The circulatory system

The circulatory system interacts with other systems in maintaining stable chemical and physical conditions in the extra cellular fluid.

What is circulatory system?

-It's the system responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. -It transports nutrients, water and oxygen to all body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide produced in cells.

Human circulatory system:

In human: the (CS) is divided into three major parts: 1- The blood: Cellules components. Liquid portion. 2- The blood vessel. 3- The heart.

The blood
- Its red liquid made up of; solids, small amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide. - Its substance that is constantly flowing through our bodies. - It pumped by your heart. - It travels through thousands of miles of blood vessels within our body.

Blood contents:
1 - Cellules components: Are (red blood cell, white blood cell and platelets). 2- Liquid portion: Is (plasma).

Cellules components of the blood:

It consists of: 1- Red blood cells: (erythrocyte) nucleated cell, its biconcave, are hemoglobin cells responsible for carrying O2 and CO2. 2- White blood cells: (leucocytes) nucleated cell, help the body fight of germs (defense cell). 3- platelets: (thrum bocyte) are unnucleated, Oval cells that help stop bleeding (clotting).

Liquid portion
Plasma: is the liquid part in the blood. Approximately half of your blood is made of plasma, it carries the blood cells and other component throughout the body. All blood contents are made by the Bone Marrow.

The Blood Vessels ():

- are tubes of different diameter. - transport the blood to or away from heart. - It's all lined by a thin layer of smooth epithelium cell. - Arteries and veins have two additional

Human Blood vessels There are three types:

- Arteries - Veins - Capillaries

Types of blood vessels:

Arteries: - are rapid transport vessels. - all carry oxygen rich blood (oxygenated) AWAY from the heart to the body tissues and only Pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood (oxygen-poor blood) to the lungs. - lined with thick walls. - have highest pressure. - Vessels with no valves. - Branch into smaller vessels called arterioles. Capillaries: - Its branch of arterioles into tiny blood vessels connects arteries to veins. - lined by thinnest wall permits exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid. - distributed allover of the body. Veins: - All carry deoxygenated blood to your heart. - Only pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs. - branched into venules at capillary. - Veins often have valves and contractions of surrounding skeletal muscle keep back blood flow to the heart. - have low pressure.

The circulatory system

In vertebrate: - It's a closed circulation; blood pump from heart flow through blood vessels (arteries and veins) which is separated from the interstitial fluid of the cell. Eg. Bird and mammals. - In human it's a close blood circulation.

In an invertebrate: - It's open circulation heart pump blood in and mix with body fluid. - Contraction of body muscles moves the fluid toward the tail & the fluid returns to the heart through several pores. Eg. Grasshopper.

The heart
- The heart is located in the center of your chest (thoracic cavity) slightly to the left. - it builds up of Cardiac muscle. - it's job is to pump your blood and keep the blood moving throughout your body. - The heart beats about 3 BILLION times during an average lifetime. how to keep your heart healthy? - Exercise on a regular basis, eat healthy - don't smoke!

Structure of the heart

Its build up of three Layers: - Pericardium is outer most layer it's a double layer and exerted pericardial fluid. - Myocardium consists of cardiac muscle tissue which is divided by septum into two parts left and right; - The two upper chamber, called the right and left atria (atrium). - The two lower chamber, called the right and left ventricles. - Endocardium layer lined the chambers. Human heart *pic* The Right Atrium: Is the larger of the two atria, having very thin wall. Receives blood: - From the upper and lower body through the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, respectively. - From the heart muscle itself through the coronary sinus. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation through pulmonary artery. The Left Atrium: It's smaller than the right atrium, but has thicker walls. Receives blood: - From lungs via the four pulmonary veins. The left ventricle pumps the blood all over the body via the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

Heart valves
It directs one way blood flow and prevents the reflex rout; four valves are controlling this: - Two atrioventricular valves (AV valves). - Two semi lunar valves.

Atrioventricular valves (AV) Right (AV) (tricuspid) valve: - Directs obligatory blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. Left (AV) (bicuspid) valve: - Directs obligatory blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle; its smaller than the tricuspid. Semi lunar valves Restricted to the ventricles and their attached vessels include: Pulmonary Semi lunar valves: - Lines between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. Aorta Semi lunar valves: - Lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Blood flow
Blood pumps from each half of the heart by two cardiovascular circuits each with its own sets blood vessels; these are: - Pulmonary circuit. - Systemic circuit. Pulmonary circuit Circulates blood between the heart and lungs. - begins in the right atrium which received deoxygenated blood from all regions of the body. - Then blood pumps through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semi lunar valve. - Pulmonary trunk branch into right and left pulmonary artery which branches into tiny arterioles. - The arterioles take blood to the pulmonary capillaries, where CO2 is ejected & O2 is picked up. - Oxygenated blood then passes through the pulmonary venules, which lead to pulmonary veins that enter the left atrium. Systemic circuit Circuitlates blood between the heart and the rest of the body. - Begin in the left atrium which received oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins. - Then blood pumps to the left ventricle through bicuspid valve. - Then the left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta (largest artery) through aortic semi lunar valve. - Aorta distributes blood to the major body regions. *pic: pulmonary circuit , systemic circuit*

Cardiac cycle
- It is a rhythmic cycle of heart muscles contraction and relaxation; forming (systole) and (diastole); respectively.

- During contractions, atria are in (systolic) and the ventricles are in diastole (relaxed) and vice versa. - Cardiac cycle result in heart beat.

Phases of cardiac cycle

1- Heart relaxed, enable blood flow in both the atria and the ventricles; blood flow continue until heart is full. 2- Followed by atria contractions, blood forced into ventricles. 3- Followed by the ventricles contractions, blood pumped out into pulmonary arteries and aorta.

Factors controlling rhythmic heart beat

The senatorial (SA) node pacemaker of the heart which is located in the upper wall of the right atrium sets the rate of contraction for the heart. - It spontaneously contract and generates never impulses that travel throughout the heart wall causing both atria to contract. - The impulses then reach the Atrioventricular (AV) node in the right atrium and move slowly in the conducting fibers along ventricle wall. - This delay allows the atria to empty completely before impulses are passed to the ventricles.

Systolic / Diastolic pressure

Heart Contraction generates blood pressure which changes as blood moves through the systemic circuit. Systolic / Diastolic pressure: is the force of blood against the vessel wall when the ventricles contract/relax Highest pressure is in the Aorta and lowest pressure is in the Vena cava. - It is usually adjusted on the brachial artery measured by Sphygmomanometer the normal rate is (100-120)/(60-80) (Systolic/Diastolic) mm Hg.

Cardiovascular disease
(Also called: heart disease) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) eg; - Atherosclerosis. - Sickle cell anemia.