EECE4572 Summer 2011

Communications Systems Prof. Salehi

Homework 5 Solutions
Problem 1
Problem 7.19
Solution
1) Since m
2
(t) = m
3
(t) the dimensionality of the signal space is two.
2) As a basis of the signal space we consider the functions

1
(t) =
_
1

T
0 t T
0 otherwise

2
(t) =
_

_
1

T
0 t
T
2

T
T
2
< t T
0 otherwise
The vector representation of the signals is
s
1
= [

T, 0]
s
2
= [0,

T]
s
3
= [0,

T]
3) The signal constellation is depicted in the next gure
v
v
v
(0,

T)
(0,

T)
(

T, 0)
4) Since the signals are equiprobable with equal energy, the decision rule become computing r s
m
and choosing the largest. Thus the optimal decision region R
1
for s
1
is the set of points (r
1
, r
2
),
such that (r
1
, r
2
) s
1
> (r
1
, r
2
) s
2
and (r
1
, r
2
) s
1
> (r
1
, r
2
) s
3
. Since (r
1
, r
2
) s
1
=

Tr
1
,
(r
1
, r
2
) s
2
=

Tr
2
and (r
1
, r
2
) s
3
=

Tr
2
, the previous conditions are written as
r
1
> r
2
and r
1
> r
2
Similarly we nd that R
2
is the set of points (r
1
, r
2
) that satisfy r
2
> 0, r
2
> r
1
and R
3
is the region
such that r
2
< 0 and r
2
< r
1
. The regions R
1
, R
2
and R
3
are shown in the next gure.

d
d
d
d
d
d
0
R
3
R
2
R
1
5) The signal s
1
has two neighbors at equal distances of

2T, the other two signals each has two
neighbors at distances

2T and 2

T. Therefore, s
1
is more subject to error since its neighbors are
closer and its decision region is smaller than the other two.
Problem 2
Problem 7.22
Solution
1) The two equiprobable signals have the same energy and therefore the optimal receiver bases its
decisions on the rule
_

r(t)s
1
(t)dt
s
1
>
<
s
2
_

r(t)s
2
(t)dt
Note that this is equivalent to comparing
_
r(t)(s
1
(t) s
2
(t)) dt to 0 and decide on the basis of the
sign of the integral. In implementation we need only one correlator, or a matched lter matched to
s(t) = s
1
(t) s
2
(t).
2) This is the case of binary equiprobable signaling, therefore we can use the relation p
e
= Q
__
d
2
2N
0
_
.
To nd d
2
we use the relation
d
2
=
_

(s
1
(t) s
2
(t))
2
dt = A
2
_
T
0
_
2t
T
1
_
2
dt =
A
2
T
3
and
P
e
= Q
_
_

A
2
T
6N
0
_
_
Problem 3
Problem 7.34
Solution
For binary phase modulation, the error probability is
P
2
= Q
_
2E
b
N
0
_
= Q
_
_

A
2
T
N
0
_
_
With P
2
= 10
6
we nd from tables that

A
2
T
N
0
= 4.74 A
2
T = 44.9352 10
10
If the data rate is 10 Kbps, then the bit interval is T = 10
4
and therefore, the signal amplitude is
A =
_
44.9352 10
10
10
4
= 6.7034 10
3
Similarly we nd that when the rate is 10
5
bps and 10
6
bps, the required amplitude of the signal is
A = 2.12 10
2
and A = 6.703 10
2
respectively.
Problem 4
Problem 7.14 parts 1,2,4
Solution
a) The impulse response of the lter matched to s(t) is
h(t) = s(T t) = s(3 t) = s(t)
where we have used the fact that s(t) is even with respect to the t =
T
2
=
3
2
axis.
b) The output of the matched lter is
y(t) = s(t) s(t) =
_
t
0
s()s(t )d
=
_

_
0 t < 0
A
2
t 0 t < 1
A
2
(2 t) 1 t < 2
2A
2
(t 2) 2 t < 3
2A
2
(4 t) 3 t < 4
A
2
(t 4) 4 t < 5
A
2
(6 t) 5 t < 6
0 6 t
A scetch of y(t) is depicted in the next gure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .

d
d
d

e
e
e
e
e
e

d
d
d
2A
2
A
2
1 3 5 6 4 2
d) For antipodal equiprobable signals the probability of error is given by Q
__
2E
b
N
0
_
. Here
E
b
= E =
_
3
0
s
2
(t) dt = 2A
2
therefore,
P
b
= Q
_
_

4A
2
N
0
_
_
.
Problem 5
Problem 7.25
Solution
The three symbols A, 0 and A are used with equal probability. Hence, the optimal detector uses
two thresholds, which are
A
2
and
A
2
, and it bases its decisions on the criterion
A : r >
A
2
0 :
A
2
< r <
A
2
A : r <
A
2
If the variance of the AWG noise is
2
n
, then the average probability of error is
P(e) =
1
3
_ A
2

1
_
2
2
n
e

(rA)
2
2
2
n
dr +
1
3
_
_
1
_ A
2

A
2
1
_
2
2
n
e

r
2
2
2
n
dr
_
_
+
1
3
_

A
2
1
_
2
2
n
e

(r+A)
2
2
2
n
dr
=
1
3
Q
_
A
2
n
_
+
1
3
2Q
_
A
2
n
_
+
1
3
Q
_
A
2
n
_
=
4
3
Q
_
A
2
n
_
or, equivalently
P
e
=
4
3
Q
_
A
_
2N
0
_
Problem 6
Problem 7.47
Solution
1) We have R
s
= 2400, hence R = R
s
log
2
M = 2400log
2
M = 4800 bps. Therefore M = 4. Since there
is no dierence between 4QAM and QPSK, we have
P
e
2Q
_
2E
b
N
0
_
= 10
5
From this we nave
2E
b
N
0
= 4.42
2
= 19.53 and
E
b
N
0
= 9.77 9.89 dB.
2) If the bit rate of transmission is 9600 bps, then 9600 = 2400log
2
M, and M = 16. We have
P
2
= 10
5
4Q
_
3log
2
M
M 1
E
bav
N
0
_
Therefore,
Q
_
3log
2
16
16 1
E
bav
N
0
_
= .25 10
5
= Q(4.56)
This gives
4
5
E
bav
N
0
= 4.56
2
20.8 and
E
bav
N
0
26 13.98 dB.
3) Here 19200 = 2400log
2
M, which gives M = 256 and hence
Q
_
3log
2
256
256 1
E
bav
N
0
_
= .25 10
5
= Q(4.56)
resulting in
8
85
E
bav
N
0
= 4.56
2
20.8 and
E
bav
N
0
221 23.44 dB.
4) The following table gives the SNR per bit and the corresponding number of bits per symbol for
the constellations used in parts a)-c).
k = log
2
M 2 4 8
SNR (db) 9.89 13.98 23.44
As it is observed there is an increase in transmitted power as k increases. This increase goes
asymptotically to 3 dB per extra bit as M increases.