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List Of Formulae By OP Gupta www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com

Formulae For Continuity & Differential Calculus


01. Formulae for Limits & Differential Calculus:
( )
LIMITS FOR SOME STANDARD FORMS
a)
0
limcos 1

=
x
x
b)
0
sin
lim 1
x
x
x

=
c)
0
tan
lim 1
x
x
x

=
d)
1
0
sin
lim 1
x
x
x

=
e)
1
0
tan
lim 1
x
x
x

=
f)
0
1
lim log , 0

= >
x
e
x
a
a a
x

g)
0
1
lim 1
x
x
e
x

=
h)
( )
0
log 1
lim 1
e
x
x
x

+
=
i)
1
lim
x a
n
n
n
x a
na
x a

j) ( )
0
1/
lim 1

+ =
k
x
x
kx e , where k is any constant.
( )
DERIVATIVE OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS
a)
( )
1 n n
d
x n x
dx

=
b) ( ) 0,
d
k
dx
= where k is any constant
c)
( )
log , 0 = >
x x
e
d
a a a a
dx

d)
( )
x x
d
e e
dx
=
e) ( )
1 1
log log
log
a a
e
d
x
dx x a x
e = =
f) ( )
1
log
e
d
x
dx x
=
g) ( )
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
h) ( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
i)
( )
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
j)
( )
sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
k)
( )
2
cot cosec
d
x x
dx
=
l) ( ) cosec cosec cot =
d
x x x
dx

m)
( ) ( )
1
2
1
sin , 1,1
1
d
x x
dx
x

= e

n)
( ) ( )
1
2
cos , 1,1
1
1
d
x x
dx
x

= e

o)
( )
1
2
1
tan , R
1
d
x x
dx x

= e
+

p)
( )
1
2
cot , R
1
1
d
x x
dx x

= e
+

q)
( )
1
2
1
sec
1
d
x
dx
x x

, where ( ) ( ) , 1 1, e x
r)
( )
1
2
1
cosec
1
d
x
dx
x x

,where ( ) ( ) , 1 1, e x
Do you know for trigonometric functions, angle x is in Radians?
Following derivatives should also be memorized by you for quick use:

( )
1
2
d
x
dx x
- =
2
1 1 d
dx x x
| |
- =
|
\ .

( ) ( ) 1 log
x x
d
x x x
dx
- = +
02. Important terms and facts about Limits and Continuity of a function:
For a function ( ) f x , ( ) lim
x m
f x exists iff ( ) ( ) lim lim
x m x m
f x f x
+

= .
List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)

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List Of Formulae By OP Gupta

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A function ( ) f x is continuous at a point x m = iff ( ) ( ) ( ) lim lim
x m x m
f x f x f m
+

= = , where
( ) lim
x m
f x

is Left Hand Limit of ( ) f x at x m = and ( ) lim

x m
f x
+

is Right Hand Limit of ( ) f x

at x m = . Also ( ) f m is the value of function ( ) f x at x m = .
A function ( ) f x is continuous at x m = (say) if, ( ) ( ) lim

=
m x
f m f x i.e., a function is continuous at
a point in its domain if the limit value of the function at that point equals the value of the function
at the same point.
For a continuous function ( ) f x at x m = , ( ) lim
x m
f x can be directly obtained by evaluating ( ) f m .
Indeterminate forms or meaningless forms:

0 0
0
, , 0. , , 1 , 0 ,
0
.
The first two forms i.e.
0
,
0

are the forms which are suitable for LHospital Rule.

03. Important terms and facts about Derivatives and Differentiability of a function:
Left Hand Derivative of ( ) f x at x = m,
( )
( ) ( )
L lim

' =

x m
f x f m
f m
x m
and,
Right Hand Derivative of ( ) f x at x = m,
( )
( ) ( )
R lim
+

' =

x m
f x f m
f m
x m
.
For a function to be differentiable at a point, the LHD and RHD at that point should be equal.
Derivative of y w.r.t. x:
0
lim
o
o
o

=
x
dy y
dx x
.
Also for very- very small value h, ( )
( ) ( ) +
' =
f x h f x
f x
h
, ( ) 0 as h .
04. Relation between Continuity and Differentiability:
a) If a function is differentiable at a point, it is continuous at that point as well.
b) If a function is not differentiable at a point, it may or may not be continuous at that point.
c) If a function is continuous at a point, it may or may not be differentiable at that point.
d) If a function is discontinuous at a point, it is not differentiable at that point.
05. Rules of derivatives:
Product or Leibnitz Rule of derivatives: ( ) ( ) ( ) v v v = +
d d d
u u u
dx dx dx

Quotient Rule of derivatives:
( ) ( )
2
v v
v v
d d
u u
d u
dx dx
dx

| |
=
|
\ .
.


Hii, All!
I hope this texture may have proved beneficial for you.
While going through this material, if you noticed any error(s) or, something which doesnt make
sense to you, please bring it in my notice through SMS or Call at +91-9650 350 480 or Email at
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With lots of Love & Blessings!
- OP Gupta [+91-9650 350 480]
Electronics & Communications Engineering, Indira Award Winner
www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com