A Report On

Village Energy Survey

KalampadaVillage,
ShahpurTaluka, Thane, Maharashtra

Submitted by KarishmaBhuyan Vishal Singh Pratik Chatse DwijaPratimSen HardikKalasua

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA) Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Powai 400076 March 2013

Contents
1. Introduction: ......................................................................................................... 4 2. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 4 3. Methodology: ....................................................................................................... 4 Selection of village: ................................................................................................. 4 Table 1: ................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Shere Village center................................................................................. 5 Survey and source of information: .......................................................................... 6 Figure 2: Sarpanchs Home .................................................................................... 6 4. Scheme ............................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme .................................................... 7 Figure 4: Observing the PV plates .......................................................................... 7 Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates .......................................................................... 8 Dual pump system .................................................................................................. 9 Table 2: Components and costing .......................................................................... 9 Advantages: .......................................................................................................... 10 Problems identified in Kalampada:........................................................................ 10 5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada .................................................. 11 Location: ............................................................................................................... 11 Boundary and area ............................................................................................... 11 Demographic and socio-economic status of people.............................................. 11 Population and density distribution ....................................................................... 11 6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada .............................................. 12 Natural resources.................................................................................................. 12 Land-use pattern ................................................................................................... 12 Agricultural crops .................................................................................................. 12 Animal stock.......................................................................................................... 12 Basic amenities/facilities at village level ................................................................ 12 Rivers and irrigation projects................................................................................. 12 Transportation facilities ......................................................................................... 13 Administrative setup .............................................................................................. 13 2

7. Households ........................................................................................................ 14 Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects ........................... 14 Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter ............................................................................. 14 Figure 7: Solar Streetlight ..................................................................................... 15 8. Energy sources .................................................................................................. 16 Identification of energy sources ............................................................................ 16 Table 3: Sample Data sheet.................................................................................. 16 9. Analysis and calculations ................................................................................... 17 Plot 1: Food and fodder ........................................................................................ 17 Table 4: ................................................................................................................. 17 Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution ...................................................................... 18 Table 5: ................................................................................................................. 18 Plot 3: Energy mix ................................................................................................. 19 Findings and recommendations: ........................................................................... 19 10. References ..................................................................................................... 20

1. Introduction:
Renowned scientist and thinker Professor AmulyaK.N. Reddy had once said that we knew far more about how energy used in London or New York than in villages 10 km away from the Indian Institute of Science. The availability and consumption of energy strongly influences the socio-economic profiles of people. As a result, per capita consumption of energy is one of the major indices to judge economic development. In this context, we were required to conduct a village energy audit as part of our course to understand the energy consumption patterns in a village.This document reports the details of the visit, research methodology and our findings and inferences from the same in its entirety.

2. Objectives
The objectives of our visit, research and study are as follows: To assess the different sources of energy and their utilization To understand the socio economic profile of the chosen village To assess the issues and opportunities provided by the scene and setting of the village To check whether the GSDA scheme is properly working or not

3. Methodology: Selection of village:

Kalampada, a small village in ShahapurTaluka in Thane District in Maharashtra State was chosen as the village for study. Some of the nearby towns that were identifies wereShahapur, Murbad, Kalyan, Ambernath. Kalampada is reachable by Vasind Railway Station, Asangaon Railway Station, Khadavli Railway Station and Atgaon Railway Station. The village Panchayat was SherePanchayat. Table 1 gives the village profile.

Table 1: State District Taluka Name Village name Region Division Language Elevation Maharashtra Thane Shahpur Shere Konkan Konkan Division Marathi and Hindi 77 meters above Sea level

Figure 1:Shere Village center

Survey and source of information:

Survey was conducted at the household level and the main source of information was the Sarpanch of the village, who provided us with the necessary village data. Figure 2:Sarpanchs Home

4. Scheme
Figure 3: Solar dual pump water supply scheme

Figure 4: Observing the PV plates

Figure 5: Installed solar PV plates

Big piped water supply schemes in is not feasible in small habitations. There are high operations and maintenance cost which leads to high per capita cost and electricity bills. The scheme also fails when there is no electricity or huge amount of power cuts. Moreover, hand pumps used in the traditional schemes have many problems. For instance, it cannot draw water from below 120 feet. In this context GSDA came out with an innovative solution of dual pump system hand pump and submersible pump in the same bore well. This system can work below 36 m.

Dual pump system The method of dual pump installation is as follows: The dual pump system can be installed on a bore well/Tube well having a yield, not less than 2000 litres per hour and water should be potable. There should be open space from the shadows of any house or tree, near the bore well, to install solar photovoltaic panels. First of all one has to remove the existing hand pump from the bore well. Special water chamber, innovated by GSDA is mounted on the pedestal of hand pump. Solar energy based submersible pump is lowered and its riser pipe which is a HDPE pipe of 25 mm diameter is fixed on the nipple of this special water chamber. Dual pumping arrangement in a single bore well/ tube well is possible due to this special water chamber It also facilitates removal of hand pump cylinder and riser pipes, without removing the submersible pump. Table 2: Components and costing Component Solar panel (PV cell) and submersible pump Hand pump unit Water storage tank (HDPE/Syntax type) Steel structure with foundation Distribution to each and every household Total cost Rs 5 lakh approx. Rs 1 lakh Rs 1lakh Rs 15000 Rs 30000 Cost Rs 2.25 lakh

Advantages: There are many advantages of this scheme. Following are some of them. Doesnt need electricity No electricity bills Less maintenance Works on cloudy/rainy days Low cost Do not depend upon electricity: solar power Easy to operate and maintain Low recurring costs- no electricity charges Works even on rainy/cloudy days

Problems identified in Kalampada: Dust had accumulated on the solar panel No care or maintenance by authorised or unauthorised personnel Water accumulated after all day running of pump was not sufficient for the villagers Women had to fetch water late in the afternoon when atmospheric temperature is at its peak

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5. Ecological conditions of people at Kalampada

Location: Village is 3 km from the Shere Gram-Panchayat. Shere is around 15 km from Vasind a smalltown and Local Railway Station. It comes under ShahapurTaluka in Thane District. Boundaryand area The village was on a privately-owned land and hence is in dispute. There is no Gavthan tovillage and hence estimation of boundary of the village and extent was not possible. Thereare 27 Houses of both kaccha and pucca type. Demographic and socio-economic status of people The village is homogenous in terms of caste and economic status. All families are under BPL. Main livelihood is from vegetable farming by irrigation. State and construction of houses coupled with most houses having electricity imply good conditions for living. Homogeneity in class and caste helps to unify the village. Population and density distribution Population of village is 215. Total Male Population is 104 and Total female Population is 101. The number of hamlets is 27 and number of households is 43. All families are of same Caste and are under BPL.

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6. Socio economic profiles of people at Kalampada

Natural resources At the time of the visit the surrounding vegetation was sparse and was of dry nature. Though we were told that in monsoon months there is vegetation and forest around the village vicinity. Women go for firewood collections at distance of 1 to 2 km. Land-use pattern Agriculture is practised twice a year. Rice is a rain-fed crop and is primarily grown for household consumption. Vegetables are grown with the help of irrigation from river water when water is released from Jambha dam. Many People own Diesel or Electric Pumps for irrigation (5HP). Agricultural crops Rice is grown in subsistence type of agriculture practise and is entirely rain-fed. Only commercial agriculture is the vegetables grown with the help of irrigation from the Jambha Dam. Vegetables grown are Karli, Bhendi, Gawar, Kakdi. These are sold at Vasind and are a prime mode of livelihood for people in Kalampada. Animal stock Animals are kept as draught or for home milk consumption. Most families average about 4 cattle. Hens also are a common site in most households but egg consumption is only at home level and no livelihood is generated from poultry or cattle. Basic amenities/facilities at village level Village has good water supply schemes up and running. There are two bore-wells in thevicinity and both are perennial. There is no water scarcity problem. The introduction of solarwater pump at the existing bore-well also is a useful due to 5 stand-posts along the lengthof the village. Flour mill and Oil Ghani are not present in village and they have to avail thisservice at Shere. Also a sub PHC is situated at Shere. Electricity is present in every home andmost of them have 2-3 bulbs and a fan. Rivers and irrigation projects The village receives water for irrigation on-demand by paying a fixed amount on a yearly basis. Jambha Dam provides the water for the village. Due to free riding effect, people tend to avoid paying the water fees and hence everyone suffers. 12

Transportation facilities Transportation is via private Jeep and Tata Sumos. MSRTC Bus are available but at a distance of 2 km from village. There is no Pucca road to the village. The village has a total of 3 motor bikes. The nearest railway station is Vasind about 18 km from Kalampada. Health and Other facilities are available only at Vasind. Administrative setup Kalampada is a settlement under the GrampanchayatShere of ShahapurTaluka. The sarpanch of the ShereGrampanchayat hails from Kalampada.

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7. Households
Profiles, energy consumption, pattern, problems and prospects The aim of the project to collect more detailed data on households energy consumption was achieved. Also, the survey gave information about the overall attitude of households towards more efficient use of energy in their dwellings. As background information, data on dwellings and households characteristics were obtained. The data on the amount of energy used in every household were collected by type of energy and fuel. The survey examined also penetration share of electrical appliances in households. The stock and use of motorised vehicles by households was investigated as well. And, last but not least, the survey also covered the use of renewable energy sources. Figure 6:Installed MSEB meter

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In the surveyed village, all households have a dedicated electricity connection, complete with consumption meters, from the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) grid. The mode of the monthly bill lies in the range of INR 50-60. This reflects a fixed cost component of INR 10 (in accordance with government norms for BPL/APL supply) and the rest comprises of electricity consumption at the rate of INR 1.00 per unit. The bill thus reflects an average household consumption of about 40 units (KWh) of electricity per month. This is actual end use energy for about 3 bulbs/lights and 1 fan per household (on an average). The fans are single phase induction motor variants, and are receptacles for about half the power thus consumed. Figure 7: Solar Streetlight

Moreover, renewable energy is deployed on a practical scale in the form of a 2 KWp solar water pumping system from Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. It is a direct conversion device (without battery based storage) and power electronic converter couples it with a submersible pump which in turn pumps out about 1000 litres per day of aquifer stored water. 15

8. Energy sources
Identification of energy sources Major sources of energy identified are as follows: Cooking: Firewood Lighting: Electricity, kerosene oil Drinking water: Solar pump, manual labour Irrigation: Diesel Transportation: Petrol

Table 3: Sample Data sheet Family head Tukaram Namdeo Navsu Narayan Pardhi Details family size land holding 11 1.5 ACRE 12 3.5 acre 6 12 guntha no. of animals monthly bill bulb/light Fan Mobile Tv Pump 40 3 1 2 no no 1 rockel pump/5hp Vehicle Others no 50-60 3+1 1 2 40-50 3 1 3 1 4cow/7bull 2/7bull Goma Pardhi Ragho Pardhi

Prakash Dhau

Lakhshya Soma Chahu Budha

Banghara Banghara Thombre

4 1 acre

11 3 acre

14 4 acre

1/2bull

1/4bull

12/10bull

30-40 2 0 1

40-45 4

190 5 2 4 1

5 hp electric

dvd player

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9. Analysis and calculations

The tables and plots below discuss in detail the finding about the energy usage patterns of the surveyed families of the village. The irrigation by pumps part of the energy usage equation was left out of the calculations because diesel is bought specially for that purpose and is seasonal. Transport and logistics have also been overlooked while performing calculations on the primary data. Plot 1:Food and fodder Total food and fodder requirements for the surveyed families were found out to be 3690 KJ per day. The mix is shown as per below graph

Food
Cow feed Bull Fodder

The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for plots. Table 4:
Food Required Total no. of people Family size No. of cows No. of bulls 182 42 52 8.27 1.91 2.36 Average Energy Requirement (MJ per month) X 10 KJ/person per day X 20 KJ/cow per day X 25 KJ/bull per day 55 25 39

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Plot 2: Electricity usage distribution Total electricity requirement was found out to be about 841 KW per month. On average it comes to about 38 units per family per month. This seems to comply with the average bill paid by each family which is about 37 per month. The plot below shows the major appliances using electricity. It clearly suggests that lighting takes up the biggest share.

Bulbs/tubelight Fans Mobile Tv

The table below shows the assumptions for calculations and the resultant values for plots. Table 5:
Electricity Required Bulbs/tube light Fans Mobile 12 23 0.55 1.05 X 80 W/fan 4 hrs daily X 10 W/mobile 2 hrs daily TV 10 0.45 X 250 W/tv 1 hr daily 75 115.2 13.8 Total no. of appliances 59 2.68 Average Energy Requirement (KW per month) X 60 W/bulb 6 hrs daily 637.2

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Plot 3: Energy mix The plot below shows a comparison between energy contained in the total amounts of the source used. However, due to various conversion efficiencies being particularly low, the actual energy consumption plot would look very different.

Firewood Kerosene Food and fodder Electricity

Findings and recommendations: The study on a whole shows that there is an enormous amount of government led development happening in and around the place. The village as an economic entity was very prosperous and happy. The village holds enormous possibilities for establishment of renewable energy generation schemes. It is for them to decide what kind of development do they want for their homeland and what can be the best out of various possible ways of doing the same. The already implemented GSDA system can be made more efficient by having pre implementation studies conducted strictly and also by imparting funds for maintenance and check-up of established systems. Other than that, there was hardly any scope of development of the village apart from education and health sectors.

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10.

References

a. Amulya K.N. Reddy , The Making Of An Energy Analyst: Some Personal Reflections . International Energy Initiative b. DR Veena, Rural Energy: Consumption, Problems and Prospects. Asish Publishing house.

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