CHAPTER 6

GRAVITATIONAL AND CENTRAL FORCES

6.1
3
4
3
s
m V r = =

1
3
3
4
s
m
r

| |
=
|
\ .


( )
2 2
4 2
3 3
3
2
4 4
4 3 4 3
2
s
Gmm Gm G
F m
m
r
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .


2
1 2
3
3
4
4 3
F F Gm
m
W mg g
| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
2
11 2 2 3 6 3
1 3
3
2 3
6.672 10 4 11.35 1 10
1
4 9.8 3 10 1
F N m kg g cm kg cm
kg
W m s g m

| |
=
|

\ .
3


9
2.23 10
F
W

=

6.2 (a) The derivation of the force is identical to that in Section 6.2 except here r < R.
This means that in the last integral equation, (6.2.7), the limits on u are R r to R + r.

2 2
2 2
1
4
R r
R r
GmM r R
F d
Rr s
+

| |
= +
|
\ .

s
( )
2 2 2 2
2
4
GmM R r R r
R r R r
Rr R r R r
(
= + +
(
+


( )
2
2 0
4
GmM
F r R r R r
Rr
= + + = (


(b) Again the derivation of the gravitational potential
energy is identical to that in Example 6.7.1,
except that the limits of integration on s are ( ) ( ) R r R r + .


P
Q
R
r
s

2
2
R r
R r
R
G d
rR

=

s
( )
2
2 R
G R r R
rR

= + (

r

2
4 R M
G G
R R

= =
For , r R < is independent of r. It is constant inside the spherical shell.

6.3
2

r
GMm
F e
r
=

1
The gravitational force on the particle is due only to the mass of the earth that is
inside the particles instantaneous displacement from the center of the earth, r.
The net effect of the mass of the earth outside r is zero (See Problem 6.2).


3
r =
4
3
M

4

3
r r
F G mre kre = =

The force is a linear restoring force and induces simple
harmonic motion.

r
F

2 3
2 2
4
m
T
k G

= = =

The period depends on the earths density but is independent of its size.
At the surface of the earth,


3
2 2
4
3
e
e e
GMm Gm
mg R
R R
= =

4
3
e
G g
R

=

6
2
6.38 10 1
2 2 1.
9.8 3600
e
R m hr
T h
g m s s

= =

4 r


6.4
2

g r
GMm
F e
r
=

, where
3
4
3
M r =

The component of the gravitational force perpendicular to the tube
is balanced by the normal force arising from the side of the tube.
The component of force along the tube is
cos
x g
F F =
The net force on the particle is
4

cos
3
F i G mr =

cos r x =

4

3
F i G mx ik = =

x

As in problem 6.3, the motion is simple harmonic with a period of 1.4 hours.

2
6.5
2
2
GMm mv
r r
= so
2
GM
v
r
=
for a circular orbit r, v is constant.

2 r
v
T

=

2 2 2
2 3
2
4 4 r
T r
v GM

= =
3
r

6.6 (a)
2 r
v
T

=
From Example 6.5.3, the speed of a satellite in circular orbit is
1
2
2
e
gR
v
r
| |
=
|
\ .


3
2
1
2
2
e
r
T
g R

=

1
2 2
3
2
4
e
T gR
r

| |
=
|
\ .


1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 6
24 3600 9.8
4 4 6.38 10
e e
r T g hr s hr m s
R R m

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
2

6.62 7
e
r
R
=

(b)
( )
3 3
3
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 60
60 2
2
e
e
e e
R
R r
T
g
g R g R

= = =

1
3 6
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
60 6.38 10
2
9.8 3600 24
m
m s s hr hr day

| |
=
|

\ .

27.27 27 T day day =

6.7 From Example 6.5.3, the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit just above the
earths surface is


e
R = v g

2
2
e e
R R
v g

= = T
3
This is the same expression as derived in Problem 6.3 for a particle dropped into a
hole drilled through the earth. T 1.4 hours.

6.8 The Earths orbit about the Sun is counter-clockwise as seen from, say, the north
star. Its coordinates on approach at the latus rectum are ( ) ( ) , , x y a = .
The easiest way to solve this problem is to note that
1
60
= is small. The
orbit is almost circular!

2
2
S
GM m mv
r r
= and
2 S
GM
r
= v
with r a b = when 0

4
3 10
S
GM m
v
s
| |
=
|
\ .

More exactly
cos r v v l = =

, but
2
ml
k
= (equation 6.5.19)
Since
S
k GM m =
2
S
l
GM
= , hence ( )
1
2
cos
S
GM = = l v
Or
1
2
1
cos
S
GM
v

| |
=
|
\ .

The angle can be calculated as follows:
2 2
2 2
1
y x
b a
+ = (see appendix C)

2
2
dy b x
dx a y
= and at ( ) ( ) , , x y a =
so
( )
2 2
2 2 2
1
dy b a b
dx a a



= =

= since
2
2
2
b
a
= 1
here tan
dy
dx
= = or (small )
and
1 1
2 2
1
cos
S S
GM GM
v

| | |
=
|
\ . \ .
|
|
as before.

6.9 ( )
s d
F r F F = +

2
s
GMm
F
r
=

2
d
d
GM m
F
r
=
The net effect of the dust outside the planets radius is zero (Problem 6.2). The mass of
the dust inside the planets radius is:
4

3
4
3
d
M r =
( )
2
4
3
GMm
F r mGr
r
=

6.10
1 1
k
u e
r r

= =

k
du k
e
d r

2 2
2
2
k
d u k
e k
d r

= =

u
From equation 6.5.10

( )
2
2 1
2 2
1 d u
u k u u f u
du ml u

+ = + =
2
3


( ) ( )
1 2 2
1 f u ml k

= + u
( )
( )
2 2
3
1 ml k
f r
r
+
=
The force varies as the inverse cube of r.
From equation 6.5.4,
2
r l =

2
2
k
d l
e
dt r

2
2
k
l
e d d
r

t

2
2
1
2
k
lt
e C
k r

= +

2
1 2
ln
2
klt
C
k r

| |
= +
|
\ .

varies logarithmically with t.


6.11 ( )
3
3
k
f r k
r
= = u
From equation 6.5.10

2
3
2 2 2
1 d u ku
u ku
d ml u
+ = =
2
ml


2
2 2
1 0
d u k
u
d ml
| |
+ + =
|
\ .

5
If
2
1 0
k
ml
| |
+ <
|
\ .
,
2
2
0
d u
cu
d
= , , for which u a 0 c >
b
e

= is a solution.
If
2
1 0
k
ml
| |
+ =
|
\ .
,
2
2
0
d u
d
=

1
du
C
d
=

1 2
u c c = +

1 2
1
r
c c
=
+

If
2
1 0
k
ml
| |
+ >
|
\ .
,
2
2
0
d u
cu
d
+ = , 0 c >

( )
cos u A c = +

1
2
cos 1
k
r A
ml


( | |
= + +
( |
|
(
\ .


6.12
1 1
cos
u
r r
= =

2
sin
cos
du
d r


=

2 2
2 3
1 1 2sin
cos cos
d u
d r


| |
= +
|
\ .

=
2
2 2
1 2 2cos 1 2
1 1
cos cos cos cos r r

| | | |

+ =
| |
\ .
\ .


( )
2
2 2 2 3
2
2 1 2
d u
u r u r u u
d
= =


Substituting into equation 6.5.10

( )
2 3 1
2 2
1
2r u u u f u
ml u

+ =

( )
1 2
2
2 5
f u r ml

=

u
( )
2 2
5
2r ml
f r
r
=




6.13 From Chapter 1, the transverse component of the acceleration is 2 a r r

= +


If this term is nonzero, then there must be a transverse force given by
( ) ( 2 ) f m r r = +


For r a = , and bt =
( )
2
2 0 f mab =
Since , the force is not a central field. ( ) 0 f
6
For r a = , and the force to be central, try
n
bt =
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
n n
f m ab n t ab n n t

( = +


For a central field ( ) 0 f =
( ) 2 1 n n + = 0

1
3
n =

1
3
bt =


6.14 (a)
Calculating the potential energy
( )
2
3 5
4 dv a
f r k
dr r r
| |
= = +
|
\ .


Thus,
2
2 4
2
4
a
V k
r r
| |
= +
|
\ .

The total energy is
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 9 9
0
2 4 2 2 4
k k
E T V v k
a a a a
| | | |
= + = + = =
| |
\ . \ .


Its angular momentum is
2 2 2 4
9
2
k
l a v constant r
2
= = = =

Its KE is
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
1 1 1
2 2 2
dr dr l
T r r r r
d d


( (
| | | |
= + = + = +
( (
| |
\ . \ .
( (

r

The energy equation of the orbit is
2
2 2
2
4 2
1 2
0
2 4
dr l a
T V r k
d r r
(
| |
| |
+ = = + +
(
| |
\ .
( \ .

4
r

2
2
2
4 2
9 2
4 4
dr k a
r k
d r r
(
| |
| |
= + +
(
| |
\ .
( \ .

4
r

or
( )
2
2 2
1
9
dr
a r
d
| |
=
|
\ .

Letting cos r a = then sin
d
a
d d
dr

=
So
2
1
9
d
d

| |
=
|
\ .

1
3
=
7
Thus
1
cos
3
r a =
( )
@ 0 r a = =

(b) at
3
2

= the origin of the force. To find how long it takes 0 r

2
2 2 2
1 1
cos cos
3 3
av v l
r
a a

= = =

2
1
cos
3
a
dt d
v
=

3
2 2
2 2
0 0
1 3 3
cos cos
3 4
a a
T d d
v v

a
v

= =


=

Since
1
2
2
9
2
k
v
a
| |
=
|
\ .

1 1
2
2 2
2
3 2 2
4 9 4
a
T a
k k

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .


(c) Since the particle falls into the center of the force
v (since ) l vr const

= =

6.15 From Example 6.5.4
1
2
1
1
2
c
v r
v r r
| |
=
|
+
\ .

Letting
c
v
v
=

V we have
1
2
1
2
1
r
r
| |
|
| =
|
+
|
\ .

V
So:
2
2
1 1
1
2 1
2
r r dV
dr V r r

(
| | |
( = +
|
(
\ . \


1
|
|
.

Thus
2
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1 1
2
1
1
2
1
dV
r r
V
r r dr r
r
r r
r
r
r
= =
| | | | | |
| |
+
+ | | |
|
\ . \ .
| \ .
|
+
|
\ .

8
(a)
1 1
1
1
2
dV
r V
r dr
r
| |
|
\ .

| |
|
\ .

(b) ( )
1 1
1
2
2 60 1% 120%!
dr r dV
r r V
| |
= = =
|
\ .
\ .
| |
|

The approximation of a differential has broken down a correct result can be obtained by
calculating finite differences, but the implication is clear a 1% error in boost causes
rocket to miss the moon by a huge factor --- 2!

6.16 From section 6.5, 0.967 = and mi.
6
55 10 r =

From equations 6.5.21a&b,

1
1
1
r r

+
=

( )
6
1 6
1 55 10
2 1 1 0.967 93 10
r mi AU
a r r
mi

= + = =

1
U

17.92 a A =
From equation 6.6.5,
3
2
ca =
3 3
2 2
1 17.92 yr AU AU

=
3
2

75.9 yr =
From equation 6.5.21a and 6.5.19

2
0 0
1 1
ml
r kr

= =

2
1
mr v
k
=

and k GMm =
( )
1
2
1
GM
v
r

(
= +
(

From Example 6.5.3 we can translate the factor GM into the more convenient
2
e e
GM a v = with a
e
the radius of a circular orbit and v
e
the orbital speed
( ) ( )
1 1
2 6
2 2
6
93 10
1 1.967
55 10
e e
e
a v mi
v v
r mi

( (
= + =
( (

0
1.824
e
v v =
Since l is constant
1 1
r v r v =


1
1
1 1 .967
1.824 0.0306
1 1.967
e e
r
v v v v
r
v

= = = =
+

6
1 1
2 2 93 10
66, 705
1 365 24
e
e
a mi
v m
yr day yr hr day

= =

ph
mph ph

5
1.22 10 v =

and
3
1
2.04 10 v m =

9
6.17 From Example 6.10.1
( )
1
2
2
2
2
1 si q qd
d

| |
= +
|
\ .
n
(
(
where
e
v
v
q = and
e
r
d
a
=
are dimensionless ratios of the comets speed and distance from the Sun in terms of the
Earths orbital speed and radius, respectively (q and d are the same as the factors V and R
in Example 6.10.1). is the angle between the comets orbital velocity and direction
vector towards the Sun (see Figure 6.10.1).
The orbit is hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic as is > , = , or < 1
i.e., as
2
2
q
R
|

\ .
|
|
is > , = , or < 0.
2
2
q
R
|

\ .
|
|
v
v
is > , = , or < 0 as is > , = , or < 2.
2
q d


6.18 Since l is constant, v occurs at r and v occurs at , i.e. and
and form the constancy of l
max min
1 1
v r
1
r
max
v =

min 1
v = v r =



2
min max 1
1
r
v v v v v
r
= =



( )
2
1
k
r v
m
= +

(See Example 6.5.4)
From equation 6.6.5
2
2 k a
GM a
m

| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
2
min max
1
1
2
a
a
v v
r

+
| |
=
|
\ .

From equation 6.5.21a&b
1
1
1
r r

+
=

. With 2
1
a r r = +

:

( ) ( )( )
( )
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 ( 1)
2 2 2 1
a r r
r
r r r

+ + + | | ( | |
= = + + = +
| | (
+
\ . \ .

1 + =

2
min max
2 a
v v

| |
=
|
\ .


6.19 As a result of the impulse, the speed of the planet instantaneously changes; its
orbital radius does not, so there is no change in its potential energy V. The instantaneous
change in its total orbital energy E is due to the change in its kinetic energy, T, only, so

2 2
1
2
2
v v
E T mv mv v mv T
v v


| |
= = = = =
|
\ .

2
E v
T v

=
10
But the total orbital energy is

2
k
E
a
= So
2
2
k
E a
a
=
Since planetary orbits are nearly circular
~
k
V
a
and ~
2
k
T
a

Thus,
a
E T
a

and
E a
T a

=
We obtain 2
a v
a v

=


6.20 (a)
0
1

=

V V dt
( )
k
V r
r
=
From equation 6.5.4, l r
2
=



2
d
dt r
l
= or
2
r d
dt
l

=

2
0 0
kr
Vdt d
l

=


From equation 6.5.18a

( )
2
1
1 cos
a
r

=
+


( )
2
2
0 0
1
1 cos
ka
d
Vdt
l

=
+


From equation 6.6.4
2
2
2
1
a
l

=

2
2
0
1
2 1 co
k d
V
a


s

=
+

2
2 0
2
1 cos
1
d

=
+

,
2
1 <
k
V
a
=


(b) This problem is an example of the virial theorem which, for a bounded, periodic
system, relates the time average of the quantity
0
i
i
p r

to its kinetic energy T. We will

derive it for planetary motion as follows:

0 0 0
1 1 1
p rdt mr rdt F rdt


= =


11
Integrate LHS by parts

2
0
0 0
1 1 1
mr r mr dt F rdt

( =


The first term is zero since the quantity has the same value at 0 and .
Thus 2 T F = r where denote time average of the quantity within brackets.
but
dV k
r F r r V
dr r
V = = = =
hence 2 T V =
but
2 2
V V
E T V V = + = + =
hence 2 V = E but
2
k
E constant
a
= =
and
0
1
2
k
E Edt E
a

= = =

so 2
k
E
a
=
Thus:
k
V
a
= as before and therefore
1
2 2
k
T V
a
= =

6.21 The energy of the initial orbit is
2
1
2 2
k k
mv E
r a
= =
(1)
2
2 1 k
v
m r a
| |
=
|
\ .

Since (1
a
r a ) = + at apogee, the speed , at apogee is
1
v

( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2 1
1 1
k k
v
m a a ma


| |
= =
|
|
+ +
\ .

To place satellite in circular orbit, we need to boost its speed to such that
c
v

2
1
2 2
c
a a
k
mv
r r
=
k
since the radius of the orbit is r
a

( )
2
1
c
a
k k
v
mr ma
= =
+

Thus, the boost in speed
1 1 c
v v v =
(2)
( )
( )
1
2 1
2
1
1 1
1
k
v
ma

(
(
=
(
(
+



Now we solve for the semi-major axis a and the eccentricity of the first orbit. From (1)
above, at launch v at , so v =
E
r R =
12
2
2 1
E
k
v
m R a
| |
=
|
\ .

and solving for a
2
2
E
E
R
a
R
mv
k
=

noting that
(3)
E
E
E E
k GM
gR
mR R
= =

3
2
4.49 10
1.426
2
E E
E
R R
a k
v
gR
= = =
| |

|
\ .

m
The eccentricity can be found from the angular momentum per unit mass, l, equation
6.5.19, and the data on ellipses defined in figure 6.5.1
( )
( )
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
sin
E
ka
k
l r v R
m m

(
( = = = =
(
(

where v ,

are the launch velocity, angle

Solving for (using (3) above)
2 2
2 2
1 2 sin 0.795
E E
v v
gR gR

| |
= =
|
\ .

0.892 =
Inserting these values for a, into (2) and using (3) gives
(a) ( )
1
1
2
3 1
2
1
1 1 4.61 10
1
E
E
R a
v gR km s

( | | (
= =
| ( (
+
\ .

(b) ( )
3
1 2.09 1
E
h a R km = + = 0 {altitude above the Earth at perigee}

6.22 ( )
2 3 2
2
2
br br br
be e e
f r k k b
r r r

| | | |
= = +
| |
\ .
\ .
r


( )
( )
2
f a
b
f a a

| |
= +
|
\ .

From equation 6.14.3,
( )
( )
( )
1
1 2
2
3 3
f a
a a
f a

2 b

(
= + = + (
(



1 ab

13
6.23 From Problem 6.9, ( )
2
4
3
GMm
f r m
r
= Gr
( )
3
2 4
3
GMm
f r m
r
= G

( )
( )
3
3
3
2
4 4
2 2
3 3
4
4
1
3
3
a
GMma mG
f a
M
f a a
GMma mGa
a
M

= =
| |

+
|
\ .

From equation 6.14.3,
( )
( )
1
2
3
f a
a
f a


(
= +
(



1
1
3
2
3
2
3 3
4
4
1 4
2
3
3
3
4 4
1 1
3 3
a
a
M
M
a a
M M

( | |
(
+
( | +
(
\ .
(
= + =
(
(
(
+ +
(
(




1
2
1
1 4
c
c

+ | |
=
|
+
\ .
,
3
4
3
a
c
M

=

6.24 We differentiate equation 6.11.1b to obtain
( ) dU r
mr
dr
=
For a circular orbit at r a , r so = 0 =
0
r a
dU
dr
=
=
For small displacements x from r a = ,
and r x a = + r x =
From Appendix D
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
x
f x a f a xf a f a + = + + +
Taking ( ) f r to be
dU
dr
, ( )
2
2
d U
f r
dr
=
Near r a =

2
2
r a r a
dU dU d U
x
dr dr dr
= =
= + +

2
2
r a
d U
mx x
dr
=
=
This represents a restoring force, i.e., stable motion, so long as
2
2
0
d U
dr
> at . r a =

14
6.25 ( )
3 5
2 4 k
f r
r r

= +
From equation 6.13.7, the condition for stability is ( ) ( ) 0
3
a
f a f a + <

2 4 3 5
2 4
0
3
k a k
a a a a
| |
+ + <
|
\ .


2 4
0
3 3
k
a a

+ <

2
k
a

<

1
2
a
k
| |
>
|
\ .


6.26 (a) ( )
2
br
e
f r k
r

=
( )
2 3 2
2 2
br
br
b e
f r ke k b
r r r r

| | |
= = +
|
\ . \
|
|
.

From equation 6.13.7, the condition for stability is ( ) ( ) 0
3
a
f a f a + <

2 2
2
0
3
ba ba
e a e
k k b
a a a

| |
+ + <
|
\ .


2
0
3 3
ba ba
e be
k k
a a

+ <

1
b
a
<
1
a
b
<

(b) ( )
3
k
f r
r
=
( )
4
3k
f r
r
=
( ) ( )
3 4
3
0
3 3
a k a k
f a f a
a a
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
=
Since ( ) ( )
3
a
f a f + a is not less than zero, the orbit is not stable.





15
6.27 (See Figure 6.10.1) From equation 6.5.18a
2
(1 )
1 cos
a
r

=
+

and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1 (1 ) p a = so

(1 )
1 cos
r p


+
=
+

For a parabolic orbit, 1 =
The comet intersects earths orbit at r a = .

2
1 cos
p
a

=
+


2
cos 1
p
a
= +

6.28 (See Figure 6.10.1) T along the comets trajectory inside earths orbit d =

t
From equation 6.5.4,
2 2
d
r r
dt
l

= =

so
2
r d
dt
l

=

2
r d
T
l

=

From equation 6.5.18a
2
(1 )
1 cos
a
r

=
+

and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1 (1 ) p a = so

(1 )
1 cos
r p


+
=
+

From equation 6.5.18b, with 1 = for a parabolic orbit:

2
1 cos
p
r

=
+

At
2

= the distance to the comet is

2
2
1 cos
2
p
r p

= = =
+

From equation 6.5.19,
2
ml
k
= , where k GMm = , so
2
2
l
p
GM
=
As shown in Example 6.5.3,
2
e
GM av =
For a circular orbit,
2
1
e
a
yr
v

=
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 3
1
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
e
l GMp ap v a p yr

= = =

( )
( )
1 2 2
3
1
2
2
2
4
2
1 cos
r d p
T a
l

+ +

= =
+



p d yr
where
1
2
cos 1
p
a

|
= +

\ .

|
|
from Problem 6.27
16

( )
3
2
3 2
2
2
1 cos
p d
T y
a

=
+

r
From a table of integrals,
( )
3
2
1 1
tan tan
2 2 6
1 cos
dx x x
x
= +
+

2


3
2
3
2 1
tan tan
2 3 2
p
T y
a

( | |
= +
|
(
\ .

r

1
2
1 cos
tan
2 1 cos
x x
x
| |
=
|
+
\ .


1
2
1
2
2
2
tan
2
2
p
a p
a
p
p
a

| |

|
| |
= =
| |
\ .
|
|
\ .

1 3
3
2 2
2
2 1
3
p a p a p
T y
a p p
(
| | | | | |
(
= +
| | |
(
\ .
\ . \ .
(

r

1
3
2
2
2
1
3
p a p a p
yr
a p p
| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .


1
2
2 2
1 1
3
p p
T y
a a
| || |
= +
| |
\ .\ .
r
)

T is a maximum when ( )(
1
2
2p a a p + is a maximum.
( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) (
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
d
p a a p p a a p p a
dp
(
+ = + + +

) 1
( )( ) 2 3 6 p a a p = +
T is a maximum when
2
a
p = .
( )
1
2
2 1 2
2 77.5
3 2 3
T yr day

| |
= = =
|
\ .

When 0.6 p a =
( )
2
2.2 .04 0.2088 76.2
3
T yr day

= = =

6.29 ( )
3
k k
V r
r r

=
17
( ) ( )
2
2 4 4
3
3
dV k k k
f r r
dr r r r

= = + = +
( ) ( )
2
3 5 5
2 12 2
6
k k k
f r r
r r r

= = +

( )
( )
2
2
2 6
3
f a
r
f a a r

| | +
=
|
+
\ .

From equation 6.14.3,
( )
( )
1
2
3
f a
a
f a


(
= +
(



1
2 2
2
2 2
6 3
3 2
3 3
r r
r r

( | | + +
= =
( |
+
\ .

For
2
5
R R = , 4000 R mi = , 13 R mi =
( )( )
4 2
2
4000 13 2.08 10
5
mi = =
For , r R
2 7
1.6 10 r m =
2
i
1.0039 180.7 = =


6.30
2
2
1
2
rel
k k
V E
r m c r
| |
= +
|
\ .

( )
2 2
2
2
dV k k k
f r E
dr r m c r r
| ||
= = + +
|
\ .\

2
|
|
.

( )
2 2
1
1
k k
f r E
r m c r
(
| |
= + +
| (
\ .


( )
3 2 2 2
2 1 1
1
k k k
f r E
r m c r r m c r
( | |
| | |
= + +
| | (
\ . \
\ .
2
k |
|
.

( )
3 2
1 3
2 2
k k
f r E
r m c r
(
| |
= + +
| (
\ .



( )
( )
2
2
1 3
2 2
1
1
1
k
E
f a
m c a
k f a a
E
m c a
( | |
+ +
|
(

\ .
(
=
| | (
+ +
|
(
\ .

( )
( )
2 2
2
3 1
3 2 2
3
1
1
k k
E E
f a m c a m c a
a
f a k
E
m c a
(
| | |
+ + +
| (

\ . \

+ =
(
| |
+ +
| (
\ .

3 |
|
.

18

2
2
1
1
1
E
m c
k
E
m c a
(
+
(

=
(
| |
+ +
| (
\ .

( )
( )
2
2
3
f a
m c E
a
k
f a
m c E
a
(
(
+
+ =
(
( + +

( )
( )
1
2
3
f a
a
f a


(
= +
(



1
2
2
1
k
a
m c E

(
(
= +
(
+
(

6.31 From equation 6.5.18a
2
(1 )
1 cos
a
r

=
+
(Here is the polar angle of conic
section trajectories as illustrated by the coordinates in Figure 6.5.1)
and the data on ellipses in Figure 6.5.1
0
(1 ) r a = so

1
1 cos
com
r r


+
=
+

From equation 6.5.18b
1 cos
r


=
+
and at 0 =


0
1
r

=
+

And from equation 6.5.19
2
ml
k
= so
2
0
(1 )
ml
r
k
=
+


1 m m
k GMm GM
= =
From Example 6.5.3, and l r
2
e e
GM a v =
2 2 2 2
sin
com com
v =

( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2
sin 1
1 1 cos
com com
com
e e
r v
r
a v


+
=
+ +


2 2
1
1 sin
1 cos
RV

=
+


( )
2 2
1
cos sin 1 RV

=

( ) ( )
1
1
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1
sin 1 cos 1 sin 1 RV

(
= =
(


19

( ) ( )
1
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
1
sin sin 2 sin 1 RV RV

(
= +
(


Again from Example 6.5.3
( )
1
2
2
2
2
1 si V RV
R

( | |
= +
| (
\ .
n
2


( )
2
2 2 2
1 sin 2 sin RV RV = +

( ) ( )
1
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
sin sin sin RV RV

(
=
(



2
1
sin sin cos RV

=

2 2
2
cos sin 1
sin sin cos
RV
RV

=
2
2
cot tan
sin 2 RV

=

1
2
2
cot tan csc2
RV

| |
=
|
\ .

For , 0.5 V = 4 R = , : 30 =


( )
1
2
2
cot tan30 csc60
4 .5

| |
= |
|
\ .



( )
1 1
1 2
cot cot 3
3 3
2

| |
|
| = =
|
|
\ .

30 =


6.32
The picture at left shows the orbital transfer and the position of
the two satellites at the moment the transfer is initiated.
Satellite B is ahead of satellite A by the angle
0

r
2

r
1

0

1 2
2
r r
a
+
= is the semi-major axis of the elliptical transfer orbit.
From Keplers 3
rd
law (Equation 6.6.5) applied to objects in
orbit about Earth
2
2 3
2
4
E
a
GM

=
The time to intercept is
3 3
2 2
1
2
t
E E
T a
GM R g

= = = a since
2
E
E
g
R
GM
=
20
Letting and where h
1 1 E
r R h = +
2 E
r R h = +
2
1
and h
2
are the heights of the 2 satellites
above the ground. Inserting these into the above gives

3 3
3
2 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2
t E
E E E E
h h h h
T R
R R R g R g

+ + | | | |
= + = +
| |
\ . \ .

From Example 6.6.2, R
E
= 6371 km, h
1
= 200 mi = 324 km and h
2
= r
2
- R
E
= 42,400 km -
36,029 km. Putting in the numbers
T
t
= 4.79 hr
(b) Thus,
0 0
0
180 1 108
12
t
T

| |
= =
|
\ .


6.33

The potential for the inverse-cube force law
is ( )
2
2
k
r
= V r
Letting u r
1
= , we have (Equation 6.9.3)
( )
2
2 2 1
1
2
du
ml u V u E
d

(
| |
+ + =
(
|
\ .
(


( )
2
2
2 E V
du
u
d ml

=
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
ml
d du
E V m E V m l u
u
ml
= =

du
)
r

b

0

Now, integrating from up to ( 0 r u = = ( )
min max
u u = = r r

( )
max
0
2 2 2
0
2
u
ml
du
m E V m l u
=

But
2
0 0
1
,
2
E mv l b = v = , so

max
0
0
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
2
2 2
u
mbv
du
m mv ku m b v u
=
| |

|
\ .

max
0
0
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
2
2 2
u
mbv
du
m mv ku m b v u
=
| |

|
\ .

21
Before evaluating this integral, we need to find
( )
1
max min
r

= u , in other words, the
distance of closest approach to the scattering center.
( ) ( )
2 2
min min 0 2
min
1 1 1
2 2 2
k
E T r V r mv mv
r
= + = + =
But, the angular momentum per unit mass l is
and substituting for v into the above gives
0 min
l bv r v = =

2
2
0 2 2
min min
ml k
mv
r r
+ = so
2
2 0
max 2 2
min
1 mv
u
r ml k
= =
+

Solving for u
max

max
2
2
0
1
u
k
b
mv
=
+

Now we evaluate the integral for
0

max
max
1
0
2 2 max 0
0
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
0
sin
2
1
u
u
b b u
du
u
k k
k
b b
b u
mv mv
mv
b

= = =
| | | |
| |
+ +
+ | |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

Solving for b
( )
0
0 2
2 2
0
0
2
4
k
b
mv

But (
0
1
2
S
) = . Thus, we have
( )
( )
2
0
2
S
S
S S
k
b
mv

We can now compute the differential cross section
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
0
sin
2 sin
S
S
S S
S S
k
b db
d
mv



S

= =

Since 2 sin
s s
d d = we get
( )
( )
( )
3
2
2
2
2
S
S S
S S
k
d bdb d
E

= = (

(


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22