CHAPTER 3

OSCILLATIONS

3.1
( ) | |
1
0.002sin 2 512 x s t m

(
=


( )( )( )
max
0.002 2 512 6.43
m m
x
s s

(
= =
(
( (

( )( ) ( )
2 2
4
max 2 2
0.002 2 512 2.07 10
m m
x
s s

(
= =
(

( (

3.2 0.1sin x t =

[m] 0.1 cos
m
x t
s

(
=
(



When t = 0, x = 0 and 0.5 0.1
m
x
s

(
= =
(




1
5s

=

2
1.26 T s

= =

3.3 ( ) cos sin
x
x t x t t

= +

and 2 f =

( ) ( )| |
0.25cos 20 0.00159sin 20 x t t = + m

3.4 ( ) cos cos cos sin sin = +
( ) cos cos cos sin sin x A t A t A t = = +

cos sin x t t = +

, cos A = , sin A =

3.5
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
mx kx mx kx + = +
2


( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
k x x m x x =

1
2 2
2
2 1
2 2
1 2
k x x
m x x

| |
= =
|

\ .

2 2
1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
kA mx kx = +
2


2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
2 2
2 1
m x x x x
A x x
k x x

= + = +

2
1
x

1
2 2 2 2
2
1 2 2 1
2 2
2 1
x x x x
A
x x
| |
=
|

\ .




1
3.6
1 1
2.5
9.8
2
6
l
T s
g
= =

s

3.7 For springs tied in parallel:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 s
F x k x k x k k x = = +
( )
1
2
1 2
k k
m

+ (
=
(



For springs tied in series:
The upward force is m
eq
k x .
Therefore, the downward force on spring is
2
k
eq
k x .

The upward force on the spring is
2
k
1
k x where x is the
displacement of P, the point at which the springs are tied.

Since the spring is in equilibrium,
2
k
1 eq
k x k = x .

Meanwhile,
The upward force at P is
1
k x .
The downward force at P is ( )
2
k x x .

Therefore, ( )
1 2
k x k x x =

2
1 2
k x
x
k k
=
+

And
eq
k
2
1
1 2
k x
x k
k k
| |
=
|
+
\ .


( )
1
2
1 2
1 2
eq
k
k k
m k k m

(
= =
(
+



3.8 For the system ( ) M m + , ( ) kX M m X = +


The position and acceleration of m are the same as for ( ) M m + :

m m
k
x x
M m
=
+

cos cos
m
k k
x A t d t
M m M

| |
= + =
|
|
+ +
\ .
m
r

The total force on m,
m m
F mx mg F = =
2
cos
r m
mk mkd k
F mg x mg t
M m M m M
= + = +
+ + m +


For the block to just begin to leave the bottom of the box at
the top of the vertical oscillations, 0
r
F = at
m
x d = :
0
mkd
mg
M m
=
+


( ) g M m
d
k
+
=

3.9 ( ) cos
t
d
x e A t

=
( ) ( ) sin cos
t t
d d d
dx
e A t e A t
dt



=
maxima at ( ) ( ) 0 sin cos
d d d
t t
dt
dx
+ = =
( ) tan
d
d
t

=

thus the condition of relative maximum occurs every time that t increases by
2
d

:
1
2
i i
d
t t

+
= +
For the i th maximum: ( ) cos
i
t
i d
x e A t

=
( )
1
2
1 1
cos
i d
t
i d i i
x e A t e

+ +
= x =

2
1
d d
T i
i
x
e e
x

+
= =

3.10 (a)
1
3
2
c
s
m

= =
2 2
25
k
s
m

= =

2 2 2
16
d
s
2
= =

2 2 2
7
r d
s
2
= =

1
7
r
s

=
(b)
max
48
0.2
60.4
d
F
C
= = =

A m m
(c)
( )
2 2 2
2 2
n
2 3
r r r
r

= = =

7
= ta 41.4





3
3.11 (a)
2
17
3 0
2
mx mx mx + + =

3
2
= and
2 2
17
2
=

2 2 2
2 4
r
2
= =

2
r
=

(b)
max
2
d
F
m
A

=


2 2 2
25
4
d
2
= =

5
2
d
=

2
2
15
A

=

3.12
1
2
d
T
e

=

1
ln 2 ln 2
d
d
f
T
= =
(a)
1
2 2
2
( )
d
=

So,
1
2 2
2
( )
d
= +

1 1
2 2
2 2
2
ln 2
1
2 2
d d
f f f

(
| | | |
= + = +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

(
(
(

100.6 f Hz =

(b)
( )
1
2 2
2
r d
=

1 1
2 2
2 2
2
ln 2
1
2 2
r d d
f f f

(
| | | |
= =
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

(
(
(

99.4
r
f Hz =

3.13 Since the amplitude diminishes by e
d
T
in each complete period,
( )
1
1
d
n
T
e e
e

= =
1
d
T n =
1
2
d
d
T n n

= =
Now
( )
1
2 2
2
d

=
So
( )
1
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
4
d d
n

| |
= + = +
|
\ .

4

1
2
2 2
2
1
1
2
4
d d
d
T
T n

| |
= = = +
|
\ .

For large n,
2 2
1
1
8
d
T n

T
+

3.14 (a)
( )
1
2 1
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 0.707
2

r

(
| |
= = =
(
|
\ .
(

(b)
( )
1
2 1
2 2
2
1
1
4
0.866
2 2
2
2
d

| |

\ .
= =
| |
|
\ .

Q = =
(c)
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
n
4 3

| |
|
\ .
=

ta = =

1
2
tan 146.3
3

| |
= =
|
\ .


(d) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2
2
2 2 2
4 4 4 3.606
2

2
D
(
| |
= + =
(
|
\ .
(

( )
( )
2
0.277
F
F
m
A
D m

= =

3.15 ( )
( )
max
1
2
2 2
A
A

(
+

for ( )
max
1
2
= A A ,
( )
1
2
2 2
1
2


=
(
+

( )
2
2 2
4 + =

3 =

3 =

5
3.16 (b)
2 2
2 2
d
Q

= =

2
1
LC
=

,
2
R
L
=

2
2
2
1
4
1
4
2
2
R
LC L
L
R R C
L
| |
| |

| |
\ .
| | | \ .
= =
|
| |
\ . \
|
\ .
Q
|

|
.
(c)
2
L
R
C
Q
R R

| |
= = =
|
\ .



3.17 sin Im
i t
ext
F F t Fe

( = =


and ( ) x t is the imaginary part of the solution to:

i t
mx cx kx Fe

+ + =


i.e. x t ( )
( )
( ) Im sin
i t
Ae A t

(
= =


where, as derived in the text,

( )
1
2
2
2 2 2
F
A
k m c
=
(
+
(

and

2 2
2
tan

3.18 Using the hint, , where
( )
Re
t
ext
F F

=

e i = + ,
and x(t) is the real part of the solution to:
mx
t
cx kx Fe

+ + =

.
Assuming a solution of the form:
t i
x Ae

=

( )
2 i
F
m c k x xe
A


| |
+ + =
|
\ .

( )
2 2
2 c
F
m im m c ic k i
A
os sin + + = +

( )
2 2
cos
F
m c k
A
+ =


( ) 2 s
F
m c
A
in + =


6

( )
( )
1
2 2
2
tan
c m
m c

=
+ k

Using sin ,
2 2
cos 1 + =

( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
F
m c k c
A
m
(
= + +

( ) ( )
{ }
1
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
F
A
m c k c m
=
(
+ +

and x t ( ) ( ) cos
t
Ae t

= + the transient term.

3.19 (a)
1
2
2
2 1
8
l A
T
g

| |

|
\ .

for
4
A

= , 2 1.041
l
T
g

(b)
2
2
4
1.084
l
g
T

=
Using 2
l
g
=

T gives
2
2
4 l
g
T

, approximately 8% too small.

(c)
3
2
32
A
B

and
2
6

=



2
192
B A
A
=
for
4
A

= , 0.0032
B
A
=

3.20 ( )
in t
n
n
f t c e

=

. . . 0, 1, 2, n =
( ) cos sin
n n
n n
f t c n t c i n t = +

, n 0, 1, 2, = . . .
and ( )
2
2
1
T
in t
T n
t e
T

=

c f , dt 0, 1, 2, n = . . .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1
cos sin
T T
T T n
i
c f t n t dt f t n
T T


=

t dt

The first term on is the same for and
n
c n n ; the second term changes sign for
n vs. . The same holds true for the trigonometric terms in n ( ) f t . Therefore, when
terms that cancel in the summations are discarded:
7
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
cos cos
T
T
n
f t c f t n t dt n
T
t

| |
= +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2
2
1
sin sin
T
T
n
f t n t dt n
T
t

| |
|
\ .

+ ,
. . ., and 1, n = 2, ( )
2
2
1
T
T
T

=

c f t dt
Now, due to the equality of terms in n :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
cos cos
T
T
n
f t c f t n t dt n t
T

| |
= +
|
\ .

( ) ( )
2
2
2
sin sin
T
T
n
f t n t dt n
T
t

| |
|
\ .

+ ,
. . . 1, 2 n = , 3,
Equations 3.9.9 and 3.9.10 follow directly.


3.21 ( )
in t
n
n
f t c e

=

, ( )
2
2
1
T
in t
T n
c f t e
T

=

dt , and 0, 1, 2, n =
2
T

= so ( )
2
in t
n
c f t e

=

dt
( )
0
0
2
in t in t
e dt e d

t
(
= +
(



0
0
1 1
2
in t in t
e e
in in

(
(
=
(


1
1 1
2
in in
e e
in

+
( = +


For n even, e e and the term in brackets is zero. 1
in in
= =
For n odd, 1
in in
e e

= =

4
2
n
c
in
= , . . . 1, 3, n =
( )
4
2
in t
n
f t e
in

, . . . 1, 3, n =

( )
4 1 1
2
in t in t
n
e e
n i

, 1, 3, 5, n = . . .
( )
4 1
sin
n
n t
n

, 1, 3, 5, n = . . .
( )
4 1 1
sin sin3 sin5
3 5
f t t t t

(
= + + +
(


8

3.22 In steady state, ( )
( )
n
i n t
n
n
A e x t

=

( )
1
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
4
n
n
F
m
A
n n
=
(
+
(

Now
4
n
F
n
F

= , . . . and

1, 3, 5, n = 3 =

100
2
Q

=

so
2
2
9
40, 000

( )
1 1
2 2
2
2
2 2
4 1
9
9 4
40000
F
A
m


=
(
+
(

1
2
2
F
A
m

( )
3 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
4 1
3
9
9 9 4
200
F
A
m

=
(
| |
+ (
|
( \ .

3
2
400
27
F
A
m

( ) ( )
5 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
4 1
5
3
9 25 4 5
200
F
A
m

=
(
| |
+
(
|
\ .
(

5
2
20
F
A
m

i.e., A : A : 1 : 29.6 : 0.1
1 3 5
A =

3.23 (a) Thus
2
0 x x + =

y x =
2
y x =

x y =
divide these two equations:
2
y dy x
x dx y

= =

(b) Solving
2
0
ydy
xdx

+ =

and Integrating
2 2
2
2 2
y x
C

+ =

Let 2
2
C A =

2 2
2 2 2
1
y x
A A
+ =

an ellipse

9
3.24 The equation of motion is ( )
3
F x x x mx = = . For simplicity, let m=1. Then

3
x x x = . This is equivalent to the two first order equations
x y = and
3
y x x =
(a) The equilibrium points are defined by
( )( )
3
1 1 x x x x x = + = 0
Thus, the points are: (-1,0), (0,0) and (+1,0). We can tell whether or not
the points represent stable or unstable points of equilibrium by examining
the phase space plots in the neighborhood of the equilibrium points. Well
do this in part (c).
(b) The energy can be found by integrating
3
dy y x x
dx x y

= =

or
or
( )
3
y dy x x dx C = +


2 2 4
2 2 4
y x x
C = +
` In other words
2 4 2
2 4 2
y x x
E T V C
(
= + = + =
(

. The total energy C is
constant.
(c) The phase space trajectories are given by solutions to the above equation

1
4
2
2
2
2
x
y x C
| |
= +
|
\ .
.
The upper right quadrant of the trajectories is shown in the figure below.
The trajectories are symmetrically disposed about the x and y axes. They
form closed paths for energies C<0 about the two points (-1,0) and (+1,0).
Thus, these are points of stable equilibrium for small excursions away
from these points. The trajectory passes thru the point (0,0) for C=0 and is
a saddle point. Trajectories never pass thru the point (0,0) for positive
energies C>0. Thus, (0,0) is a point of unstable equilibrium.


0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.5
1

10


3.25 sin 0 + =

2
cos 0
2
d
dt



=
`
)

Integrating:
2
0
cos
2

or ( )
2
2 cos cos =

( )
1
0 2
4
2 cos cos
d
T

=
(

Time for pendulum to swing from 0 = to =

is
4
T

Nowsubstitute
sin
2
sin
2
sin

so
2

= at =


and use the identity
2
cos 1 2sin
2

=
1
0 2
2 2
4
4 sin sin
2 2
d
T

=
( | |

|
(
\ .

and after some algebra
1 1
2 2
2 2 2
1 sin 4 sin sin
2 2 2
d d

=
( ( | |

|
( (
\ .

or
(a)
2
1
2
0 2
4
1 sin
d
T

=
(

where
2
sin
2

=


(b)
( )
1
2 2 2
2
1 3
1 sin 1 sin sin
2 8

+ +
4
+

2
2 2 4
0
1 3
4 1 sin sin
2 8
T d

(
= + + +
(

2
9
2 1
4 64
T


(
= + + +
(


(c)
2
3 2
2
sin
2 2 48 4

(
= +
(




. . .

2
2 1
16
T

(
= + +
(

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11