6/19/2011

Introduction: Basicconceptsofgeomorphology

Introduction
Geomorphology (Greek:,ge,"earth";,morf,"form";,logos,"study")
studyoflandformsandtheprocessesthatshapethem tounderstandwhylandscapeslookthewaytheydo tounderstandlandformhistoryanddynamics p g g topredictfuturechangesthroughacombinationoffieldobservation, physicalexperiment,andnumericalmodeling mechanicsofmodernprocessesandthehistoricinfluenceofgeologic time

Palawan, Philippines
N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Introduction
Geomorphology (Greek:,ge,"earth";,morf,"form";,logos,"study")
HistoricalGeomorphology Studyoflandformevolutionorchangesinlandformsovermediumand longtimescales,usuallytimescaleswellbeyondthespanofanindividual humansexperience Tendstofocusaroundhistoriesortrajectoriesoflandscapeevolutionand adoptsasequential,chronologicalview

Introduction
Peneplainconcept geographicalcycle WilliamMorrisDavisand WaltherPenck

Holmes, 1965; Huggett, 2011 N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Introduction
Geomorphology (Greek:,ge,"earth";,morf,"form";,logos,"study")
HistoricalGeomorphology Studyoflandformevolutionorchangesinlandformsovermediumand longtimescales,usuallytimescaleswellbeyondthespanofanindividual humansexperience Tendstofocusaroundhistoriesortrajectoriesoflandscapeevolutionand adoptsasequential,chronologicalview ProcessGeomorphology Studyofprocessesresponsibleforlandformdevelopment Tendstofocusaroundthemechanicsofgeomorphicprocessesandhow geomorphicsystemsrespondtodisturbances

Introduction
Geomorphology (Greek:,ge,"earth";,morf,"form";,logos,"study") AppliedGeomorphology TectonicGeomorphology SubmarineGeomorphology PlanetaryGeomorphology ClimaticGeomorphology

N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology

Basic concepts

N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology

Basic concepts

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Geomorphicprocessesandevolutionoflandforms
distinctivelandscapeandcharacteristiclandformsfrom whichtheoriginoftheformscanbeidentified landformsevolveasaresultofcontinuouschangesin processesandratesastimegoeson

Geomorphicprocessesandevolutionoflandforms

world seismicity map taken from the Tectonics Observatory website www.nature.nps.gov/GEOLOGY/usgsnps/animate/A58.gif N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Volcanicprocessesandlandforms

Tectonicprocessesandlandforms:Uplift
M8.2 1703 Genroku M7.9 1923 Taisho

Shishikura, 2003

Mw9.2 2004 Sumatra - Andaman

Mw8.7 2005 Nias Simeulue

Albay, Philippines
aroundthephilippines.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Mayon_Volcano_Eruption_2.jpg upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mt.Mayon_tam3rd.jpg N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts Photos: Tectonics Observatory , California Institute of Technology

Tectonicprocessesandlandforms:Displacement

Hillslopes andmasswasting

Nueva Ecija, Philippines

kagi.coe21.kyoto-u.ac.jp/images/t_images/tidbit17_2.gif

Mindanao Island, Philippines

Tsutsumi and Perez, 2010 N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Southern Leyte, Philippines

www.defense.gov/home/features/Leyte/landslide/images/hi-res/060219-N-5067K-109.jpg N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

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Fluvialprocessesandlandforms

Karst topography

Kalinga, Philippines
365greatpinoystuff.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/chico-river-aerial.jpg N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Bohol, Philippines
www.travel-visit-places.com/wp-content/uploads/image/Chocolate%20Hills/natural-wonder-chocolate-hills.jpg N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Coastalprocessesandlandforms

Aeolianprocessesandlandforms

Ilocos Norte, Philippines

N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Ilocos Norte, Philippines

v1.cache2.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/41984288.jpg?redirect_counter=1 N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Glacial/periglacial Glacial/ periglacial processesandlandforms

Quaternaryclimateandsealevelchange
Huon Peninsula, PNG Muroto Peninsula, JP

Photo: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

Mahia Peninsula, NZ

Lapland, Sweden
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ec/Circosabisko.jpg N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts Photo: Ministry for Culture and Heritage, NZ

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Geomorphicsystems:Equilibriumsystems
HenryLouisLeChatelier;GroveKarlGilbert negativefeedbacksystems asysteminwhichadelicatebalanceexistsbetweenopposingforcessuch thatanychangeinthevariablesthatcontrolthesystemproducesachange inoneormoreoftheothervariablestogenerateanewbalance e g graded stream e.g.gradedstream SteadyState Conditionschangeverylittlewithtime Declining Rateofchangedeclineswithtimetosuccessivelylowerrates Dynamic Smallvariationsaboutachangingaveragecondition
N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology Basic concepts

Geomorphicsystems:Nonequilibriumsystems
positivefeedbacksystems occurswhenachangeintheinputvariablecauses magnificationofchangeinthedirectionoftheinitial adjustment e.g.meandersandformationofoxbowlakes e.g. meanders and formation of oxbow lakes carrythesourceoftheirowndestructionandeventually acceleratetoselfelimination

N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology

Basic concepts

Geomorphologyrules/guidelines
Uniformityoflaw Naturallawsareinvariantintimeandspace Principleofsimplicity/Uniformityofprocess Noextra,fanciful,orunknowncausesshouldbeinvokedifavailable processeswilldothejob p Gradualism,uniformitarianismandcatastrophism ratesofsurfaceprocessesmayhavevariedinthepast processesmayhaveexistedinthepastbutmaynotbeoperative atpresent Steadystateismanddirectionalism Constantstateoftheearthssurface

N. Ramos | Geology 122 Principles of Geomorphology

Basic concepts