarTIpSar
trial balance taragtulüPaB
trickle-down effect plb:HBal;snSwm²/
plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM
trillion, one (US) mYylanlan
tripartite adj. RtIPaKI
trust fund mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKg
edayRbtisiT§iCnsMrab;GtßKahk¦
trust fund facility (TFF)
]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk
trust letter lixiteCOTukcitþ
trustee (one to whom a right has been
assigned by will, gift... French: ayant
cause) RbtisiT§iCn
trustee in bankruptcy shbdiPaK ¬Gñk
95
RKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEdlEtgtaMgedaytulakar¦
trustee ordinance bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn
¼Gñksñgkar
trusteeship PaBTTYlxusRtUv
trusteeship council
RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn
trustworthy EdlKYreGayTukcitþ
T account KNnIRbePTGkSr T
tuition class karsikSabg;éfø
turning point cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlman
karpøas;bþÚr¦
turnover plrbr/ plGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;cMNUl
énBlkr
two-track approach viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv
two-way eTVTis/ BIrpøÚv
typical CatYy:ag
U, u
ultimate area unit (UAU)
ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay
ultimate goal eKaledAcugeRkay
ultimate sampling unit (USU)
ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay
ultimatum n. »sanvaT
unaccountable adj. 1>minGacBnül;)an
2> KµanKNenyüPaB/ minTTYlxusRtUv
unaccounted for adj. )at;edayKµankarBnül;
Economic Lexicon Part 1
unaided edaykMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn
unaltered Edl\tpøas;bþÚr
unanswered EdlKµancMelIy
unascertained goods TMnijRcbUkRcbl;
¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦
unavailing efforts karRbwgERbgKµan)anpl
unbalanced budget fvikaKµantulüPaB
¬man»nPaB¦
unbanked cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan;
dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar
unbiased \tlMeGog
uncalled capitalmUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦
uncashed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan;
ebIkykR)ak;
unclaimed EdlBMuRtUv)anTamTar
uncleared goods TMnijminTan;qøgKy
uncontrollable expenses cMNayRKb;
RKgmin)an
uncrossed/open cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt
KµanqUt
undated KµancuHéf¶Ex/ ~ bond b½NÑTTYl
sÁal;bMNulKµankalkMNt;
undercoverage (insurance) karFana
r:ab;rgdNþþb;minsBV
undercut v. lk;efakCag
underdeveloped countries
RbeTsGn;fy/ RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_
underemployed 1> KµankargareFVIeBj
elj/ ~ capital TuneRbImin)aneBjelj
2> GñkKµankargareFVIeBjelj
underlease (see sublease) CYlbnþ
undermanager bNÑaFikarrg
96
undermentioned manerobrab;dUcxageRkam
underproduction 1> karplitminRKb;tMrUvkar
2> karplitmineBjkMlaMg
underrate v. vaybenßak
undersell v. 1> lk;efakCag ¬KURbECg¦
2> lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦
undersigned, the GñkcuHhtßelxa
¬BIeRkam¦/ htßelxI
understanding karyl;dwg/ karyl;Kña
eTAvijeTAmk/ snÞidæPaB/ good ~ karyl;dwg
l¥/ memorandum of ~ GnusSarN³RBmeRBog
underwrite v. 1> CYyFana 2> CYyr:ab;rg
underwriter GñkFana
undisclosed income cMNUl\tRbkas/
cMNUllYclak;
undivided profits R)ak;cMeNjminEbgEck
undoubted eday\tsgS½y
unearmarked fund mUlniFiKµanélTuk
edayELk
unearned fees kMérminTan;rk)an
unemployed adj. & n. 1> Gt;kareFVI
2> GñkGt;kareFVI/ nikmµCn
unemployment PaBGt;kareFVI/ nikmµPaB/
seasonal ~ nikmµPaBtamrdUv/ temporary ~
nikmµkalik/ ~ benefit R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH
nikmµPaB/ ~ rate GRtanikmµPaB
unendorsed EdlKµanbBa¢ak;xagxñg
unequal wealth distribution
r)ayvismFn
unexpected fall karFøak;cuH\trMBwgTuk
unexpended balance smtulüminTan;cMNay
unexpired cost (accounting)
Economic Lexicon Part 1
tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü
unfair KµansmFm’/ minyutþiFm’
unfavourable minGMeNaypl/
~ conditions lkçxNÐminGMeNaypl
unfilled order b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ
unfit for work EdleFVIkarminekIt
unforeseen adj. min)anRbemIleXIj/
\tRBagTuk ¬cMNay¦
unfounded adj. KµanmUldæan
unification n. karbRgYbbRgYm/ ÉkPavUbnIykmµ
unified rYmEtmYy/ ~ as one rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy
uniformity lkçN³ÉkPaB
unify v. bRgYbbRgYm
unilateral ÉketaPaKI
unincorporated mincUlCaRkumh‘un
unintentionally edayGectna
unionisation karcUlshCIB
unit 1> Ékta/ ~ of analysis ÉktaviPaK/
~ of account ÉktaKit/ ~ price/rate
éføÉkta 2> GgÁPaB
united rYbrYmKña
unknown (factor, quantity...) GBaØat
unlawful elµIsc,ab;/ ~ means meFüa)ay
elµIsc,ab;
unlimited liability karTTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit
unloading karerITMnij
unmarketable, unmerchantable
Edllk; minecj¼mindac;
unpaid (cheque) ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦minTUTat;
unpaid balance smtulüminTan;TUTat;
unpaid capital TunminTan;)anbg;
97
unproductive assets RTBüskmµKµan
plitPaB
unqualified acceptance karTTYlRBm
eday\tsMéc
unquestionable KµanGVIKYrq¶l;
unrecorded adj. min)ankt;Rta
unregistered Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢I
unremunerative adj. Kµan)anpl/
KµancMeNj
unrestricted random sample
KMrUtagécdnüKµankMNt;
unsafe adj. KµansuvtßiPaB
unserviceable adj. minGaceRbIR)as;)an
unsettled adj. minnwgn ¬FatuGakas¦/ min
Tan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦/ minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦
unskilled adj. KµanCMnaj/ ~ labour
BlkmµKµanCMnaj
unstable adj. KµansßirPaB
unstratified sampling karykKMrUtag
KµanRsTab;
unsuccessful adj. min)aneCaKC½y
unsuitable adj. minsmRsb
untied aid CMnYy\tcMNg
up and down eLIgehIycuH
up to date (information) adj. Tan;eBl
update v. eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB ¬kñúgÉksarxøH
eFVIcrnþkar¦
upgrade v. tMelIg smtßPaB¼KuNPaB/
eFVI[RbesIr
upheaval karvwkvr/ claclxøaMg
upkeep (expenses) cMNayEfTaM
Economic Lexicon Part 1
upper credit tranche PaK\NTanxagelI
upward tendency ninñakareLIg
urbanisation nKrUbnIykmµ/ Ministry of
Land Management, Urbanisation and
Construction RksYgerobcMEdndI
nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;
urgent bnÞan;/ ~ needs tMrUvkarbnÞan;
useful life (accounting) GayukaleRbI
R)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦
user costs bnÞúkcMNaycMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;
¬kñúgkareRbIR)as;GVImYy dUcCa fñl;>>>¦
usual supplier m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM
usurer RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦
usury RBwT§ikmµ ¬karykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦
utensil Rbdab;RbdareRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH
¬BiesskñúgpÞH)ay¦
utilities karpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³
utility company Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³
¬Rkumh‘un Twk ePøIg esvakmµsMxan;² sMrab;
saFarN³Cn¦
V, v
vacancy kEnøg¬eFIVkar¦TMenr
vaccine fñaMbgáar
validate v. pþl;suBlPaB/ bBa¢ak;faBit
validity suBlPaB/ PaBmantMél/ ry³kal
mantMél
valorem (see ad valorem)
valuable goods TMnijmantMél
98
valuables n. vtßúmantMél
valuation ekaslvic½y/ karkMNt;tMél
value added (VA) tMélbEnßm
value added tax (VAT) GakrelItMél
bEnßm ¬Gtb¦
value date éf¶KitkarR)ak;
value n. & v. 1> tMél 2> vaytMél
value, declared tMél)an Rbkas¼
raykarN_¼RbtievTn_
variable n. & adj. 1> Gefr 2> ERbRbYl
variance (statistics) v:arIy:g;
variation bMErbMrYl/ karERbRbYl
vault cash sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg
vehicle yan/ motor ~ yanynþ
velocity of circulation el,Ón ¬én¦
cracr
velocity of money el,ÓncracrrUbiyvtßú
vendee GñkTij
vendor Gñklk;
verbal (widely used in error for “oral”)
pÞal;mat;/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog
pÞal;mat;/ ~ warning karRBmanpÞal;mat;
verbally (used in error for “orally”)
edaypÞal;mat;
vertical bBaÄr/ ~ programme kmµviFIbBaÄr
~ communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam
ExSbBaÄr/ ~ integration smahrNkmµbBaÄr
¬Rkumh‘un¦/
vested interest plRbeyaCn_cak;b£s
veteran (soldier) GtItyuT§Cn
viability PaBGacrs;)an
vibration rMj½r
Economic Lexicon Part 1
vicious circle n. GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦
vicious cycle n. GnÞak;Cavdþ
video vIedGU
video CD suIDI vIedGU
view TsSn³/ karyl;eXIj
village development committee
(VDC) KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi
violate v. rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>>¦
violence higSa/ GMeBIhigSa
virtue KuNFm’
visible adj. ¬Gac¦emIleXIj/ ~ trade
BaNiC¢kmµrUbI
vision ckçúvis½y
visual control karRtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk
vocation ]bnisS½y/ to have a ~ for
man]bnisS½ykñúgkar>>>
vocational training karbNþúHbNþal
viC¢aCIIv³/ ~ center mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal
viC¢aCIv³¼]bnisS½y
void adj. emaX³/ null and ~ emaX³
volume of exports (or imports)
brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rWnaMcUl¦
voluntary adj. edaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ restriction/
limitation kardak;kMrit¼kMhit edaysµ½RKcitþ
vote kare)aHeqñat/ ~ of confidence kar
e)aHeqñatTukcitþ/ kare)aHeqñatsMEdgkarTukcitþ
vote-counting station
kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat
voter registration station kariyal½y
cuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat
voting right siT§ie)aHeqñat
99
voucher sMeNA/ b½NÑtMNagR)ak;/ b½NÑcMnay
vulnerability PaBgayrgeRKaH
W, w
wage ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;QñÜl/ ~ rise
(US: raise) eLIgebovtSr_/ ~ and price
controls karRtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ ~
earner GñkeFVIkarykebovtSr_/ Ptikar/ ~
freeze karbgákebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/
~ indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ebovtSr_
¬pSarP¢ab;nwgGRtakMeNIncMNayRTRTg;CIvPaB¦/
~ scale taragkaMebovtSr_/ ~ work
kargarsuIR)ak;kMér
waive v. lHbg;siT§i ¬]> edIm,IeFVIkartva:¦/
~ tax eGayrYcBn§
waiver n. 1> karlHbg;siT§i/ karelIkElg
2> Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg
warehouse XøaMg/ PNÐaKar
warehouseman qµaMXøaMg
warehousing karTukdak;TMnijkñúgXøaMg
warning karRBman/ kardas;etOn
warrant 1> dIka 2> b½NÑGnuBaØat/ ~ of
attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i
warrantee GñkTTYl)ankarFana
warrantor GñkFana
warranty karFana
war-risk insurance karFanar:ab;rg
haniP½ybgáedays®gÁam
wastage karx¢Hx¢ay
Economic Lexicon Part 1

waste kaksMNl;/ liquid ~ kaksMNl;rav/ work kargar/ GVIEdleFVI)an/ sñaéd/ ~ in

solid ~ kaksMNl;rwg
watershed TICMral
waterways pøÚvTwk
weak market pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦
wear and tear karswkric
weighted average mFümPaKsmta
welfare state rdæmanKitKUreRcInxagsgÁmkic©/
suxevTn_RbeTs
well GNþÚg/ drilled ~ GNþÚgxYg/ ring ~
GNþÚgdak;lU
wetlands dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦
white book esovePAs
white-collar worker nieyaCit/ buKÁlik
kariyal½y
whole TaMgmUl/ TaMgGs;
wholesale karlk;dMu/ ~ price éfølk;dMu/
~ trade BaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu
wholesaler Gñklk;dMu
wildlife stVéRB/ ~ sanctuary EdnCMrkstVéRB
will 1> qnÞ³ 2> mrtksasn_
wilful damage karxUcxatbgáeLIgeday
ectna
windfall profit cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk
winding up 1> karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦
2> karCMrHbBa¢I
winner GñkQñH/ C½ylaPI
withdraw v. dk/ dkxøÜn/ ~ an order lubecal
karbBa¢aTij/ ~ money dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦
withholding tax Bn§kat;Tuk/ ~ payable
Bn§kat;TukRtUvbg;
progress (WIP) kMBugplit ¬RTBükMBug
plit KWtMéleFVI)anenAcugRKa¦
work out v. KNna
work v. eFVIkar/ ~ full time eFVIkareBj
em:ag/ ~ overtime eFVIkarem:agbEnßm/
~ part time eFVIkarmineBjem:ag
work, art sñaédsil,³
worker 1> Blkr 2> kmµkr
workforce kMlaMgBlkmµ ¬BlkrTMagGs;
kñúgkariyal½y rW eragcRk¦
working capital TunbgVil/ Tuncl½t
working condition lkçxNÐkargar
working day éf¶eFVIkar
working group Rkumkargar
working paper ÉksarBiPakSa
¬r)aykarN_sikSaRsavRCavBIerOgGVImYy¦
workman kmµkr
work-related illness CMgWbNþalBIkargar
workshop 1> eragCag/ 2> sikçasala/
vKÁGnuvtþ
writ dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦
write down v. kt;RtabBaú©HtMélRTBüskmµ
¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦
write v. off a debt lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦
write-back (of provisions...)
karykvijnUv ¬sMviFanFn>>> kñúgKNenyü¦
written, in writing CalaylkçN_GkSr

100
Economic Lexicon Part 1

Y, y

yardstick xñat
year (fiscal, financial...) qñaM/ kariybriecäT
¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦
year on year qñaMelIqñaM/ BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM/
~ change bMErbMrYlqñaMelIqñaM ¬bMErbMrYleFob
nwgeBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦
yield Tinñpl
young people RbCaCnv½yekµg/ RsTab;yuvv½y

Z, z

zero population growth (ZPG)

kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü
zone tMbn;/ hSÚn/ core ~ tMbn;sñÚl/ buffer
~ tMbn;RTnab;/ inter ~ GnþrtMbn;
zoning karEbgEcktMbn;

101