It is a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century, stressing the subconscious or nonrational significance of imagery

arrived at by automatism or the exploitation of chance effects, unexpected juxtapositions, etc. Surrealism was developed by the 20th-century literary and artistic movement. The surrealist movement of visual art and literature, flourished in Europe between World Wars I and II. Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada movement, which before World War I produced works of anti-art that deliberately defied reason; but Surrealism emphasis was not on negation but on positive expression. The movement represented a reaction against what its members saw as the destruction wrought by the "rationalism" that had guided European culture and politics in the past and had culminated in the horrors of World War I. According to the major spokesman of the movement, the poet and critic Andr Bretn, who published "The Surrealist Manifesto" in 1924, Surrealism was a means of reuniting conscious and unconscious realms of experience so completely, that the world of dream and fantasy would be joined to the everyday rational world in "an absolute reality, a surreality.

Source: http://www.surrealist.com/Default.aspx

THE BEGINNINGS OF SURREALISM The Surrealist movement started in Europe in the 1920s, after World War I with its nucleus in Paris. Its roots were found in Dada, but it was less violent and more artistically based. Surrealism was first the work of poets and writers. Andr Bretn first used the word surrealism to describe work as a fusion of elements of fantasy with elements of the modern world to form a kind of superior reality. He also described it as spontaneous writing. The first exhibition of surrealist painting was held in 1925, but its ideas were rejected in Europe. Bretn set up an International Exhibition of Surrealism in New York, which then took the place of Paris as the center of the Surrealist movement. Soon surrealist ideas were given new life and became an influence over young artists in the United Sates and Mexico. The ideas of Surrealism were bold and new to the art world.

Source: http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/surrealism/Origins-of-Surrealism.html

CHARACTERISTICS The exploration of the dream and unconsciousness as a valid form of reality. A willingness to depict images of perverse sexuality, scatology, decay and violence. The desire to push against the boundaries of socially acceptable behaviors and traditions in order to discover pure thought and the artist's true nature. The incorporation of chance and spontaneity. Emphasis on the mysterious, marvelous, mythological and irrational in an effort to make art ambiguous and strange. The expression of base desires: hunger, sexuality, anger, fear, dread, ecstasy, and so forth. Two stylistic schools: Biomorphism: It models artistic design elements on naturally occurring patterns or shapes reminiscent of nature and living organism. Main Exponent: Gauds Sagrada Familia. Naturalistic Surrealism: It privileged the unsettling effects from juxtaposing unexpected, dissociated but identifiable elements. Images were chosen from free association and dreams. Events in the artists subconscious mind were revealed through the process of automatism.

Source: http://scpeducation.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/influences-surrealism/

IN LITERATURE It was confined almost exclusively to France. Surrealist writers were interested in the associations and implications of words rather than their literal meanings; their works are thus extraordinarily difficult to read. French poets Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Apollinaire influenced surrealist writers Louis Aragon, Paul luard and Robert Desnos. It is intended to express, either verbally or in writing, the true function of thought. Thought dictated in the absence of all control exerted by reason, and outside all aesthetic or moral preoccupations. This is the surrealist methodology: the use of the techniques, such as automatic writing, self-induced hallucinations and word games like the exquisite corpse to make manifest repressed mental activities.

Source: http://www.questia.com/library/literature/literary-styles-and-movements/surrealism-in-literature

POEM A burst of laughter of sapphire in the island of Ceylon The most beautiful straws HAVE A FADED COLOUR UNDER THE LOCKS THE FIRST WHITE PAPER OF CHANCE Red will be The wandering singer WHERE IS HE? in memory in his house AT THE SUITORS' BALL

A leap into space A STAG

Love above all Everything could be worked out so well on an isolated farm PARIS IS A BIG VILLAGE FROM DAY TO DAY Watch out for the pleasant the fire that covers grows worse I do THE PRAYER A carriage road as I dance of fair weather takes you to the edge of the unknown What people did, what they're going to do Know that Coffee The ultraviolet rays preaches for its saint have finished their task THE DAILY ARTISAN OF YOUR BEAUTY short and sweet MADAM, a pair of silk stockings Andr Bretn. is not Excerpted from the First Surrealist Manifesto, 1924.

IN PAINTING It is a style of art where objects are realistically painted (they look real with light shadows, and details) but the way they are arranged or the way their shape is altered makes them look dreamlike, and therefore, beyond real. Familiar Objects That Have Been Oddly Changed: Surrealist objects are painted in ways that look real but have been oddly changed. Exponent: The Persistence of Memory (Dal) Mysterious Objects: They still look the same just in a weird way. Exponent: Son of Man (Magritte)

Optical Illusions: Different objects look like a complete new picture. Exponent: Apparition of face, and fruit dish on a beach (Dal)

Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/J002045F/surrealism.htm

His reading of Freud inclined him towards an art of the unconscious, and he began to gravitate towards Surrealism. On his second visit to Paris in 1927 and again in 1928, he met Picasso as well as the leading theorist of the Surrealism movement Bretn who previously was a Dada activist. It was through them he met Gala Eluard who was to become his companion and a continuing source of inspiration. He actually joined the Surrealist movement in 1929.

Dal's Surrealism involved inducing a hallucinatory state in himself in order to produce images from his subconscious mind, in a form of automatic painting. This process he called "critical paranoia". In the late 1930s Dal switched to a more academic style of painting. This result in a strong criticism and Bretn expelled him from the Surrealistic movement in 1939.

Source: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists/salvador-dali.htm

BIZARRE DREAM-LIKE IMAGES Even so, once Dal hit upon his signature figurative style of Surrealism, his art matured with extraordinary rapidity, and from 1929 to 1937 he produced his greatest modern paintings- the ones that made him the world's best known Surrealist. His pictures portray a dream world in which commonplace objects are juxtaposed, deformed or otherwise metamorphosed in a bizarre and irrational fashion. Dal portrayed these images in meticulous detail and usually placed them within bleak sunlit landscapes that were reminiscent of his Catalonian homeland. The Temptation of St Anthony - 1946 The Great Masturbator - 1929

Source: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists/salvador-dali.htm

SALVADOR DAL

His powerful oil painting Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War (1936) depicts a grimacing dismembered figure (symbolic of war-torn humanity) grasping upward at itself while holding itself down underfoot. The monstrous face recalls the mythological legend of Saturn devouring one of his children, as previously depicted by Goya. The boiled beans may represent the ancient Catalan offering to the gods. Dal described it as a 'premonition of civil war' and began painting it six months before the Spanish Civil War started.

Source:http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/famous-artists/salvador-dali.htm

MAIN PAINTERS Marc Chagall The Bride - 1950 Joan Mir Woman in front of the sun 1950 Frida Kahlo The two Fridas - 1940

SCULPTURE Artist used collage and Involuntary Sculpture to performance their art. Salvador Dal Birth of a new man - 1943 D o J n o a a 1 n i 9 8 M O 2 i c r e l l

ARCHITECTURE The architectural forms of Gaud, Le Corbusier (with his Chapel at Ronchamp) and Frank Gehry all reected a biomorphic inuence, taking cues from a variety of organic forms found in nature. Its likely these architects were responding to works by artists like Dal, De Chirico, Ernst, as well as many others in the surrealist movement. The most noted, and widely promoted, of the surrealist painters was Salvador Dal, whose images were often laden with distorted human and organic forms, and most likely had an impact on a generation of architects.

Le Corbusier Chapel at Ronchamp - 1951

Frank Gehry Dancing House - 1996

HOK Salvador Dal Museum in Florida 2011

Source: http://www.computerputty.com/dp_thoughtpiece1.pdf

ANTONI GAUD

Casa Mil: La Pedrera 1910

Casa Batll - 1906

ANTONI GAUD

G P a e r l k l

1 8 9 0

Sagrada Familia 2027?

IN MUSIC It uses unexpected juxtapositions, automostism, improvisation and collage. The two composers most associated with surrealism during this period were Erik Satie, who wrote the score for the ballet Parade, causing Guillaume Apollinaire to coin the term Surrealism, and George Antheil. Erik Satie Parade - 1917 George Antheil Airplane Sonata - 1922

TIPS TO APPRECIATE SURREALISTIC MUSIC Listen to music, sounds and voices in different ways than you normally do. Try to let go of your expectations about what music should give you, such as a good beat or pleasant melody, and open your mind. Surrealist music is based on philosophical experiment, not the pleasure of the masses, so its intent is completely different. Immerse yourself in surrealist music. It may be hard for your senses to adapt to something so different if only listened to briefly or in small bits. To truly develop a sense of surrealist music, indulge wholeheartedly.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_music and: http://www.ehow.com/how_2081128_appreciate-surrealist-music.html

IN PHOTOGRAPHY Characteristics: Intense sharpness, detail, and contrast Blur Intensified and unusual texture and colour Composites and blendings Frozen movement Perceptual distortions and illusions Strange juxtapositions Primitive content

Man Ray

Source: http://users.rider.edu/~suler/photopsy/surreal.htm

IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Paul Biddle

IN CINEMA It is characterised by juxtapositions, the rejection of dramatic psychology, and a frequent use of shocking imagery. The first Surrealist film was The Seashell and the Clergyman from 1926, directed by Germaine Dulac from a screenplay by Antonin Aratud. Germaine Dulac The Seashell and t he Clergyman - 1926 Salvador Dal Destino 1946 2003

George Antheil Dementia - 1955

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_cinema