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1. 2. Protection schemes can be divided into two major groupings: Unit schemes Non-unit schemes
The non-unit schemes, while also intended to protect specific areas, have no fixed boundaries. As well as protecting their own designated areas, the protective zones can overlap into other areas. While this can be very beneficial for backup purposes, there can be a tendency for too great an area to be isolated if a fault is detected by different non unit schemes.
The most simple of these schemes measures current and incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the protection operation to allow protection nearer to the fault to operate first. The non unit type protection system includes following schemes: (A) Time graded over current protection (B) Current graded over current protection (C) Distance or Impedance Protection
Earth fault current is always less than phase fault current in magnitude. Therefore, relay connected for earth fault protection is different from those for phase to phase fault protection.
For feeder protection, there would be more than one over current relay to protect different sections of the feeder. These over current relays need to coordinate with each other such that the relay nearest fault operates first. Use time, current and a combination of both time and current are three ways to discriminate adjacent over current relays.
Voltage Rating: The voltage rating of the over current protective device must be at least equal to or greater than the circuit voltage. The over current protective device rating can be higher than the system voltage but never lower.
Ampere Rating: The ampere rating of a over current protecting device normally should not exceed the current carrying capacity of the conductors As a general rule, the ampere rating of a over current protecting device is selected at 125% of the continuous load current
Coordination of definite-current relays is based on the fact that the fault current varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in the impedance between the fault and the source The relay located furthest from the source operate for a low current value The operating currents are progressively increased for the other relays when moving towards the source. It operates in 0.1s or less Application: This type is applied to the outgoing feeders
In this type, two conditions must be satisfied for operation (tripping), current must exceed the setting value and the fault must be continuous at least a time equal to time setting of the relay. Modern relays may contain more than one stage of protection each stage includes each own current and time setting.
For Operation of Definite Time Over Current Relay operating time is constant Its operation is independent of the magnitude of current above the pick-up value. It has pick-up and time dial settings, desired time delay can be set with the help of an intentional time delay mechanism. Easy to coordinate. Constant tripping time independent of in feed variation and fault location. The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event of fault. Time lag is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits. It is difficult to co-ordinate and requires changes with the addition of load. It is not suitable for long distance transmission lines where rapid fault clearance is necessary for stability. Relay have difficulties in distinguishing between Fault currents at one point or another when fault impedances between these points are small, thus poor discrimination.
Drawback of Relay:
Back up protection of distance relay of transmission line with time delay. Back up protection to differential relay of power transformer with time delay. Main protection to outgoing feeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay setting.
The operating time of an over current relay can be moved up (made slower) by adjusting the time dial setting. The lowest time dial setting (fastest operating time) is generally 0.5 and the slowe st is 10. Operates when current exceeds its pick-up value. Operating time depends on the magnitude of current. It gives inverse time current characteristics at lower values of fault current and definite time characteristics at higher values An inverse characteristic is obtained if the value of plug setting multiplier is below 10, for values between 10 and 20 characteristics tend towards definite time characteristics. Widely used for the protection of distribution lines. Based on the inverseness it has three different types.
used when Fault Current is dependent on generation of Fault not fault location Relatively small change in time per unit of change of current. Most frequently used in utility and industrial circuits. especially applicable where the fault magnitude is mainly dependent on the system generating capacity at the time of fault
Application:
Application:
When the power system is not radial (source on one side of the line), an over current relay may not be able to provide adequate protection. This type of relay operates in on direction of current flow and blocks in the opposite direction.
Three conditions must be satisfied for its operation: current magnitude, time delay and directionality. The directionality of current flow can be identified using voltage as a reference of direction.
Transformer Protection: used only when the cost of over current relays are not justified Extensively also at power-transformer locations for external-fault back-up protection. Line Protection: On some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be justified. primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where distance relays are used for phase faults For ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for primary protection. Distribution Protection: Over Current relaying is very well suited to distribution system protection for the following reasons: It is basically simple and inexpensive Very often the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is required. It is possible to use a set of two O/C relays for protection against inter-phase faults and a separate Over Current relay for ground faults.
Over current relays generally have 50% to 200% setting while earth leakages over current relays have either 10% to 40% or 20% to 80% current settings. One important thing to be noted here is that the connection of the star points of both the C.T. secondarys and relay windings by a neutral conductor should be made. A scheme without the neutral conductor will be unable to ensure reliable relay operation in the event of single phase to earth faults because the secondary current in this case (without star-point interconnection) completes its circuit through relay and C.T. windings which present large impedance. This may lead to failure of protection and sharp decrease in reduction of secondary currents by CTs.
It is not sufficient if the neutral of the CTs and neutral of the relays are separately earthed. A conductor should be run as stated earlier.
(2) 3 No O/C Relay+ 1 No E/F Relay for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection:
The scheme of connection for 3 Nos Over current Relay 1 No Earth Fault Relay is shown in figure.
Under normal operating conditions and three phase fault conditions the current in the 3-phase are equal and symmetrically displaced by 12 Deg. Hence the sum of these three currents is zero. No current flow through the earth fault relay.
In case of phase to phase faults (say a short between R and Y phases) the current flows from R-phase up to the point of fault and return back through Y phase. Thus only O/L relays in R and Y phases get the fault and operate.
Only earth faults cause currents to flow through E/L relay. A note of caution is necessary here. Only either C.T secondary star point of relay winding star point should be earthed. Earthing of both will short circuit the E/L relay and make it inoperative for faults.
(3) 2 No O/C Relay + 1 No E/F Relay for Over Current and Earth Fault Protection:
The two over current relays in R&B phases will respond to phase faults. At least one relay will operate for fault involving two phase.
For fault involving ground reliance is placed on earth fault relay. This is an economical version of 3-O/L and 1-E/L type of protection as one overcurrent relay is saved. With the protection scheme as shown in Figure complete protection against phase and ground fault is afforded
For Bus bar Bus side Generator Protection: Generator Protection Generator Side
The above method has to be followed For example, in line protection, if P1 is towards bus then S2s are to be shorted and if P2 is towards bus then S1s are to be shorted.
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8 MVA Power Transformer Only one PTR in a Sub Station (Less than 8 MVA)