= 07842b5 0533802 498

Chapter 2 Symbols
2 . 1 Communication
Communication can determine whether a job will be a success or a failure. In industry, drawings convey the designers concepts to those performing the work. Intricate details can be much more accurately and efficiently described through graphic presentation than through the written word. In the case of welded construction, a great deal of information may be required in order for the welder to successfully provide a weld adequate for the designers intended purpose. Using written notes is one method for conveying the necessary design concepts. However, written descriptions can become quite complex and time consuming for intricate details. A simpler and more efficient method uses welding symbols. The American Welding Society has developed a system of standard welding symbols now used and accepted worldwide. Figure 2.1 depicts the various types of weld and welding symbols and explains the purposes and locations of the basic elements. A detailed description of the system can be found in AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination. Figure 2.2 shows the advantages offered when welding symbols replace the written explanation. Figures 2.3 and 2.4 show other welding symbols and how they are used to specify the welding requirements. The adjacent details illustrate the significance of each symbol. Just as the welding symbol is important to the welder, equally important is the welding inspectors knowledge of its meaning. Without this knowledge, the inspector would be unable to assure that the welder has complied with the requirements set forth by the 3 designer. Typical information depicted by welding symbols that is of interest to a welding inspector includes type of weld, size of weld, weld location, joint configuration, finished condition of face and root of the weld, as well as any special instructions. Knowledge of the information provided by the welding symbol is essential to the inspector when a weld is to be visually examined (VT). Once the inspector understands what the engineer requires, a thorough and highly effective visual examination can result. Many situations warrant a more extensive check than can be provided by visual examination alone. In such cases, other forms of nondestructive examination (NDE) are often employed. The inspector can gain a great deal of insight from the welding symbol as to the applicability of a particular test when nondestructive examination is involved. In ultrasonic testing (UT), for example, useful information provided by the welding symbol might include the joint configuration and location. From this information, the NDE operator can determine whether the test can be physically conducted as well as what transducer angle would most readily reveal any discontinuities. The welding symbol can also provide valuable information concerning how the test can be applied when radiographic examination (RT) is to be used. Information such as joint configuration, weld location, type of weld, and size of weld can help the radiographer to determine the types of discontinuities which may be present and the best method for their detection. Such details allow the inspector to plan his test so that the best technique and procedure will be used,

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

~~~

W 07842b5 0533803 324

4iSymbois

Basic Weldlng Symbolsand meir Loeation Signiiicance

Figure 2.1-AWS

Standard Welding Symbols

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

9 07842h5 0513804 2h0

SymbolslS

Figure 2.1 (Continued)-AWS

Standard Welding Symbols

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

M 0784265 0533805 L T M
/Symbols

2 (2-118)

25"

2 (2-1/8)

t 2

25"
WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

GROOVE WELD SYMBOL WITH COMBINED DIMENSIONS

Figure 2.2-Comparison

of Welding Symbol and Written Explanation

2.2 Nondestructive Examination Symbols

With the increased use of nondestructive examination by consiruction industries, it becomes convenient for the engineer to include testing requirements on the fabrication drawings. Noting testing requirements on the drawings helps to avoid many after-thefact inconsistencies associated with the extent or type of testing. As with welding symbols, a system has been established to communicate nondestructive examination information using symbols similar to those used for welding. A complete description of this system is included in AWS A2.4. The construction of nondestructive examination symbols uses the same basic elements found in welding symbols along with similar governing niles. Therefore, arrow-side and other-side designations retain their same location significance. Figure 2.5 shows the basic elements of the examination symbol and their standard locations with respect to one another. Figure 2.6 illustrates the shorthand notations used with nondestructive examination symbols.
COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

2.3 Master Chart of Welding, Allied Processes, and Thermal Cutting

Inspection personnel must be familiar with the welding and allied processes within the scope of their work. A welding or allied process is basic to the operation to be performed, and may be subdivided into more specific processes. In the hierarchy of welding, the welding process stands first. Each welding process definition is complete so that it will stand alone. Processes are defined for prescribed elements of operation. This method of organization is the basis for the Master Chart shown in Figure 2.7. The chart is a display of a hierarchy of welding and allied processes; the highest generic levels (least specific) are in the center, and the more specific are in boxes on the perimeter. The chart is intended to be comprehensive and includes not only widely used production processes, but also some that are of limited use because they have been replaced by other processes, have only recently been introduced, or have limited applications.
--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

07842b5 05L380b 033

m
Symbold7

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

(A) SEE OF SINGLE-FILLET WELD

114;

, i141L[w8
(6) SIZE OF EQUAL DOUBLE-FILLETWELDS

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

;a8

WELD CROSS SECTION

(C) SIZE OF UNEQUAL DOUBLE-FILLETWELDS

.LEGON> MEMBER B

i14 x 112

i cK,
MEMBER A MEMBER B SYMBOL SYMBOL

SYMBOL

WELD CROSS SECTION

(D) SIZE OF UNEQUAL LEG FILLET WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION

(E) CONTINUOUS FILLET WELD

WELD (F) LENGTH OF flLLET WELD

SYMBOL

Figure 2.3-Examples of Typical Fillet Welds Showing the Corresponding Symbols and Dimensions
--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

0784265 0533807 T7T

8/Symbols

(6)

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

r 314

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

(D)

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

(E)

WELD CROSS SECTION

SYMBOL

(F)

7 3 3 tZ4
y
II

3 :
1

WELD CROSS "' 4 : SECTION

i

SYMBOL

Figure 2.4-Examples of Typical Groove Welds Showing the Corresponding Symbols and Dimensions
COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

07842b5 0513808 90b

Symbold9

NUMBER OF EXAMINATIONS REFERENCE LINE SPECIFICATION OR OTHERREFERENCE EXAMINE IN FIELD TAIL EXAMINATION METHOD LElTER DESIGNATIONS EXAMINE-ALLAROUND
--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

LENGTH OF SECTION TO BE EXAMINED

Figure 2 . E t a n d a r d Location of Elements for NDE Symbols

Figure 2.6-Examples of Typical Nondestructive Examination Symbols

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

W 0784Zb5 051i3809 842

10Symbols

AHW BMAW CAW CAW4 CAW-s CAW-T elecweasw i n g EGW flux m e d arc welding FCAW g r s - s h w flux m a d an:welding FCAWG sen-shieldednm med EUC w m n g FCAWWS gas maiaic welding GMAW P u W pas memi arc wdding GMAW-P mOn cffidng gas m& arc welding GMAW-S ga5 tungsten arc weidlng GTAW pulsed gas bingsten c W M n g GTAW-P magn&caiiy impelled c welding MIAW plasmaarc welding PAW shielded metal arc wddirm SMAW submqai arc welding SAW s w i e s submerged arc welding SAWS

RC W E W N O U) WCStudWdng abrnk m e n wding bare memi arc W n g csrbai wddhig pascsrbaiarc'&dhg shielded caibai arc welding hnncarbonmwddng

sw

-RING dip soldenng fumaceraldenng kiductlaisdderlng iMared sddenng irmsoldering resistancesddehg tech noidenng ultrB8onicsdderlng wave soldaring

(a

aMision &ding
DS

FS
IS IRS INS RS TS U S

hot isanatw:pr8s8ure wsing e q i b s mwelding

fwge w M n g

ws

WELDING AND JOINING PROCESSES

fm welding

m w

DFW HiPW EXW

direct drive rict!m weiding iriciion stir wdding inenafricwnw&ng hot pressure welding d i w&ng u b s m c wading

usw

FRW FRW-DD FSW mw-i HFW ROW

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Moa brazing diliuskx brazing

E!wuam

'/

d e braring auniwrrnicbrazing funace brazing i brazing ihirared brazing resistance brazing twch brazing twin caibaiarc brazing

Figure 2.7-Master

Chart of Welding, Allied Processes, and Thermal Cutting

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

07842b5 0533830 564

=
Symboldl 1

Figure 2.7 (Continued)-Master Chart of Welding, Aied hoc-, and Thermai Cutting

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc.

Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112, User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

--``,,,```,,``````````,,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---