CHAPTER 6 Deviant Behavior DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL Social control- refers to the techniques and strategies for

for preventing deviant human behavior in society. Sanctions penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

StanleyMilgram( 1975) used the term conformity going along w/ peers individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior. Obedience is compliance w/ higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. Informal social control smiles, Laughter, a raised eyebrow and ridicule.

Formal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, employers, military officers and managers of movie theaters. It can serve as a last resort when socialization and informal sanctions do not bring desired behaviors.

Law may be defined as governmental social control. ex. Prohibition against murder.

Socialization is the primary Source of conforming and obedient behavior including obedience to law. We want to see ourselves as loyal, cooperative, responsible and respectful of others.

CONTROL THEORY suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to societys norms. Accdg.To TravisHirschi, and other control theorist, our bonds to family members, friends and peers induce us to follow the mores and folkways of our society. Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

Ex. Alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and the mentally ill would all be classified as deviants. Involves the violation of group norms, w/c may or may not be formalized into law.

Stigma term to describe the labels society uses to devolve members of certain social group.

Supernatural causes or genetic factors (such as bad blood) or evolutionary throwbacks to primitive ancestors. Aggression- might lead to crime or can also lead to success in the corporate world.

Functionalist Perspective: Deviance is a common part of human existence, w/positive as well as negative consequences for social mobility. Kai Erikson ( 1966) illustrated the boundary- maintenance function of deviance in his study of the Puritans of 17th cent. Their changing social norms created crime waves as people whose behavior was previously acceptable forced punishment for being deviant. Durkheim (1951) Anomie- a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social changes and disorder such as a time of economic collapse.

5 basic forms of adaptation by Merton: 1. Conformity to social norms. 2. Innovator accepts the goals of society but pursues them w/ means that are regarded as improper. Ex. A safecracker may steal money to buy consumer goods and expensive vacations. 3. ritualists- has abandoned the goals of material success 4. Retreatist has basically withdrawn from both the goals and the means of society. Ex. Drug addicts

5. Rebels - people attempt to create a new social structure. The rebel feels alienated from the dominant means and goals and may seek a dramatically different social order. Ex. Rev. pol. Org. Such as a militia group

2 explanations by interactionist perspective: 1. Cultural Transmission Humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly. Sutherland (1950) first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process in learning conforming and deviant act. - this emphasizes that one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others. 2. Differential Association to describe the process through which exposures to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules. Routine Activities theory - contends that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge. Labeling theory it attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants, delinquents, bad kids, losers and criminals, while others whose behavior is similar are not seen in such harsh terms. Howard Becker (1964) Deviant behavior is behavior that people so label Labeling theory is also called the societal- reaction approach, reminding us that it is the response to an act, not the behavior itself that determines deviance. Social Constructionist perspective- deviance is the product of the culture we live in. Social constructionists focus specifically on the decision- making process that creates the deviant identity. Conflict theory point out that people with power protect their own interest and define deviance to suit their own needs.

Richard Quinney- (1970)- is a definition of conduct created by authorized agents of social control- such as legislators and law enforcement officers- in a politically organized society. This theory helps to explain why our society has laws against gambling, drug usage and prostitution many of which are violated on a massive scale. Accdg. to conflicncest theorists, criminal law does not represent a consistent application of societal values, but instead reflects competing values and interests.

Differential justice differences in the way social controlis exercised over different groups.

DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse is a deviant behavior which have aroused a sense of awareness among people of the danger of such deviance and has developed a common sense of morality. This are also considered as a social problem. The most commonly abused drugs listed by Dangerous Drugs Board in the Philippines are: 1. Sedatives 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Narcotics

The Nature and Extent of Drug Use 1. The regular use of marijuana (once a week or more) among freshmen and sophomores; it was used experimentally (less frequent) among juniors. Data implied that a number of regular users do not continue schooling in the university. 2. Male students had higher participation rate in marijuana use. 3. Premarital sex practice was highly associated with marijuana use 4. Homosexuality and marijuana use were closely associated. 5. Scholastic performance as measured by grades was inversely correlated with marijuana use. 6. Good parent-child relations and communication were also inversely related to marijuana use 7. A slightly higher incidence of marijuana use was found among students who live with their parents compared with those living in dormitories or families not their own. 8. Drug use was highest among member of campus Greek letter fraternities and sororities compared to other organizations.

CRIME AND ITS ETIOLOGY

What is crime? Crime is a violation of norm which is codified into a law and backed by power and authority of the state. Crime injures both the victim and the society, and therefore criminals are punished through the impositions of fines, or the death penalty.

1) The Family exerts a great impact on the behavior, values, and attitudes of its members. 2) The School plays a crucial role in integrated development, social narration, and the preparation of the juvenile to become a well-adjusted, law abiding, and productive member of society. 3) The Peer group exerts a strong influence on children. 4) The Community offers a wide-range of service for the young as a supplement to the efforts of the family, the school, and the state. 5) Mass media influence the development as well as the deterioration of the character of individual.

SOCIAL CONTROL MECHANISMS

1) Pakikisama or concession a person is inclined to go along with the wishes of the group even when h or she has conflicting duty, so as to win social approval. 2) Gossip The fear of wagging tongues may discourage an individual from deviating from social norms 3) Leveling technique (SOCIOSTAT) any individual who publicly takes credit for an act or claims any kind of superiority in the group is cut down to size. 4) Curbing of antisocial attitudes by disallowing privacy or by ascribing statuses to deviants.

CHAPTER 7 Social Groups and Social Organizations WHAT IS A SOCIAL GROUP? Group consists of two or more persons who are in social interaction, guided by similar norms, values, expectations and who maintains a stable pattern of relation over a period of time.

THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY Society a large social grouping whose members share the same geographical territory and are subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Society is external to the individual; the members perceive society and its experiences as a constraint upon their lives. Aggregates

Sometimes a number of persons cluster but do not interact with each other, like in the case of people standing in a street corner waiting for a jeepney, people lining up to pay for their purchases in a supermarket, or people sharing an elevator ride. Social Category

There are groups whose members may never met and do not interact socially, but possess common identifying status characteristics, these are so-called social category. Collectivity

Temporary groups like crowds, public, and social movements are cluster of people interacting with each other, but the interactions are passing or short-lived. Factors that Influence Groups Motivational base shared by individuals Size of the group Type of group goals Kind of cohesion

SOCIAL STRUCTURE Social structure refers to the patterned social relationships and interrelationship of parts guided by norms, expectations, and values of the social units member.

SOCIAL FUNCTION Social function is a component of social structure. It refers to the results of action that occur in relation to a particular structure, including the results of activities by individuals occupying particular statuses. Status maybe: 1. Ascribe 2. Achieved Type of social groups Primary Group Primary groups are characterized by intimacy, sympathetic underStanding and friendliness among the members Gemeinschaft and Gesselchaft A Gemeinschaft is a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and familism. In the Gessellschaft, like in the large secondary group, there is divisions of labor, specialization, functional interdependence, and solidarity or cohesion are achieved. In-Group and Out-Group Groups may be classified as in-group and out-group. In-groups and out-groups are not actual groups but a kind of perspective relationship that exists in the minds as an individual learns to use the pronouns weto refer to the in-group, and they to refer to the out-group. FORMAL ORGANIZATION AND INFORMAL GROUPS Secondary group called formal organization. They are social structures which are deliberately organized for the attainment of specific goals which meet their most fundamental needs. They are the source of continuity and permanence in a societys effort to meet specific goals. Power, which is defined as the ability to control the behavior of others even against their will, affects human relationship. Informal Group Within the structure of formal organizations are informal groups called: Secondary Group In Secondary group, the relationships are impersonal, formal , businesslike and rational

Dyads two person groups Triads three person groups Clicques Friendship groups

These informal structures are formed spontaneously w/o any conscious effort of the participants; permits adaptation to situations or demands not provided for in the formal organization.

THE BUREAUCRACY The bureaucracy aims to meet the complex problems in carrying out tasks , as Merton (1964:489) pointed out the chief merit of the bureaucracy is its technical efficiency with a premium placed on precision, speed, control, continuity, discretion, and optimal returns on input. Bureaucratic type of organization is designed to protect the members welfare through a system of rules and procedures.

REFERENCE GROUP The reference group is the group to which the individual relates or inspires to relate to psychologically. It becomes the individuals frame of reference and source of ordering his or her experiences, perceptions, cognitions, and ideas of self.

SOCIAL INSTITUTION A social institution is an abstraction which is an organized systems of social norms, beliefs, values, and material objects formed around the social needs of people. Social institutions consists of the combination of certain related type parts into the configuration of folkways, traditions, and beliefs. These type parts are: Common reciprocating attitudes and their conventionalized behavior patterns. Cultural objects of symbolic value which represent social institutions. Cultural objects possessing utilitarian value which satisfy the wants of the individual. Oral or written language symbols or traditions.

LEADERSHIP Leadership according to Hollander (Sullivan 2001:122), refers to the exercise of influence over a group and directs behavior toward particular results or goals. The type of leadership determines the forms of social structure in their degree of directiveness, which in turn influences the attitudes and behavior of the member. There are three kinds of leaders in terms of directiveness: 1. Autocratic leader 2. Democratic leader 3. Laissez faire leader