Learning Objectives: Learning Objectives of this lecture are : to know the technical term what is cold work to know

ow the various methods of cold works to know what is annealing Learning outcome: At the end of this lecture, students should be able to know : what is cold work the various methods of cold work the change in the mechanical properties of the materials after coldworking. annealing Cold Working Metals become softer and more deformable at elevated temperatures; however, with the correct techniques, metals with small cross sections can be deformed without heating. Working on the metal at ambient temperature so as to transform the metals into desired shape is called cold working. Cold working hardens the metal. As the yield strength is exceeded, more and more stress is required to continue plastic strain, which in turn means that the metal will have a greater hardness. There are certain advantages or limitations associated with cold-forming operations: 1. higher forces and power are required to perform the operations; 2. formation of scales at the surface of work-piece 3. limitation of the amount of forming due to decrease in ductility Strain hardening The phenomenon of hardening that accompanies plastic deformation is called strain hardening. For instance, when a rod is drawn through a die, it becomes stronger as its diameter is reduced (and the length is increased).

The amount of strengthening is a function of the amount of strain. In cold working, the process must be stopped short of fracture. Strain hardening is accompanied by a decrease in ductility. Strain hardening can be removed by annealing. Hot working Hot working of hot forming involves deformation at temperature above the recrystallization temperature. The recrystaaization temperature for a given metal is about one-half of its melting point. In practice, hot working is usually carried out at a temperature somewhere above 0.5Tm. The work metal continues to soften as temperature is increased beyond 0.5 Tm. However, the deformation process itself generates heat which increases work temperature in localized regions of the part. This can cause melting in the regions, which is highly undesirable. Also scale on the work surface is accelerated at higher temperatures. Hot working is usually maintained within the range 0.5Tm to 0.75Tm The most significant advantage of hot working is the capability to produce plastic deformation far more than it is possible with cold working. The principal reason for this is that the flow curve of the hot-worked metal has a strength coefficient that is substantially less than at room temperature. Recrystallisation Annealing is a semitechnical term that broadly means heating a material so it will fracture less readily. The internal structure of different structure of different materials responds to heating differently. Therefore, all annealing does not reduce the tendency to fracture in the same manner. When annealing follows cold working, the metal is recrystallized. That is, new crystals form within the metal. The process of (1) recovery, (2) recrystallization, and (3) grain growth During the processing and fabrication of metals and alloys, sometimes it is necessary to reheat a cold-worked metal so as to soften it, thereby increase

its ductility. If the metal is reheated to a sufficient high temperature for a long enough time, the cold-worked metal structure will go through a series of changes called (1) recovery, (2) recrystallization and (3) grain growth. Recrystallization temperature range

(1) Recovery When a cold-worked metal is heated in the recover temperature that is just below the recrystallization temperature range, internal stresses in the metal are relieved. During recovery, sufficient thermal energy is supplied to allow the dislocations to rearrange themselves into lower-energy configurations. During recovery the strength of a cold-worked metal is reduced only slightly but its ductility is usually significantly increased. (2) Recrystallization Upon heating a cold-worked metal to a sufficiently high temperature, new strain- free grains are nucleated in the recovered metal structure and begin to grow, forming a recrystallized structure. After a long enough time at a temperature at which recrystallization takes place, the coldworked structure is completely replaced with a recrystallized grain structure.

Fig. (a) Cold-worked 85 %, longitudinal section

Fig. (b) Cold-worked 85 % and stress-relieved at

302C (575F ) for

1 h.

Fig. (c ) Cold-worked 85% and annealed at 316C (600F ) for 1 h. Structure shows recrystallized grains and bands of unrecrystallized grains.

Fig. D Effects of annealing on the structure and mechanical property of a cold-worked metal.