UNIT 5 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE Subject 1. Word, phrase or clause functioning as a noun 2. Telling who or what e.g. 1.

Rina lives in Medan. [word] 2. Such a smart pretty girl with a smiley face is loved by all. [phrase] 3. What the girl had done surprised everyone. [clause] Predicate 1. Parts of the sentence giving information about the subject 2. Must contain a verb The verb requires, permits or precludes other sentence elements to complete the predicate. The elements are: objects (direct, indirect, prepositional) complements (subj comp, obj comp) adverbial (obligatory, optional) e.g. 1. She dances (verb only) 2. I invite Rina (transitive verb) 3. I sleep (intransitive verb) 4. She sings [a song] (can be either transitive or intransitive) 5. I write a letter (direct object) 6. I write her a letter (indirect object) 7. I write it for Rina (prepositional object) 8. Subj complement 1. John is the manager (predicate noun / nominative) 2. John is happy (predicate adjective) 3. John is at home (predicate adverb) 9. Obj complement 1. They elected John the manager (noun) 2. The students in this class always make me happy (adjective) 10. She is at the bust stop (adverbial [obligatory]) 11. She is waiting at the bus stop (adverbial [optional]) Some confusing verbs
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE raise, raised, raised rise, rose, risen lay, laid, laid lie, lay, lain lie, lied, lied Linking / Copular Verb be, appear, get, become, continue, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste http://www.davisukses.webs.com | Davi $uk$e$ GRADE : X, SMA SUT-1; STEP AHEAD 3

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UNIT 6 MODAL AUXILIARIES CAN / COULD 1. Permission; e.g. a. You can leave the room. b. You could use my phone. 2. Request (informal); e.g. a. Can you switch on the light? (informal) b. Could I borrow your pen? (more polite than can) 3. Possibility; e.g. a. I dont think the car can be repaired. b. Where is John? He could be at home. 4. Suggestion; e.g.

a. We can try asking Melyssa for help. (more definite) b. When you are in Spain, you could go and see Rina. (less definite) 5. Offer; e.g. a. Can I help you? (more definite) b. I could mend your bicycle for you. (less definite) CAN 1. Ability [e.g., I can lift the box] COULD 1. Criticism; e.g. a. You could ask before you borrow my car. (present) b. You could have told me you were getting married. (past) CANNOT / COULD NOT 1. Impossibility [e.g., My favorite team cannot / could not lose] HAD BETTER 1. Strong Advice; e.g., a. You had better be on time, or we will leave without you. b. I had better not go out tonight, because I have to get up early tomorrow. 2. Threat [e.g., You had better help me or else] HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO 1. Necessity, e.g., a. I have to go to class today. b. I have got to get up early tomorrow. 2. Obligation, e.g., a. Rina has to clean her bedroom every morning. b. You dont have to come to the meeting. http://www.davisukses.webs.com | Davi $uk$e$ GRADE : X, SMA SUT-1; STEP AHEAD 3

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3. Certainty, e.g., a. I dont believe you. You have (got) to be joking. b. Only five oclock! It has got to be later than that! MAY / MIGHT 1. Permission; e.g. a. You may use my phone. (formal) b. You might bring your friend to the party. (more formal than may) 2. Possibility or uncertainty; e.g. a. Where is John? He may be at the library. (50%) b. Where is John? He might be at the library. (30%) MAY 1. Request (very polite & formal) [e.g., May I borrow your pen?] MAY NOT 1. Prohibition [e.g. You may not talk during the exam] MIGHT 1. Suggestion [e.g., You might try asking your uncle for a job] 2. Criticism [e.g., You might ask before you borrow your car] MUST 1. Strong Necessity [e.g., I must go to the dentist today] 2. Certainty (95%) [e.g., Mary is not in class. She must be sick] 3. Obligation [e.g. You must be a member to join the weekly meeting] 4. Order / Strong Suggestion [e.g., You must stop smoking or you will get lung cancer] 5. Prohibition (negative) [e.g., You must not open this parcel until Christmas Day] NEED 1. Necessity [The plants need watering]

OUGHT TO 1. Advisability / Recommendations [e.g., I ought to study tonight] 2. Necessity [e.g. We ought to reply the invitation] 3. Certainty (90%) [e.g., She ought to do well on the test] 4. Expectation [e.g., If you like Picasso, you ought to enjoy the exhibition] 5. Deduction [e.g., Henry ought to be here soon he left home at six] 6. Criticism [e.g., You ought not to shout at your mother like that] http://www.davisukses.webs.com | Davi $uk$e$ GRADE : X, SMA SUT-1; STEP AHEAD 3

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SHALL / WILL 1. Prediction; e.g., a. We shall need the money on the 15th. b. All the family will be at the wedding. 2. Suggestion (polite question) [e.g., Shall we go out for a meal?] 3. Offer (polite question) [e.g., Shall I open the window?] WILL 1. Certainty (100%) [e.g., He will be there at 6.00] 2. Willingness [e.g., The phone is ringing. I will get it] 3. Request (friendly) [e.g., Will you please pass the salt?] 4. Insistence [e.g., I will do whatever you say] 5. Promise [e.g., I will do that for you] 6. Threat [e.g., I will hit you if you do that again] SHOULD 1. Advisability / Suggestion [e.g., You should go to the dentist] 2. Obligation [e.g., She should be at work before 09.00] 3. Deduction [e.g., Henry should get here now he left home at six] 4. Expectation [e.g., If you like Picasso, you should enjoy the exhibition] 5. Instruction (polite order) [e.g., Applications should be sent by 3rd January] 6. Certainty (90%) [e.g., She should do well on the test] WOULD 1. Request (polite) [e.g., Would you please pass the salt?] 2. Offer / Invitation [e.g., Would you like a cup of tea?]