Anaphoric An anaphoric expression is represented by a pro-form or some other kind of deictic-for instance, a pronoun referring to its noun, noun

phrase or clause . An anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition. Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example can be found in formulas such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned". Example :

The monkey took the banana and ate it. "It" is anaphoric under the strict definition (it refers to the banana).

Pam went home because she felt sick. "She" is anaphoric (it refers to Pam). The dog ate the bird and it died. "It" is anaphoric and ambiguous (did the dog or bird die?).

I went home to take a nap because I thought it would make the headache go away. "it" is anaphoric (refers to the nap)

Cataphoric Cataphoric reference means that a word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand. It can be compared with anaphoric reference, which means a word refers back to another word for its meaning. Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified. For example: "Here he comes, our award-winning host... it's John Doe!" These are some examples:

If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen. (them is an instance of cataphora because it refers to cookies which hasn't been mentioned in the discourse prior to that point.)

After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. ( he is also a cataphoric reference to the soldier which is mentioned later in the discourse)

Exophoric Exophoric reference is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever identifying them (in contrast to anaphora and cataphora, which do identify the entity and thus are forms of endophora): e.g. rather than introduce a concept, the writer refers to it by a generic word such as "everything". The prefix "exo" means "outside", and the persons or events referred to in this manner will never be identified by the writer. Halliday and Hasan considered exophoric reference as not cohesive, since it does not tie two elements together into a text. Example: 1. What is this? "This" can be considered exophoric (it refers to some object or situation near the speaker).

There was this guy at a bar, just looking at his drink. He stays like that for half of an hour. Then, this big trouble-making truck driver steps next to him, takes the drink from the guy, and just drinks it all down. The poor man starts crying. The truck driver says, "Come on man, I was just joking. Here, I'll buy you another drink. I just can't stand to see a man cry." "No, it's not that. This day is the worst of my life. First, I fall asleep, and I go late to my office. My boss, outrageous, fires me. When I leave the building, to my car, I found out it was stolen. The police said that they can do nothing. I get a cab to return home, and when I leave it, I remember I left my wallet and credit cards there. The cab driver just drives away." "I go home, and when I get there, I find my wife in bed with the gardener. I leave home, and come to this bar. And just when I was thinking about putting an end to my life, you show up and drink my poison."